Module 4 Exam

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Question #1

Which of the following are thought to become active both when people watch an action being performed and when they perform that action themselves?

A mirror neurons

B operant chambers

C cognitive maps

D fixed-ratio schedules

Question #2

Observational learning was illustrated by a famous experiment involving

A a Skinner box.

B Little Albert.

C wooden coins.

D a Bobo doll.

Question #3

Without any explicit training from adults, many 8-year-old children know how to turn the ignition key to start their parents’ cars. This best illustrates the importance of

A spontaneous recovery

B classical conditioning.

C operant conditioning.

D observational learning.

Question #4

Marcy grows roses for the sheer joy of it; Jennifer grows them to sell at a profit. Marcy’s behavior reflects ________, whereas Jennifer’s behavior reflects ________.

A a variable-ratio schedule; a fixed-ratio schedule

B intrinsic motivation; extrinsic motivation

C operant conditioning; classical conditioning

D spontaneous recovery; acquisition

Question #5

When children misbehave, some parents use a time-out, removing the children from their reinforcing surroundings. This practice best illustrates

A extinction.

B negative reinforcement.

C latent learning.

D negative punishment.

Question #6

Learning that some responses, but not others, will be reinforced is called

A respondent behavior.

B secondary reinforcement.

C latent learning.

D discrimination.

Question #7

Administering an aversive stimulus following an operant response is

A negative reinforcement.

B negative punishment.

C positive punishment.

D positive reinforcement.

Question #8

After receiving a couple of traffic tickets for speeding, Masako no longer drives faster than the legal speed limit. This best illustrates the impact of

A spontaneous recovery.

B negative reinforcement.

C observational learning.

D punishment.

Question #9

A partial reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response that occurs after a specified time has elapsed is a ________ schedule.

A variable-interval

B fixed-ratio

C variable-ratio

D fixed-interval

Question #10

Which of the following behaviors is typically reinforced on a variable-ratio schedule?

A studying to be prepared for unexpected quizzes

B checking the mailbox to see if the mail has arrived

C paying a cashier for a candy bar

D inserting coins into a slot machine

Question #11

Coffee shops that reward customers with a free cup of coffee after every 10 coffee purchases are using a ________ reinforcement schedule.

A variable-ratio

B fixed-ratio

C fixed-interval

D variable-interval

Question #12

A conditioned reinforcer gains its reinforcing power through its link with a

A respondent behavior.

B primary reinforcer.

C mirror neuron.

D cognitive map.

Question #13

Which of the following is the best example of a primary reinforcer?

A applause for an excellent trumpet solo

B a grade of “A” for an excellent essay

C $5.00 for washing the car

D a cold lemonade for pulling weeds on a hot day

Question #14

Jacinda has a glass of wine after work because it relieves her anxiety. Her wine drinking is likely to continue because it is followed by a ________ reinforcer.

A negative

B partial

C positive

D secondary

Question #15

A negative reinforcer ________ the behavior it follows.

A eliminates

B suppresses but does not eliminate

C has an unpredictable effect on

D strengthens

Question #16

Because Mandisa always picked up her newborn daughter when she cried, her daughter is now a real crybaby. In this case, picking up the infant served as a(n) ________ for crying.

A unconditioned stimulus

B positive reinforcer

C negative reinforcer

D conditioned stimulus

Question #17

Golf instruction that reinforces short putts before attempting to reinforce long putts best illustrates the process of

A modeling.

B delayed reinforcement.

C discrimination.

D shaping.

Question #18

Dr. Raheja places a rat in a small cage where it learns to press a bar to obtain a food pellet. Obviously, Dr. Raheja is using a(n) ________ to study learning.

A Pavlovian maze

B operant chamber

C variable-ratio schedule

D cognitive map

Question #19

The psychologist most closely associated with the study of operant conditioning was

A B. F. Skinner.

B Ivan Pavlov.

C Albert Bandura.

D John B. Watson.

Question #20

Because Saleem was spanked on several occasions for biting electric cords, he no longer does so. Saleem’s behavior change best illustrates the value of

A classical conditioning.

B negative reinforcement.

C conditioned reinforcers.

