Exam 2

A  Decreased oxygen delivery to the brain

B  Dehydration

C  Decreased heart rate

D  Decreased airway dilation

E  Metabolic acidosis

A  Increased breakdown of proteins

B  Increased digestive activities

C  Increased lipolysis

D  Increased glycogenesis

E  Increased gluconeogenesis

A  Amine hormones

B  Nitric oxide

C  Thyroid hormones

D  Steroids

E  Peptide hormones

A  Somatostatin

B  Thyroid hormones

C  Calcitonin

D  Insulin

E  Glucagon

A  permissive effect.

B  local effect.

C  circulating effect.

D  synergistic effect.

E  antagonistic effect.

A  Produces electrolytes

B  Controls growth and development

C  Regulates metabolism

D  Regulates chemical composition and volume of the internal environment

A  12

B  10

C  7

D  unlimited

E  5

A  autocrine.

B  local hormone.

C  circulating hormone.

D  paracrine.

A  ADH promotes water loss.

B  Calcitonin is the primary regulator of Ca2+ needed for contraction.

C  Thyroid hormone decreases muscle mass.

D  Epinephrine helps increase blood flow to exercising muscle.

E  Erythropoietin blocks formation of erythrocytes.

A  Follicle-stimulating hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone

B  Melatonin-stimulating hormone and oxytocin

C  Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone

D  Prolactin and growth hormone

E  Prolactin and ACTH

A  Thyrotropin

B  Adrenocorticotropic hormone

C  Luteinizing hormone

D  Prolactin

E  Melanocyte stimulating hormone

A  Insulin-like growth factors

B  Adrenocorticotropic hormone

C  Melanocyte-stimulating hormone

D  Prolactin

E  Leutinizing hormone

A  Muscle contraction

B  Action potentials from the thalamus

C  Hormones released from the hypothalamus

D  Chemical changes in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

E  The peripheral nervous system

A  Reduction of inflammation

B  Protein and fat breakdown

C  Depression of immune responses

D  Increased production of all types of blood cells

E  Glucose formation

A  Chloride

B  Manganese

C  Potassium

D  Calcium

E  Sodium

A  Thyrotrophs

B  Somatotrophs

C  Lactotrophs

D  Corticotrophs

E  Gonadotrophs

A  Adrenocorticotropic hormone

B  Prolactin

C  Growth hormone

D  Luteinizing hormone

E  Thyrotropin

A  Oxidation of iodide

B  Coupling of T1 and T2

C  Iodide trapping

D  Iodination of tyrosine

E  Synthesis of calcitonin

A  Chemical changes in the blood

B  Signals from the nervous system

C  Mechanical stretching of the endocrine cell

D  Both Signals from the nervous system and Chemical changes in the blood

E  Releasing hormones.

A  Gluconeogenesis

B  Glycogenolysis

C  Epinephrine release

D  Calcitonin downregulation

E  Glycogenesis

A  Plasma proteins

B  Calcium

C  Cyclic AMP

D  Chromatin

E  Messenger RNA

A  Somatic

B  Sympathetic

C  Parasympathetic

D  Central

E  Sensory

A  Up-regulation

B  Sensory adaptation

C  Receptor recognition

D  Down-regulation

E  Paracrine regulation

A  Increased production of all types of blood cells

B  Protein and fat breakdown

C  Depression of immune responses

D  Glucose formation

E  Reduction of inflammation

A  Testosterone

B  Human growth hormone

C  Calcitonin

D  All of these options are prime examples

E  Oxytocin

A  Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone

B  All of these are synergistic pairs

C  Epinephrine and norepinephrine

D  Follicle stimulating hormone and estrogen

E  Human Growth Hormone and testosterone

A  Gustatory receptors

B  Olfactory receptors

C  Photoreceptors

D  All of these receptors regenerate after cell death

E  Gustatory and Olfactory receptors

A  Activate second-messenger systems within their target cells

B  include steroids and thyroid hormone

C  Bind with receptors located on the cell membrane

D  All of these are correct answers

A  Follicle stimulating hormone

B  Corticotropin releasing hormone

C  Luteinizing hormone

D  Growth hormone

E  Thyroid stimulating hormone

A  Hormone A inhibits hormone B; hormone B then inhibits hormone C

B  Hormone A stimulates hormone B; hormone B then stimulates hormone A

C  Hormone A inhibits hormone B; hormone B then inhibits hormone A

D  Hormone A stimulates hormone B; hormone B then inhibits hormone A

E  Hormone A stimulates hormone B; hormone B then inhibits hormone C

A  Thyroid hormone

B  Glucagon

C  Calcitonin

D  Insulin

E  Adrenocorticotropic hormone

A  provides more accurate color vision.

