Exam 2

A  Decreased heart rate

B  Decreased airway dilation

C  Dehydration

D  Decreased oxygen delivery to the brain

E  Metabolic acidosis

A  Increased glycogenesis

B  Increased breakdown of proteins

C  Increased digestive activities

D  Increased gluconeogenesis

E  Increased lipolysis

A  Amine hormones

B  Peptide hormones

C  Nitric oxide

D  Thyroid hormones

E  Steroids

A  Insulin

B  Glucagon

C  Somatostatin

D  Calcitonin

E  Thyroid hormones

A  permissive effect.

B  synergistic effect.

C  local effect.

D  antagonistic effect.

E  circulating effect.

A  Controls growth and development

B  Produces electrolytes

C  Regulates metabolism

D  Regulates chemical composition and volume of the internal environment

A  12

B  7

C  unlimited

D  5

E  10

A  circulating hormone.

B  local hormone.

C  autocrine.

D  paracrine.

A  ADH promotes water loss.

B  Erythropoietin blocks formation of erythrocytes.

C  Thyroid hormone decreases muscle mass.

D  Epinephrine helps increase blood flow to exercising muscle.

E  Calcitonin is the primary regulator of Ca2+ needed for contraction.

A  Prolactin and growth hormone

B  Prolactin and ACTH

C  Melatonin-stimulating hormone and oxytocin

D  Follicle-stimulating hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone

E  Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone

A  Thyrotropin

B  Prolactin

C  Adrenocorticotropic hormone

D  Melanocyte stimulating hormone

E  Luteinizing hormone

A  Melanocyte-stimulating hormone

B  Adrenocorticotropic hormone

C  Insulin-like growth factors

D  Leutinizing hormone

E  Prolactin

A  Chemical changes in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

B  Action potentials from the thalamus

C  Hormones released from the hypothalamus

D  The peripheral nervous system

E  Muscle contraction

A  Depression of immune responses

B  Glucose formation

C  Reduction of inflammation

D  Increased production of all types of blood cells

E  Protein and fat breakdown

A  Sodium

B  Potassium

C  Manganese

D  Chloride

E  Calcium

A  Somatotrophs

B  Corticotrophs

C  Gonadotrophs

D  Thyrotrophs

E  Lactotrophs

A  Thyrotropin

B  Luteinizing hormone

C  Adrenocorticotropic hormone

D  Growth hormone

E  Prolactin

A  Oxidation of iodide

B  Iodination of tyrosine

C  Coupling of T1 and T2

D  Iodide trapping

E  Synthesis of calcitonin

A  Signals from the nervous system

B  Chemical changes in the blood

C  Mechanical stretching of the endocrine cell

D  Both Signals from the nervous system and Chemical changes in the blood

E  Releasing hormones.

A  Gluconeogenesis

B  Calcitonin downregulation

C  Glycogenesis

D  Epinephrine release

E  Glycogenolysis

A  Messenger RNA

B  Calcium

C  Chromatin

D  Cyclic AMP

E  Plasma proteins

A  Central

B  Somatic

C  Sensory

D  Sympathetic

E  Parasympathetic

A  Paracrine regulation

B  Down-regulation

C  Sensory adaptation

D  Receptor recognition

E  Up-regulation

A  Depression of immune responses

B  Glucose formation

C  Reduction of inflammation

D  Increased production of all types of blood cells

E  Protein and fat breakdown

A  All of these options are prime examples

B  Human growth hormone

C  Calcitonin

D  Oxytocin

E  Testosterone

A  Epinephrine and norepinephrine

B  All of these are synergistic pairs

C  Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone

D  Human Growth Hormone and testosterone

E  Follicle stimulating hormone and estrogen

A  Gustatory receptors

B  Photoreceptors

C  Olfactory receptors

D  Gustatory and Olfactory receptors

E  All of these receptors regenerate after cell death

A  Activate second-messenger systems within their target cells

B  All of these are correct answers

C  include steroids and thyroid hormone

D  Bind with receptors located on the cell membrane

A  Corticotropin releasing hormone

B  Growth hormone

C  Luteinizing hormone

D  Thyroid stimulating hormone

E  Follicle stimulating hormone

A  Hormone A inhibits hormone B; hormone B then inhibits hormone A

B  Hormone A stimulates hormone B; hormone B then stimulates hormone A

C  Hormone A stimulates hormone B; hormone B then inhibits hormone A

D  Hormone A inhibits hormone B; hormone B then inhibits hormone C

E  Hormone A stimulates hormone B; hormone B then inhibits hormone C

A  Adrenocorticotropic hormone

B  Insulin

C  Calcitonin

D  Glucagon

E  Thyroid hormone

A  provides more accurate color vision.

