Exam 2

A  Decreased oxygen delivery to the brain

B  Decreased airway dilation

C  Metabolic acidosis

D  Decreased heart rate

E  Dehydration

A  Increased lipolysis

B  Increased glycogenesis

C  Increased breakdown of proteins

D  Increased digestive activities

E  Increased gluconeogenesis

A  Peptide hormones

B  Steroids

C  Amine hormones

D  Thyroid hormones

E  Nitric oxide

A  Insulin

B  Glucagon

C  Calcitonin

D  Somatostatin

E  Thyroid hormones

A  synergistic effect.

B  circulating effect.

C  permissive effect.

D  local effect.

E  antagonistic effect.

A  Controls growth and development

B  Produces electrolytes

C  Regulates chemical composition and volume of the internal environment

D  Regulates metabolism

A  unlimited

B  5

C  12

D  10

E  7

A  local hormone.

B  paracrine.

C  circulating hormone.

D  autocrine.

A  Erythropoietin blocks formation of erythrocytes.

B  ADH promotes water loss.

C  Calcitonin is the primary regulator of Ca2+ needed for contraction.

D  Thyroid hormone decreases muscle mass.

E  Epinephrine helps increase blood flow to exercising muscle.

A  Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone

B  Follicle-stimulating hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone

C  Prolactin and growth hormone

D  Melatonin-stimulating hormone and oxytocin

E  Prolactin and ACTH

A  Luteinizing hormone

B  Melanocyte stimulating hormone

C  Adrenocorticotropic hormone

D  Prolactin

E  Thyrotropin

A  Insulin-like growth factors

B  Prolactin

C  Leutinizing hormone

D  Melanocyte-stimulating hormone

E  Adrenocorticotropic hormone

A  Hormones released from the hypothalamus

B  Chemical changes in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

C  Action potentials from the thalamus

D  The peripheral nervous system

E  Muscle contraction

A  Increased production of all types of blood cells

B  Protein and fat breakdown

C  Glucose formation

D  Reduction of inflammation

E  Depression of immune responses

A  Chloride

B  Sodium

C  Potassium

D  Manganese

E  Calcium

A  Gonadotrophs

B  Corticotrophs

C  Somatotrophs

D  Lactotrophs

E  Thyrotrophs

A  Thyrotropin

B  Adrenocorticotropic hormone

C  Growth hormone

D  Prolactin

E  Luteinizing hormone

A  Coupling of T1 and T2

B  Synthesis of calcitonin

C  Iodination of tyrosine

D  Oxidation of iodide

E  Iodide trapping

A  Chemical changes in the blood

B  Signals from the nervous system

C  Releasing hormones.

D  Both Signals from the nervous system and Chemical changes in the blood

E  Mechanical stretching of the endocrine cell

A  Glycogenesis

B  Glycogenolysis

C  Calcitonin downregulation

D  Epinephrine release

E  Gluconeogenesis

A  Plasma proteins

B  Calcium

C  Cyclic AMP

D  Chromatin

E  Messenger RNA

A  Parasympathetic

B  Central

C  Somatic

D  Sympathetic

E  Sensory

A  Paracrine regulation

B  Up-regulation

C  Receptor recognition

D  Down-regulation

E  Sensory adaptation

A  Protein and fat breakdown

B  Reduction of inflammation

C  Increased production of all types of blood cells

D  Depression of immune responses

E  Glucose formation

A  Calcitonin

B  Oxytocin

C  All of these options are prime examples

D  Human growth hormone

E  Testosterone

A  Human Growth Hormone and testosterone

B  Epinephrine and norepinephrine

C  All of these are synergistic pairs

D  Follicle stimulating hormone and estrogen

E  Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone

A  Photoreceptors

B  Olfactory receptors

C  Gustatory and Olfactory receptors

D  Gustatory receptors

E  All of these receptors regenerate after cell death

A  Bind with receptors located on the cell membrane

B  All of these are correct answers

C  include steroids and thyroid hormone

D  Activate second-messenger systems within their target cells

A  Luteinizing hormone

B  Growth hormone

C  Corticotropin releasing hormone

D  Follicle stimulating hormone

E  Thyroid stimulating hormone

A  Hormone A stimulates hormone B; hormone B then inhibits hormone A

B  Hormone A inhibits hormone B; hormone B then inhibits hormone C

C  Hormone A stimulates hormone B; hormone B then stimulates hormone A

D  Hormone A stimulates hormone B; hormone B then inhibits hormone C

E  Hormone A inhibits hormone B; hormone B then inhibits hormone A

A  Glucagon

B  Calcitonin

C  Insulin

D  Thyroid hormone

E  Adrenocorticotropic hormone

A  is all of these choices

B  occurs when one eye focuses on two separate objects.