B  is all of these choices

C  gives better depth perception.

D  occurs when one eye focuses on two separate objects.

E  is only seen in humans.

A  only in the mid-nasal ridges.

B  only in the superior portion of the nasal cavity.

C  from the vestibule to the pharynx.

D  throughout the nasal cavity.

E  only in the inferior portion of the nasal cavity.

A  increases sensitivity to that odorant.

B  enhances gustation.

C  occurs rapidly.

D  does not occur.

E  occurs slowly.

A  temperature.

B  pressure.

C  itch.

D  pain.

E  tickle.

A  to sense muscle fatigue.

B  to sense changes in muscle length.

C  to perceive cutaneous sensations.

D  to sense referred pain.

A  pain.

B  color vision.

C  body position.

D  body temperature.

E  visual acuity.

A  Referred pain

B  Slow pain

C  Visceral pain

D  Sympathetic pain

E  Fast pain

A  The photoreceptor cell undergoes rapid depolarization.

B  The photoreceptor cell creates action potentials at a frequency proportional to the intensity of the light stimulus.

C  The photoreceptor cell undergoes hyperpolarization.

D  No changes in the membrane potential occur.

E  A graded potential proportional to the intensity of the light stimulus occurs in the photoreceptor cell.

A  conducts impulses directly to the thalamus.

B  projects directly to the primary olfactory cortex and to the limbic system and hypothalamus.

C  contains only motor neurons.

D  receives information from the taste buds.

A  absorption of light by photopigments.

B  activation of amacrine cells.

C  generation of action potentials in the optic nerve.

D  absorption of scattered light by the pigmented epithelium.

A  perception.

B  transduction.

C  modality

D  adaptation.

E  selectivity.

A  osmoreceptor

B  chemoreceptor

C  photoreceptor

D  mechanoreceptor

E  thermoreceptor

A  cochlea

B  semicircular canals

C  vestibulocochlear nerve

D  organ of Corti

E  maculae of the vestibule

A  Nociceptors

B  None of the answers selections are correct

C  Proprioceptors

D  Exteroreceptors

E  Interoceptors

A  Pacinian corpuscles.

B  exteroreceptors.

C  proprioceptors.

D  thermoreceptors.

E  nociceptors.

A  organ of Corti

B  cochlea

C  pinna

D  vestibulocochlear nerve

E  tympanic membrane

A  One

B  None

C  Hundreds

D  Dozens

E  Thousands

A  Proprioceptors are also embedded in muscles and tendons

B  Proprioceptive sensations include static and dynamic equilibrium.

C  Proprioceptive sensations allow us to estimate the weight of certain objects.

D  All of the options listed are correct

E  Proprioceptive sensations allow us to determine position of body structures relative to each other.

A  Midbrain

B  Cerebral cortex

C  Thalamus

D  Medulla oblongata

E  Spinal cord

A  Is called transduction

B  All of the options are correct

C  Stems from generation of receptor potentials

D  Requires an adequate level of stimulus

A  Integration of sensory input

B  Generation of nerve impulse

C  Sensory Reception

D  Implementation of a motor response

E  Stimulus transduction

A  Mechanoreceptors

B  Thermoreceptors

C  Chemoreceptors

D  Baroreceptors

E  Proprioreceptors

A  Sugars

B  Alkaloids

C  Bases

D  Acids

E  Salts

A  Thalamus

B  Spinal cord

C  Midbrain

D  Medulla oblongata

E  Cerebral cortex

A  Skin surface

B  Organs

C  Inner ear / Vestibular apparatus

A  Skin surface

B  Inner ear / Vestibular apparatus

C  Organs

A  Organs

B  Inner ear / Vestibular apparatus

C  Skin surface

A  Bitter

B  Umami

C  Sweet

D  Salt

E  Sour

A  Corticospinal

B  Spinocerebellar

C  Spinothalamic

A  Thermoreceptor – heat and cold

B  Chemoreceptor – oxygen concentration

C  Mechanoreceptor – skeletal muscle stretch

D  Nociceptor – solute concentration

E  Photoreceptor – light

A  muscarine and acetylcholine.