B  occurs when one eye focuses on two separate objects.

C  gives better depth perception.

D  is all of these choices

E  is only seen in humans.

A  only in the superior portion of the nasal cavity.

B  only in the inferior portion of the nasal cavity.

C  throughout the nasal cavity.

D  from the vestibule to the pharynx.

E  only in the mid-nasal ridges.

A  occurs rapidly.

B  occurs slowly.

C  does not occur.

D  enhances gustation.

E  increases sensitivity to that odorant.

A  pressure.

B  temperature.

C  pain.

D  tickle.

E  itch.

A  to sense referred pain.

B  to sense changes in muscle length.

C  to perceive cutaneous sensations.

D  to sense muscle fatigue.

A  body position.

B  body temperature.

C  visual acuity.

D  color vision.

E  pain.

A  Fast pain

B  Visceral pain

C  Slow pain

D  Referred pain

E  Sympathetic pain

A  The photoreceptor cell undergoes hyperpolarization.

B  The photoreceptor cell creates action potentials at a frequency proportional to the intensity of the light stimulus.

C  No changes in the membrane potential occur.

D  The photoreceptor cell undergoes rapid depolarization.

E  A graded potential proportional to the intensity of the light stimulus occurs in the photoreceptor cell.

A  projects directly to the primary olfactory cortex and to the limbic system and hypothalamus.

B  contains only motor neurons.

C  conducts impulses directly to the thalamus.

D  receives information from the taste buds.

A  activation of amacrine cells.

B  generation of action potentials in the optic nerve.

C  absorption of scattered light by the pigmented epithelium.

D  absorption of light by photopigments.

A  transduction.

B  selectivity.

C  modality

D  perception.

E  adaptation.

A  thermoreceptor

B  mechanoreceptor

C  chemoreceptor

D  osmoreceptor

E  photoreceptor

A  cochlea

B  semicircular canals

C  maculae of the vestibule

D  vestibulocochlear nerve

E  organ of Corti

A  Interoceptors

B  Proprioceptors

C  Nociceptors

D  Exteroreceptors

E  None of the answers selections are correct

A  exteroreceptors.

B  nociceptors.

C  thermoreceptors.

D  Pacinian corpuscles.

E  proprioceptors.

A  pinna

B  vestibulocochlear nerve

C  tympanic membrane

D  cochlea

E  organ of Corti

A  None

B  Hundreds

C  Dozens

D  Thousands

E  One

A  All of the options listed are correct

B  Proprioceptive sensations allow us to determine position of body structures relative to each other.

C  Proprioceptive sensations allow us to estimate the weight of certain objects.

D  Proprioceptive sensations include static and dynamic equilibrium.

E  Proprioceptors are also embedded in muscles and tendons

A  Spinal cord

B  Thalamus

C  Medulla oblongata

D  Midbrain

E  Cerebral cortex

A  All of the options are correct

B  Stems from generation of receptor potentials

C  Is called transduction

D  Requires an adequate level of stimulus

A  Implementation of a motor response

B  Stimulus transduction

C  Generation of nerve impulse

D  Sensory Reception

E  Integration of sensory input

A  Baroreceptors

B  Proprioreceptors

C  Mechanoreceptors

D  Chemoreceptors

E  Thermoreceptors

A  Acids

B  Alkaloids

C  Salts

D  Bases

E  Sugars

A  Midbrain

B  Thalamus

C  Cerebral cortex

D  Medulla oblongata

E  Spinal cord

A  Organs

B  Inner ear / Vestibular apparatus

C  Skin surface

A  Organs

B  Skin surface

C  Inner ear / Vestibular apparatus

A  Inner ear / Vestibular apparatus

B  Skin surface

C  Organs

A  Umami

B  Salt

C  Bitter

D  Sour

E  Sweet

A  Spinothalamic

B  Spinocerebellar

C  Corticospinal

A  Chemoreceptor – oxygen concentration

B  Photoreceptor – light

C  Thermoreceptor – heat and cold

D  Mechanoreceptor – skeletal muscle stretch

E  Nociceptor – solute concentration

A  norepinephrine and muscarine.