C  gives better depth perception.

D  is only seen in humans.

E  provides more accurate color vision.

A  from the vestibule to the pharynx.

B  only in the inferior portion of the nasal cavity.

C  only in the superior portion of the nasal cavity.

D  throughout the nasal cavity.

E  only in the mid-nasal ridges.

A  increases sensitivity to that odorant.

B  occurs slowly.

C  enhances gustation.

D  occurs rapidly.

E  does not occur.

A  tickle.

B  itch.

C  pain.

D  pressure.

E  temperature.

A  to sense muscle fatigue.

B  to sense changes in muscle length.

C  to sense referred pain.

D  to perceive cutaneous sensations.

A  body position.

B  visual acuity.

C  body temperature.

D  color vision.

E  pain.

A  Visceral pain

B  Referred pain

C  Sympathetic pain

D  Fast pain

E  Slow pain

A  The photoreceptor cell creates action potentials at a frequency proportional to the intensity of the light stimulus.

B  The photoreceptor cell undergoes hyperpolarization.

C  The photoreceptor cell undergoes rapid depolarization.

D  A graded potential proportional to the intensity of the light stimulus occurs in the photoreceptor cell.

E  No changes in the membrane potential occur.

A  contains only motor neurons.

B  receives information from the taste buds.

C  conducts impulses directly to the thalamus.

D  projects directly to the primary olfactory cortex and to the limbic system and hypothalamus.

A  generation of action potentials in the optic nerve.

B  absorption of light by photopigments.

C  absorption of scattered light by the pigmented epithelium.

D  activation of amacrine cells.

A  adaptation.

B  modality

C  perception.

D  selectivity.

E  transduction.

A  chemoreceptor

B  thermoreceptor

C  osmoreceptor

D  photoreceptor

E  mechanoreceptor

A  semicircular canals

B  vestibulocochlear nerve

C  cochlea

D  organ of Corti

E  maculae of the vestibule

A  Nociceptors

B  Proprioceptors

C  Interoceptors

D  Exteroreceptors

E  None of the answers selections are correct

A  nociceptors.

B  Pacinian corpuscles.

C  exteroreceptors.

D  thermoreceptors.

E  proprioceptors.

A  cochlea

B  vestibulocochlear nerve

C  organ of Corti

D  tympanic membrane

E  pinna

A  Thousands

B  Dozens

C  Hundreds

D  None

E  One

A  All of the options listed are correct

B  Proprioceptive sensations include static and dynamic equilibrium.

C  Proprioceptive sensations allow us to estimate the weight of certain objects.

D  Proprioceptive sensations allow us to determine position of body structures relative to each other.

E  Proprioceptors are also embedded in muscles and tendons

A  Medulla oblongata

B  Thalamus

C  Midbrain

D  Spinal cord

E  Cerebral cortex

A  All of the options are correct

B  Is called transduction

C  Stems from generation of receptor potentials

D  Requires an adequate level of stimulus

A  Sensory Reception

B  Generation of nerve impulse

C  Stimulus transduction

D  Implementation of a motor response

E  Integration of sensory input

A  Mechanoreceptors

B  Proprioreceptors

C  Baroreceptors

D  Chemoreceptors

E  Thermoreceptors

A  Sugars

B  Alkaloids

C  Acids

D  Salts

E  Bases

A  Spinal cord

B  Midbrain

C  Medulla oblongata

D  Thalamus

E  Cerebral cortex

A  Skin surface

B  Organs

C  Inner ear / Vestibular apparatus

A  Skin surface

B  Inner ear / Vestibular apparatus

C  Organs

A  Organs

B  Skin surface

C  Inner ear / Vestibular apparatus

A  Salt

B  Bitter

C  Sour

D  Sweet

E  Umami

A  Spinothalamic

B  Spinocerebellar

C  Corticospinal

A  Nociceptor – solute concentration

B  Photoreceptor – light

C  Chemoreceptor – oxygen concentration

D  Mechanoreceptor – skeletal muscle stretch

E  Thermoreceptor – heat and cold

A  somatostatin and nicotine.