B  nicotine and adrenaline.

C  norepinephrine and muscarine.

D  somatostatin and nicotine.

E  norepinephrine and acetylcholine.

A  Somatosensory neurons.

B  Postganglionic sympathetic neurons

C  Somatic motor neurons

D  Preganglionic parasympathetic neurons

E  Preganglionic sympathetic neurons

A  dorsal rami

B  ventral rami

C  superior sacral ganglion

D  rami communicantes

A  Sympathetic preganglionic neurons

B  Parasympathetic postganglionic neurons

C  Both sympathetic and parasympathetic postganglionic neurons

D  Sympathetic postganglionic neurons

E  Somatic motorneurons

A  Forms gap junctions with postganglionic neurons in autonomic ganglia.

B  Has myelinated axons.

C  Forms the first part of an autonomic motor pathway.

D  Has its cell body in the brain or spinal cord.

E  Has axons that exit the CNS in a cranial or spinal nerve.

A  Nicotinic and muscarinic receptors

B  Adrenergic and somatic receptors

C  Somatostatic and nicotinic receptors

D  Nicotinic and adrenergic receptors

E  Muscarinic and somatic receptors

A  Ganglia primarily found in the head

B  Short preganglionic neurons

C  Stimulates sweat glands

D  Thoracolumbar output

A  Somatic nervous system

B  Autonomic ganglia

C  Craniosacral division

D  Sympathetic

E  Parasympathetic

A  has its axons exiting the CNS through cranial nerves.

B  has its cell body in the brain or spinal cord.

C  carries information into the sympathetic chain ganglia.

D  is the first part of an autonomic motor pathway.

E  releases neurotransmitter that binds to the effector cell.

A  Ganglia found near visceral effectors/targets

B  Long preganglionic neurons

C  Synapses with sweat glands in skin

D  Sacral spinal cord output

A  receptor – sensory neuron – motor neuron – effector – integrating center

B  receptor – motor neuron – integrating center – sensory neuron – effector

C  receptor – sensory neuron – integrating center – motor neuron – effector

D  effector – sensory neuron – integrating center – motor neuron – receptor

E  integrating center – receptor – sensory neuron – motor neuron – effector

A  Increased heart rate

B  Decreased blood flow to kidneys and gastrointestinal tract

C  Increased blood flow to skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, liver and fat

D  Airway constriction

E  Increased blood glucose level

A  Pupil dilation

B  Elevated heart rate

C  Elevated blood pressure

D  High levels of cortisol

E  All of these options are immediate sympathetic responses

A  skeletal muscles; smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

B  striated muscles; smooth muscle and glands

C  glands; skeletal muscles, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle

D  skeletal muscles; smooth muscle only

E  skeletal muscles and glands; smooth muscle and cardiac muscle

A  Coordination

B  Posture

C  Emotion

D  Balance

E  All of the following are functions of the spinocerebellar pathway

A  Blood

B  Voluntary movement

C  Intelligence

D  Sensation

E  Both sensation and voluntary movement

A  Hamstring, same leg as stimulus

B  Quadriceps, same leg as stimulus

C  Quadriceps and Hamstring of the opposite leg

D  Quadriceps and Hamstring of the same leg

E  Hamstring, opposite leg of stimulus

F  Quadriceps, opposite leg of stimulus

A  Cardiac muscle

B  Skeletal muscle

C  Endocrine glands

D  Smooth muscle

E  Exocrine glands

A  increasing activity in the effector

B  All of these options are correct

C  decreasing activity in the effector

D  increasing the size of the action potential between neurons

A  Contraction of both agonist and antagonist muscles

B  Relaxation of both agonist and antagonist muscles

C  Contraction of the agonist muscle and relaxation of the antagonist muscle

D  Contraction of the antagonist muscle and relaxation of agonist muscle

A  Contraction of both agonist and antagonist muscles

B  Relaxation of both agonist and antagonist muscles

C  Contraction of the antagonist muscle and relaxation of agonist muscle

D  Contraction of the agonist muscle and relaxation of the antagonist muscle

A  Effector

B  Integration center

C  Sensory neuron

D  Motor neuron

E  Sensory receptor

A  Withdrawal

B  Stretch

C  Blinking

D  Visceral

E  Flexor

A  Impulses carried along myelinated fibers

B  Poorly localized

C  Propagate along small-diameter fibers

D  Persists for a long time