Module 4 Exam

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Question #1

Which of the following are thought to become active both when people watch an action being performed and when they perform that action themselves?

A fixed-ratio schedules

B mirror neurons

C operant chambers

D cognitive maps

Question #2

Observational learning was illustrated by a famous experiment involving

A wooden coins.

B a Bobo doll.

C Little Albert.

D a Skinner box.

Question #3

Without any explicit training from adults, many 8-year-old children know how to turn the ignition key to start their parents’ cars. This best illustrates the importance of

A observational learning.

B spontaneous recovery

C classical conditioning.

D operant conditioning.

Question #4

Marcy grows roses for the sheer joy of it; Jennifer grows them to sell at a profit. Marcy’s behavior reflects ________, whereas Jennifer’s behavior reflects ________.

A operant conditioning; classical conditioning

B intrinsic motivation; extrinsic motivation

C a variable-ratio schedule; a fixed-ratio schedule

D spontaneous recovery; acquisition

Question #5

When children misbehave, some parents use a time-out, removing the children from their reinforcing surroundings. This practice best illustrates

A negative punishment.

B extinction.

C negative reinforcement.

D latent learning.

Question #6

Learning that some responses, but not others, will be reinforced is called

A latent learning.

B secondary reinforcement.

C discrimination.

D respondent behavior.

Question #7

Administering an aversive stimulus following an operant response is

A negative reinforcement.

B negative punishment.

C positive punishment.

D positive reinforcement.

Question #8

After receiving a couple of traffic tickets for speeding, Masako no longer drives faster than the legal speed limit. This best illustrates the impact of

A negative reinforcement.

B spontaneous recovery.

C observational learning.

D punishment.

Question #9

A partial reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response that occurs after a specified time has elapsed is a ________ schedule.

A fixed-interval

B variable-ratio

C fixed-ratio

D variable-interval

Question #10

Which of the following behaviors is typically reinforced on a variable-ratio schedule?

A checking the mailbox to see if the mail has arrived

B studying to be prepared for unexpected quizzes

C paying a cashier for a candy bar

D inserting coins into a slot machine

Question #11

Coffee shops that reward customers with a free cup of coffee after every 10 coffee purchases are using a ________ reinforcement schedule.

A variable-interval

B fixed-interval

C variable-ratio

D fixed-ratio

Question #12

A conditioned reinforcer gains its reinforcing power through its link with a

A respondent behavior.

B cognitive map.

C mirror neuron.

D primary reinforcer.

Question #13

Which of the following is the best example of a primary reinforcer?

A $5.00 for washing the car

B a grade of “A” for an excellent essay

C a cold lemonade for pulling weeds on a hot day

D applause for an excellent trumpet solo

Question #14

Jacinda has a glass of wine after work because it relieves her anxiety. Her wine drinking is likely to continue because it is followed by a ________ reinforcer.

A negative

B partial

C positive

D secondary

Question #15

A negative reinforcer ________ the behavior it follows.

A suppresses but does not eliminate

B has an unpredictable effect on

C eliminates

D strengthens

Question #16

Because Mandisa always picked up her newborn daughter when she cried, her daughter is now a real crybaby. In this case, picking up the infant served as a(n) ________ for crying.

A negative reinforcer

B positive reinforcer

C unconditioned stimulus

D conditioned stimulus

Question #17

Golf instruction that reinforces short putts before attempting to reinforce long putts best illustrates the process of

A shaping.

B modeling.

C delayed reinforcement.

D discrimination.

Question #18

Dr. Raheja places a rat in a small cage where it learns to press a bar to obtain a food pellet. Obviously, Dr. Raheja is using a(n) ________ to study learning.

A Pavlovian maze

B operant chamber

C variable-ratio schedule

D cognitive map

Question #19

The psychologist most closely associated with the study of operant conditioning was

A John B. Watson.

B Albert Bandura.

C B. F. Skinner.

D Ivan Pavlov.

Question #20

Because Saleem was spanked on several occasions for biting electric cords, he no longer does so. Saleem’s behavior change best illustrates the value of

A conditioned reinforcers.

B classical conditioning.

C negative reinforcement.

