Chapter Test 3 Language + Thinking

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Question #1

Mental representations vary in the degree that they are analogical versus symbolic. Consider the following elements often found on a map.
1. The names of the cities, states, and other features.
2. The spatial layout of the cities, states, and other features.
3. The use of specific colors to represent certain features, for example, blue for water, green for forested areas, white for the tops of high peaks, and brown for desert areas.
Pick the choice below that orders these elements from most analogical (listed first) to most symbolic (listed third).

A 3/2/1

B 2/1/3

C 2/3/1

D 1/3/2

Question #2

All things being equal, who would be most successful at learning a second language?

A Taina, an elderly adult who learns the second language from her caregiver

B Rhonda, a middle-aged adult who regularly uses a language learning app on her phone

C Kristina, an infant who learns the second language from her grandparents

D Alyks, a teenager who is enrolled in intensive high school language classes

Question #3

A child with no brothers or sisters who says, “I hate you Mommy,” can be viewed as evidence against what view of language learning.

A That language is learned solely by the child imitating those around them

B That children are born with innate knowledge of the rules used to structure their local language.

C That children are born with innate knowledge of the vocabulary used within their local language.

D That language is learned solely by analogy.

Question #4

14 month old Jill lives in a house with a dog and a cat that are often together with the family. She already recognizes the word for “dog.” When she hears the word “cat,” why doesn’t she think it is another word for “dog”?

A Because of the availability heuristic

B Because of the whole object assumption

C Because of the representativeness heuristic

D Because of the mutual exclusivity assumption

Question #5

When you listen to a foreign language being spoken, it likely sounds like a single stream of sound, rather than a series of distinct words. Presumably, infants encounter a similar problem when first learning language. What information do infants use to identify words in continuous speech?

A They identify which phonemes are used by the speakers around them.

B They begin by identifying syllables in this new language tend to co-occur with each other.

C They have a working vocabulary of at least 100 words in this new language.

D Finding the words is not necessary for infants, because their caregivers speak in ways that emphasize the word boundaries.

Question #6

Contemporary research best supports which view on the original Whorfian hypothesis?

A Sensitive periods for language learning occur earlier than believed.

B Sensitive periods for language learning occur later than believed.

C Language guides our thinking but does not entirely define it.

D Language defines thinking more strongly than Whorf hypothesized.

Question #7

Phonemes _____________; morphemes _______________.

A are individual speech sounds / are the smallest units of language that convey meaning

B are the smallest units of language that convey meaning / are individual speech sounds

C exist in both spoken and signed languages / only exists in spoken languages

D can be words or they can be combined to form words / must be combined to form words (a single morpheme cannot be a word)

Question #8

When, as part of a study, participants are asked to come up with answers to questions for which there is no answer (e.g., What is the name of the only reptile that flies?), the participants often report that the (nonexistent) answer is just eluding them. This is an example of ______________ .

A the tip of the tongue effect

B hindsight bias

C overconfidence bias

D the availability heuristic

Question #9

Framing effects can change how people make decisions because they change the ________ involved in the decision.

A reference points

B rational constraints

C choice alternatives

D decision contingencies

Question #10

Malika’s friend Sara refuses to change her views on stem cell research. If Malika wanted Sara to come around to see her side of things, the most effective strategy would be to recommend that Sara

A try to be more rational and objective.

B listen to two people debate the issue.

C consider why her views might be wrong.

D do additional research on Sara’s side of the issue.

Question #11

Research on affectively laden decisions has found that people are more likely to make harsher moral judgments whey they are made to feel which emotion?

A anger

B disgust

C boredom

D sadness

Question #12

Which of the following activities would be most likely be done with the controlled system of processing?

A Driving on a familiar highway

B Reading a children’s book to your daughter

C Finding a destination while walking across an unfamiliar campus

D Becoming embarassed after making a stupid error

Question #13

Having learned in school how to solve problems involving Distance, Rate, and Time, Janelle was quickly able to figure out how to solve for the time that a worker would require to produce 250 widgets, if he or she can produce 100 widgets in an hour. In this case Janelle benefited from _______.

A functional fixedness

B a problem solving insight

C mental set

D hindsight bias

Question #14

Identify which of the four following statement about solving problems through insight is FALSE?

A Solving problems through insight is associated with activity in the temporal lobe.

B Feelings of insight are more likely if you have been given a subliminal hint to your problem.

C Solving problems through insight is more likely when you are in a good mood.

D Feelings of insight tend to occur while thinking methodically about the solution to problems .

Question #15

How would you expect an athlete to assign concept hierarchy levels to each of the following concepts (ordered here alphabetically):
1. athletic shoe,
2. rock climbing shoe,
3. shoe.

A 1=superordinate, 2=basic, 3=subordinate

B 1=basic, 2=superordinate, 3=subordinate

C 1=basic, 2=subordinate, 3=superordinate

D 1=superordinate, 2=subordinate, 3=basic

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Chapter Test 3 Language + Thinking

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