Chapter 8 Quiz

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Question #1

Emotionally detached parents with depression often have a _____ style of child rearing

A Uninvolved

B Authoritative

C Authoritarian

D Permissive

Question #2

Uninvolved parents

A Promote maturity and adjustment in children of diverse temperaments

B Engage in psychological control

C Sometimes engage in neglect

D Are overindulgent

Question #3

Which of the following children is the most likely to evoke warm, constant discipline?

A Brigham, who has low self-esteem

B Bonny who is impulsive

C Ryan, who is fearless

D Isabella, who is cooperative

Question #4

Which of the following statements about child maltreatment is true?

A Parents commit more than 80 percent of abusive incidents

B Child abuse is modern problem and is especially common in non-industrialized nations

C Neglect includes ridicule, humiliation and intimidation

D Nonparent relatives commit about 30 percent of abusive incidents

Question #5

Rates of physical and emotional abuse are

A Lower than rates of sexual abuse

B Fairly similar for mothers and fathers

C Higher for fathers than for mothers

D Higher for mothers than for fathers

Question #6

Whether a child is maltreated largely depends on

A Family size

B The child’s gender

C The child’s temperament

D The parents’ characteristics

Question #7

The majority of abusive and neglectful parents

A Are skilled at establishing social relationships

B Hyperfocus on their children

C Have developmental problems

D Lack “lifelines”

Question #8

Over time, maltreated children show

A Serious adjustment problems

B Few long-term problems

C Improved executive function

D Cognitive gains

Question #9

______ sharply reduces child maltreatment

A The use of anti-depression

B Providing social supports to families

C Involvement with Child Protective Services

D The use of anti-aggression medication

Question #10

Many permissive parents

A Lack of confidence in their ability to influence their child’s behavior

B Exercise firm, reasonable control over their children

C Are emotionally detached and depressed, with little time and energy for children

D Insist on mature behavior and give reasons for their expectations

Question #11

Authoritative parents

A Combine low acceptance and involvement with little control and general indifference to issues of autonomy

B Simply lack confidence in their ability to influence their child’s behavior

C Exert control, yell, command, criticize, and threaten their children

D Insist on mature behavior and give reason for their expectations

Question #12

According to cognitive-development theory, ______ comes before _____ in the development of gender identity

A Behavior, self-perceptions

B Self-perceptions, behavior

C Gender constancy; gender identity

D Gender constancy; gender awareness

Question #13

Research on environmental influences on gender typing shows that

A Girls are especially intolerant of “cross-gender” play in other girls

B When preschoolers engage in “cross-gender” activities, peers criticize them

C Preschoolers play in mixed-gender groups more than they play in same-sex groups

D Preschoolers often engage in “cross-gender” activities at home but rarely do so in the presence of peers

Question #14

Research found that girls exposed prenatally to high levels of androgens showed a preference for

A Girl playmates

B “ladylike” behavior

C Quiet over active play

D Trucks and blocks over dolls

Question #15

Which of the following situation would most likely evoke a negative reaction from preschool peers?

A A girl running in a race

B A boy playing with a Barbie doll

C A girl wearing overalls

D A boy quietly looking at a book

Question #16

Gender _____ refers to any association of objects, activities, roles, or traits with ones or the other in ways that conform to cultural stereotypes

A modeling

B Identify

C Selection

D Typing

Question #17

The ______ perspective regards children as active thinkers about social rules.

A Psychoanalytic

B Behaviorist

C Social learning

D Cognitive- developmental

Question #18

The V-chip

A Remains optional for new television sets in the US

B Violates the First Amendment right to free speech

C Identifies violent TV and computer programs

D Allows parents to block undesired TV programs

Question #19

A growing number of studies confirm that playing violent video games

A Does not spark hostile behavior in nonaggression children

B Increases the likelihood of aggressive children

C Has a greater impact on teens than on preschool and young school-age children

D Impacts girls more than boys

Question #20

Research on corporal punishment shows that african-american and Caucasian-American parents