B  muscarine and acetylcholine.

C  norepinephrine and muscarine.

D  norepinephrine and acetylcholine.

E  nicotine and adrenaline.

A  Preganglionic parasympathetic neurons

B  Preganglionic sympathetic neurons

C  Postganglionic sympathetic neurons

D  Somatic motor neurons

E  Somatosensory neurons.

A  ventral rami

B  dorsal rami

C  rami communicantes

D  superior sacral ganglion

A  Somatic motorneurons

B  Both sympathetic and parasympathetic postganglionic neurons

C  Sympathetic postganglionic neurons

D  Sympathetic preganglionic neurons

E  Parasympathetic postganglionic neurons

A  Has axons that exit the CNS in a cranial or spinal nerve.

B  Has its cell body in the brain or spinal cord.

C  Forms gap junctions with postganglionic neurons in autonomic ganglia.

D  Forms the first part of an autonomic motor pathway.

E  Has myelinated axons.

A  Nicotinic and adrenergic receptors

B  Adrenergic and somatic receptors

C  Somatostatic and nicotinic receptors

D  Muscarinic and somatic receptors

E  Nicotinic and muscarinic receptors

A  Short preganglionic neurons

B  Ganglia primarily found in the head

C  Stimulates sweat glands

D  Thoracolumbar output

A  Craniosacral division

B  Parasympathetic

C  Somatic nervous system

D  Autonomic ganglia

E  Sympathetic

A  is the first part of an autonomic motor pathway.

B  carries information into the sympathetic chain ganglia.

C  releases neurotransmitter that binds to the effector cell.

D  has its axons exiting the CNS through cranial nerves.

E  has its cell body in the brain or spinal cord.

A  Sacral spinal cord output

B  Synapses with sweat glands in skin

C  Ganglia found near visceral effectors/targets

D  Long preganglionic neurons

A  receptor – sensory neuron – motor neuron – effector – integrating center

B  effector – sensory neuron – integrating center – motor neuron – receptor

C  receptor – motor neuron – integrating center – sensory neuron – effector

D  integrating center – receptor – sensory neuron – motor neuron – effector

E  receptor – sensory neuron – integrating center – motor neuron – effector

A  Airway constriction

B  Increased heart rate

C  Increased blood flow to skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, liver and fat

D  Decreased blood flow to kidneys and gastrointestinal tract

E  Increased blood glucose level

A  High levels of cortisol

B  Elevated blood pressure

C  Elevated heart rate

D  All of these options are immediate sympathetic responses

E  Pupil dilation

A  glands; skeletal muscles, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle

B  skeletal muscles; smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

C  skeletal muscles; smooth muscle only

D  striated muscles; smooth muscle and glands

E  skeletal muscles and glands; smooth muscle and cardiac muscle

A  Coordination

B  All of the following are functions of the spinocerebellar pathway

C  Balance

D  Emotion

E  Posture

A  Blood

B  Both sensation and voluntary movement

C  Sensation

D  Voluntary movement

E  Intelligence

A  Quadriceps, opposite leg of stimulus

B  Quadriceps and Hamstring of the opposite leg

C  Hamstring, same leg as stimulus

D  Hamstring, opposite leg of stimulus

E  Quadriceps and Hamstring of the same leg

F  Quadriceps, same leg as stimulus

A  Skeletal muscle

B  Cardiac muscle

C  Endocrine glands

D  Smooth muscle

E  Exocrine glands

A  decreasing activity in the effector

B  increasing activity in the effector

C  All of these options are correct

D  increasing the size of the action potential between neurons

A  Contraction of the antagonist muscle and relaxation of agonist muscle

B  Contraction of the agonist muscle and relaxation of the antagonist muscle

C  Contraction of both agonist and antagonist muscles

D  Relaxation of both agonist and antagonist muscles

A  Contraction of the antagonist muscle and relaxation of agonist muscle

B  Contraction of the agonist muscle and relaxation of the antagonist muscle

C  Contraction of both agonist and antagonist muscles

D  Relaxation of both agonist and antagonist muscles

A  Sensory neuron

B  Integration center

C  Effector

D  Motor neuron

E  Sensory receptor

A  Stretch

B  Withdrawal

C  Flexor

D  Blinking

E  Visceral

A  Poorly localized

B  Persists for a long time

C  Impulses carried along myelinated fibers

D  Propagate along small-diameter fibers