B  norepinephrine and acetylcholine.

C  nicotine and adrenaline.

D  somatostatin and nicotine.

E  muscarine and acetylcholine.

A  Somatosensory neurons.

B  Postganglionic sympathetic neurons

C  Preganglionic parasympathetic neurons

D  Preganglionic sympathetic neurons

E  Somatic motor neurons

A  superior sacral ganglion

B  ventral rami

C  dorsal rami

D  rami communicantes

A  Sympathetic postganglionic neurons

B  Sympathetic preganglionic neurons

C  Both sympathetic and parasympathetic postganglionic neurons

D  Somatic motorneurons

E  Parasympathetic postganglionic neurons

A  Has its cell body in the brain or spinal cord.

B  Has myelinated axons.

C  Has axons that exit the CNS in a cranial or spinal nerve.

D  Forms the first part of an autonomic motor pathway.

E  Forms gap junctions with postganglionic neurons in autonomic ganglia.

A  Nicotinic and adrenergic receptors

B  Somatostatic and nicotinic receptors

C  Nicotinic and muscarinic receptors

D  Muscarinic and somatic receptors

E  Adrenergic and somatic receptors

A  Short preganglionic neurons

B  Stimulates sweat glands

C  Thoracolumbar output

D  Ganglia primarily found in the head

A  Sympathetic

B  Somatic nervous system

C  Autonomic ganglia

D  Parasympathetic

E  Craniosacral division

A  releases neurotransmitter that binds to the effector cell.

B  has its cell body in the brain or spinal cord.

C  is the first part of an autonomic motor pathway.

D  carries information into the sympathetic chain ganglia.

E  has its axons exiting the CNS through cranial nerves.

A  Sacral spinal cord output

B  Synapses with sweat glands in skin

C  Ganglia found near visceral effectors/targets

D  Long preganglionic neurons

A  effector – sensory neuron – integrating center – motor neuron – receptor

B  receptor – sensory neuron – motor neuron – effector – integrating center

C  receptor – sensory neuron – integrating center – motor neuron – effector

D  receptor – motor neuron – integrating center – sensory neuron – effector

E  integrating center – receptor – sensory neuron – motor neuron – effector

A  Decreased blood flow to kidneys and gastrointestinal tract

B  Airway constriction

C  Increased heart rate

D  Increased blood flow to skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, liver and fat

E  Increased blood glucose level

A  Pupil dilation

B  Elevated blood pressure

C  All of these options are immediate sympathetic responses

D  High levels of cortisol

E  Elevated heart rate

A  glands; skeletal muscles, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle

B  skeletal muscles; smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

C  skeletal muscles; smooth muscle only

D  skeletal muscles and glands; smooth muscle and cardiac muscle

E  striated muscles; smooth muscle and glands

A  Posture

B  Emotion

C  All of the following are functions of the spinocerebellar pathway

D  Balance

E  Coordination

A  Voluntary movement

B  Intelligence

C  Both sensation and voluntary movement

D  Blood

E  Sensation

A  Quadriceps and Hamstring of the same leg

B  Hamstring, same leg as stimulus

C  Hamstring, opposite leg of stimulus

D  Quadriceps and Hamstring of the opposite leg

E  Quadriceps, opposite leg of stimulus

F  Quadriceps, same leg as stimulus

A  Endocrine glands

B  Smooth muscle

C  Exocrine glands

D  Skeletal muscle

E  Cardiac muscle

A  increasing activity in the effector

B  increasing the size of the action potential between neurons

C  decreasing activity in the effector

D  All of these options are correct

A  Contraction of the agonist muscle and relaxation of the antagonist muscle

B  Contraction of both agonist and antagonist muscles

C  Contraction of the antagonist muscle and relaxation of agonist muscle

D  Relaxation of both agonist and antagonist muscles

A  Contraction of the agonist muscle and relaxation of the antagonist muscle

B  Relaxation of both agonist and antagonist muscles

C  Contraction of the antagonist muscle and relaxation of agonist muscle

D  Contraction of both agonist and antagonist muscles

A  Integration center

B  Motor neuron

C  Sensory receptor

D  Effector

E  Sensory neuron

A  Flexor

B  Stretch

C  Withdrawal

D  Visceral

E  Blinking

A  Poorly localized

B  Persists for a long time

C  Impulses carried along myelinated fibers

D  Propagate along small-diameter fibers