A Are usually highly agitated when they use physical punishment

B Seem to mete out physical punishment differently

C Consider physical punishment to be wrong

D Culturally approve of physical discipline

Question #21

Parents are most likely to use forceful methods of discipline when

A Children are verbally aggressive towards others

B Very serious transgression occur

C Immediate obedience is necessary

D They want to foster long-term goals

Question #22

According to social learning theorists

A Morality is acquired through reinforcement and modeling

B Guilt is the only force that compels us to act morally

C Prosocial acts often occur spontaneously in early childhood

D Children behave morally because they are capable of effortful control

Question #23

When parents use inductive discipline, they

A Rely on rewards and punishment to shape their child’s behavior

B Point out the effects of their child’s misbehavior on others

C Threaten to withdraw their love to motivate good behavior

D Model the behavior that they want their child to follow

Question #24

According to Freud, children

A Obey the superego to avoid guilt

B Listen to the id to avoid shame and doubt

C Listen to the id to avoid shame and doubt

D Obey the ego to avoid feelings of mistrust

Question #25

All theories of moral development recognize that conscience begins to take shape

A In late childhood

B Prenatally

C At birth

D In early childhood

Question #26

Roger wants to promote his preschool son’s peer interaction skills. Which of the following is a particularly effective technique for Roger to try

A Roger should talk to his son about the values associated with friendship

B Roger should encourage his son to play group sports

C Roger should arrange informal peer play activities

D Roger should encourage his son to make his own play dates

Question #27

Preschoolers understand that a friend is someone who

A Understands you and cares about you

B Likes you and shares toys

C Will be in a relationship with you for a long time

D Trusts you and who you trust

Question #28

Parents should be concerned if their preschooler engages in more parallel play than nonsocial activity

A More make-believe play than parallel play

B Nonsocial functional play involving repetitive motor action

C More solitary play than play with peers

D More parallel play than nonsocial activity

Question #29

According to Mildred Parten’s research on peer sociability, play develops in what sequence?

A Cooperative, parellel, nonsocial, associative

B Nonsocial, parallel, associative, cooperative

C Nonsocial, parallel, cooperative, associative

D Associative, cooperative, parallel, nonsocial

Question #30

Four-year-old Harry has parents who show sensitive, empathic concern for his feelings. When another child is unhappy, Harry is likely to respond with

A Sympathetic concern

B Frowning and lip biting

C Fear and anger

D Anxiety and distress

Question #31

As the ability to take another’s perspective improves,

A Sympathetic feelings decrease

B Empathic responding increases

C The tendency to focus on ones own anxiety increases

D Children rely less on words to convey empathic feelings

Question #32

Warm parents who _____ strengthen children’s capacity to handle stress.

A Rarely express emotion

B Label children’s feelings as overemotional

C Explain strategies for controlling feelings

D React boldly when angry or frustrated

Question #33

The more parents ______, the more “emotion words” children use and the better developed their emotional understanding.

A Label their children’s successes and failures and point out when their children make errors

B Encourage peer sociability and demand that their children share with peers

C Expect their children to behave like adults

D Label emotions, explain them, and express warmth and enthusiasm when conversing with preschoolers

Question #34

Between ages 2 and 6

A The ego begins to cause children to feel guilt

B Preschoolers focus less intently on qualities that make them unique

C Self-esteem develops from repeated experiences with failure

D Emotional self-regulation improves

Question #35

The attributes, abilities, attitudes, and values that we believe define ourselves comprise our ________, whereas the judgments we make about our worth and the feelings associated with those judgements are our ______.

A Identity, self-concept

B Self-concept, self-esteem

C Self-concept, identify

D Self-esteem, self-concept

Question #36

In observational research on Irish-American families in Chicago and Chinese families in Taiwan

A Chinese parents rarely told their preschoolers stories about children’s transgressions

B Irish-American parents told stories interpreting the child’s misbehavior as a negative act

C Irish-American parents told their preschoolers stories about the child’s misdeeds

D Chinese parents told stories stressing the impact of the child’s misdeeds on others

Question #37

When asked “Tell me about yourself,” which of the following is 3-year-old Riley the most likely to say?

A “I am cheerful”

B “I am friendly”

C “I am shy”

D “I have new blue shoes”

Question #38

According to Erikson, preschoolers’ exuberant play and bold efforts to master new tasks break down when they

A Identify too closely with the same-sex parent

B Are threatened, criticized, and punished excessively by adults

C Identify to closely with other-sex parent

D Have an overly lenient superego

Question #39

According to Erikson’s theory, children best learn to cooperate to achieve goal through

A Discipline

B Play

C Scaffolding

D Modeling

Question #40

According to Erikson, once children have a sense of autonomy, they

A Become less contrary than they were as toddlers

B Become hesitant to try new things

C Achieve the psychological conflict of the preschool years

D Have a new sense of purposefulness

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