D operant conditioning.

Question #21

Little Albert developed a fear of rats after a white rat was paired with a loud noise. In this case, the loud noise was the

A conditioned reinforcer.

B delayed reinforcer.

C conditioned stimulus.

D unconditioned stimulus.

Question #22

Former crack cocaine users often feel a drug craving when they are again in places they associate with previous highs. Their reactions are best explained in terms of

A latent learning.

B modeling.

C classical conditioning.

D operant conditioning.

Question #23

After recovering from a serious motorcycle accident, Gina was afraid to ride a motorcycle but not a bicycle. Gina’s pattern of fear best illustrates

A shaping.

B negative reinforcement.

C discrimination.

D conditioned reinforcement.

Question #24

After receiving a painful shot from a female nurse in a white uniform, 3-year-old Vaclav is fearful of any woman wearing a white dress. Vaclav’s reaction best illustrates

A latent learning.

B shaping.

C spontaneous recovery.

D generalization.

Question #25

Long after being bitten by a stray dog, Alonzo found that his fear of dogs seemed to have disappeared. To his surprise, however, when he was recently confronted by a stray dog, he experienced a sudden twinge of anxiety. This sudden anxiety best illustrates

A delayed reinforcement.

B spontaneous recovery.

C shaping.

D latent learning.

Question #26

After Pavlov had conditioned a dog to salivate to a tone, he repeatedly sounded the tone without presenting the food. As a result, ________ occurred.

A latent learning

B generalization

C extinction

D negative reinforcement

Question #27

An experimenter plans to condition a dog to salivate to a light by pairing the light with food. The dog will learn to salivate to the light most quickly if the experimenter presents the light

A a half-second after the food.

B half a second before the food.

C five seconds before the food.

D at precisely the same time as the food.

Question #28

For the most rapid acquisition of a CR, the CS should be presented

A at the same time as the US.

B shortly before the US.

C shortly after the US.

D shortly after the CR.

Question #29

The smell of an odor that repeatedly precedes the experience of a painful medical procedure first begins to trigger a conditioned anxiety response during the process of

A spontaneous recovery.

B shaping.

C acquisition.

D generalization.

Question #30

A dog’s salivation at the sight of a food dish is a(n)

A unconditioned response.

B conditioned stimulus.

C conditioned response.

D unconditioned stimulus.

Question #31

In Pavlov’s experiments, the taste of food triggered salivation in a dog. The food in the dog’s mouth was the

A UR

B CS

C CR

D US

Question #32

If a ringing bell causes a dog to salivate because the bell has been regularly associated with food in the mouth, the UR is the

A ringing bell.

B salivation to the ringing bell.

C food in the mouth.

D salivation to the food in the mouth.

Question #33

An event that one of Pavlov’s dogs could see or hear but did not associate with food was called a(n)

A secondary reinforcer.

B unconditioned stimulus.

C negative reinforcer.

D neutral stimulus.

Question #34

Who introduced the term behaviorism?

A Ivan Pavlov

B John B. Watson

C B. F. Skinner

D Albert Bandura

Question #35

The researcher most closely associated with the study of classical conditioning is

A Edward L. Thorndike.

B Ivan Pavlov.

C Albert Bandura.

D B. F. Skinner.

Question #36

After Betty noticed that her best girlfriend often received praise from adults for good manners like saying thank you, Betty began doing the same in hopes of receiving praise from adults. This best illustrates

A intrinsic motivation.

B respondent behavior.

C spontaneous recovery.

D observational learning.

Question #37

Seals in an aquarium will repeat behaviors, such as slapping and barking, that prompt people to toss them a herring. This best illustrates

A operant conditioning.

B observational learning.

C respondent behavior.

D spontaneous recovery.

Question #38

By directly experiencing a thunderstorm, we learn that a flash of lightning signals an impending crash of thunder. This best illustrates

A the law of effect.

B operant conditioning

C classical conditioning.

D observational learning.

Question #39

Any event or situation that evokes a response is a

A model.

B stimulus.

C cognitive map.

D positive reinforcer.

Question #40

The process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors is called

A shaping.

B reinforcement.

C modeling.

D learning.

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