Lecture Exam 1

A  Paracrine

B  epithelial cells

C  collagen cells

D  muscle cell

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  The same effects from heroin plus additional effects of naloxone

B  A new set of effects unlike those of heroin alone

C  A decrease in the effects of heroin

D  An increase in the effects of heroin

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  It is the first messenger that binds to the integral membrane protein receptor.

B  It binds to the endoplasmic reticulum and causes therelease ofinositol trisphosphate

C  It phosphorylates cell proteins.

D  Along with diacylglycerol, it activates protein kinase C.

E  It splits and activates G-protein subunits.

A  Glucose

B  Protein kinase

C  Sodium

D  Thyroid hormone

E  Cyclic AMP

A  Some cellular receptors have such low affinity for chemical ligands that it can require a million or more molecules to activate them.

B  A single first-messenger molecule activates multiple second-messenger molecules, each of which activate thousands of enzymes.

C  Only hydrophilic first-messenger molecules can activate second-messenger molecules within the cell cytosol.

D  When the extracellular concentration of a chemical messenger reaches a very high level, it overwhelms transporter molecules and the chemical floods into the cell.

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  Increasing the availability of phosphodiesterase molecules

B  Increasing the expression of Camp

C  Inhibiting phosphodiesterase activity

D  Decreasing the activity of cAMP-dependent protein kinase

E  Acting as an agonist on the receptor for epinephrine, a hormone that increases heart contractility

A  The activated receptor complex stimulates production of two different second messengers.

B  Epinephrine is binding to two types of receptors in the plasma membrane.

C  Cyclic AMP directly activates enzymes that catabolize glycogen and fat.

D  Cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase activates two kinds of enzymes.

A  At higher concentrations epinephrine can pass through the plasma membrane and directly stimulate contraction within the cell.

B  There are two types of receptors for epinephrine that use the same second-messenger system.

C  There is one type of epinephrine receptor that uses two second-messenger systems.

D  There are two types of epinephrine receptors with different affinities for epinephrine that use two different second-messenger systems.

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  Charged particles

B  Lipid molecules

C  Water

D  Solutes

E  Glucose

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  Substance Y will diffuse faster.

B  Substance X and Substance Y will diffuse at the same rate, as they are of equal size and concentration.

C  Substance X will diffuse faster.

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  The term “osmolarity” refers to the osmotic properties of a solution, regardless of its tonicity.

B  Hypoosmotic solutions are always hypotonic

C  Isotonic solutions are always isoosmotic.

D  The term “tonicity” refers to the effect that a solution has on the degree of stretch or shrinking of the cell membrane.

E  Hypertonic solutions are always hyperosmotic.

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  Facilitated diffusion of glucose to the bloodstream from the lumen

B  Tightening the tight junctions between epithelial cells

C  Active transport of Na + from the lumen to the basolateral side

D  Active transport of H + from the basolateral side to the lumen

E  Opening of aquaporins on the apical membrane

A  have names generally ending in the suffix “-ose.”

B  are catalysts in chemical reactions.

C  can be carbohydrate molecules.

D  are broken down during chemical reactions they catalyze.

E  are polymers of ATP that store large amounts of energy.

A  phospholipids and nucleic acids.

B  proteins and glycocalyx.

C  phospholipids and proteins.

D  cytosol.

E  water.

A  They perform the opposite function as phosphatases.

B  They use ATP to carry out their reactions.

C  They add phosphate groups to proteins.

D  They produce effects similar to allosteric modulation.

E  They remove phosphate groups from proteins.

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  It blocks the binding of the ligand to its binding site and prevents activation of the protein.

B  It binds to a different binding site on the protein, altering the protein shape so that a ligand cannot bind.

C  It decreases the amount of ligand required to activate the protein.

D  When present, it increases the binding of a ligand to its receptor.

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  2 molecules of NADH and 2 molecules of water

B  2 molecules of pyruvate and 36 molecules of ATP

C  2 molecules of pyruvate, 2 molecules of water, and 2 NADH

D  2 molecules of ATP, 2 molecules of water, and 2 molecules of lactate

E  2 molecules of pyruvate, 2 molecules of lactate, and 2 ATP

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  Cholesterol will associate with adjacent phospholipid molecules and stay near them.

B  Cholesterol will migrate away from phospholipids and toward proteins.

C  Cholesterol will be excluded from the bilayer and will no longer be associated with phospholipids because they have different properties.

D  All of the molecules will move freely in the lipid bilayer.

A  Requires more energy than is produced by the catabolism of the same fatty acid

B  Begins with a molecule of acetyl coenzyme A

C  The enzymes that catalyze it are in the same location as those that mediate fatty acid catabolism

D  Results in molecules with an even number of carbon atoms only

E  Takes place in the cytosol of cells

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  Decrease blood glucose level

B  Increase blood glucose level

C  No effect on blood glucose level

A  Disulfide bridges

B  Hydrogen bonds

C  Hydrophobic interactions

D  You are likely to find all of these within a single protein.

E  Ionic bonds

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  hydrophobic.

B  bipolar.

C  hydrophilic.

D  unipolar.

E  amphipathic.

A  The number of electrons

B  The ratio of protons to electrons

C  The number of neutrons

D  The number of protons

E  The number of bonds it can form

A  Covalent bonds between two cysteine amino acids

B  Van der Waals forces

C  Hydrogen bonds

D  Covalent bonds between purine and pyrimidine bases

E  Ionic bonds

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  They cease to occur when a person is in a dark environment.

B  They are voluntary rhythms, like the time you decide to eat lunch each day.

C  They repeat approximately every 24 hours, like daily spikes in hormone secretion.

D  They are cyclical, like the 28-day female menstrual cycle.

E  They cease to occur when a person is in a dark environment.

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  As age increases, the amount of calcium in bones tends to decrease.

B  A person who becomes very nervous begins to sweat profusely.

C  After eating a large batch of salty popcorn, levels of salt in the urine increase.

D  After going outside on a hot day, the core body temperature increases.

E  Increasing the size of fast-food restaurant portions causes body weight to increase.

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  Evolution

B  Physiological acclimatization

C  Positive feedback

D  Developmental acclimatization

E  Feedforward regulation

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  Effector, efferent pathway, integrating center, afferent pathway, receptor

B  Receptor, efferent pathway, integrating center, afferent pathway, effector

C  Effector, afferent pathway, integrating center, efferent pathway, receptor

D  Integrating center, receptor, afferent pathway, efferent pathway, effector

E  Receptor, afferent pathway, integrating center, efferent pathway, effector