D operant conditioning.

Question #21

Little Albert developed a fear of rats after a white rat was paired with a loud noise. In this case, the loud noise was the

A conditioned stimulus.

B conditioned reinforcer.

C unconditioned stimulus.

D delayed reinforcer.

Question #22

Former crack cocaine users often feel a drug craving when they are again in places they associate with previous highs. Their reactions are best explained in terms of

A latent learning.

B operant conditioning.

C modeling.

D classical conditioning.

Question #23

After recovering from a serious motorcycle accident, Gina was afraid to ride a motorcycle but not a bicycle. Gina’s pattern of fear best illustrates

A negative reinforcement.

B shaping.

C discrimination.

D conditioned reinforcement.

Question #24

After receiving a painful shot from a female nurse in a white uniform, 3-year-old Vaclav is fearful of any woman wearing a white dress. Vaclav’s reaction best illustrates

A spontaneous recovery.

B generalization.

C shaping.

D latent learning.

Question #25

Long after being bitten by a stray dog, Alonzo found that his fear of dogs seemed to have disappeared. To his surprise, however, when he was recently confronted by a stray dog, he experienced a sudden twinge of anxiety. This sudden anxiety best illustrates

A shaping.

B latent learning.

C delayed reinforcement.

D spontaneous recovery.

Question #26

After Pavlov had conditioned a dog to salivate to a tone, he repeatedly sounded the tone without presenting the food. As a result, ________ occurred.

A extinction

B negative reinforcement

C latent learning

D generalization

Question #27

An experimenter plans to condition a dog to salivate to a light by pairing the light with food. The dog will learn to salivate to the light most quickly if the experimenter presents the light

A at precisely the same time as the food.

B five seconds before the food.

C a half-second after the food.

D half a second before the food.

Question #28

For the most rapid acquisition of a CR, the CS should be presented

A shortly after the US.

B shortly before the US.

C at the same time as the US.

D shortly after the CR.

Question #29

The smell of an odor that repeatedly precedes the experience of a painful medical procedure first begins to trigger a conditioned anxiety response during the process of

A generalization.

B shaping.

C acquisition.

D spontaneous recovery.

Question #30

A dog’s salivation at the sight of a food dish is a(n)

A conditioned response.

B unconditioned response.

C unconditioned stimulus.

D conditioned stimulus.

Question #31

In Pavlov’s experiments, the taste of food triggered salivation in a dog. The food in the dog’s mouth was the

A CR

B US

C CS

D UR

Question #32

If a ringing bell causes a dog to salivate because the bell has been regularly associated with food in the mouth, the UR is the

A salivation to the ringing bell.

B food in the mouth.

C ringing bell.

D salivation to the food in the mouth.

Question #33

An event that one of Pavlov’s dogs could see or hear but did not associate with food was called a(n)

A unconditioned stimulus.

B negative reinforcer.

C neutral stimulus.

D secondary reinforcer.

Question #34

Who introduced the term behaviorism?

A Albert Bandura

B Ivan Pavlov

C John B. Watson

D B. F. Skinner

Question #35

The researcher most closely associated with the study of classical conditioning is

A B. F. Skinner.

B Edward L. Thorndike.

C Ivan Pavlov.

D Albert Bandura.

Question #36

After Betty noticed that her best girlfriend often received praise from adults for good manners like saying thank you, Betty began doing the same in hopes of receiving praise from adults. This best illustrates

A observational learning.

B spontaneous recovery.

C respondent behavior.

D intrinsic motivation.

Question #37

Seals in an aquarium will repeat behaviors, such as slapping and barking, that prompt people to toss them a herring. This best illustrates

A observational learning.

B operant conditioning.

C spontaneous recovery.

D respondent behavior.

Question #38

By directly experiencing a thunderstorm, we learn that a flash of lightning signals an impending crash of thunder. This best illustrates

A operant conditioning

B classical conditioning.

C observational learning.

D the law of effect.

Question #39

Any event or situation that evokes a response is a

A model.

B cognitive map.

C positive reinforcer.

D stimulus.

Question #40

The process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors is called

A modeling.

B shaping.

C learning.

D reinforcement.

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