Exam 2

A  Metabolic acidosis

B  Decreased heart rate

C  Decreased airway dilation

D  Dehydration

E  Decreased oxygen delivery to the brain

A  Increased breakdown of proteins

B  Increased glycogenesis

C  Increased gluconeogenesis

D  Increased digestive activities

E  Increased lipolysis

A  Thyroid hormones

B  Steroids

C  Nitric oxide

D  Peptide hormones

E  Amine hormones

A  Insulin

B  Thyroid hormones

C  Somatostatin

D  Calcitonin

E  Glucagon

A  synergistic effect.

B  permissive effect.

C  circulating effect.

D  local effect.

E  antagonistic effect.

A  Produces electrolytes

B  Controls growth and development

C  Regulates chemical composition and volume of the internal environment

D  Regulates metabolism

A  10

B  7

C  5

D  12

E  unlimited

A  circulating hormone.

B  autocrine.

C  paracrine.

D  local hormone.

A  ADH promotes water loss.

B  Erythropoietin blocks formation of erythrocytes.

C  Epinephrine helps increase blood flow to exercising muscle.

D  Thyroid hormone decreases muscle mass.

E  Calcitonin is the primary regulator of Ca2+ needed for contraction.

A  Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone

B  Follicle-stimulating hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone

C  Prolactin and growth hormone

D  Prolactin and ACTH

E  Melatonin-stimulating hormone and oxytocin

A  Adrenocorticotropic hormone

B  Thyrotropin

C  Melanocyte stimulating hormone

D  Prolactin

E  Luteinizing hormone

A  Leutinizing hormone

B  Insulin-like growth factors

C  Prolactin

D  Melanocyte-stimulating hormone

E  Adrenocorticotropic hormone

A  Hormones released from the hypothalamus

B  Action potentials from the thalamus

C  Chemical changes in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

D  The peripheral nervous system

E  Muscle contraction

A  Reduction of inflammation

B  Protein and fat breakdown

C  Depression of immune responses

D  Increased production of all types of blood cells

E  Glucose formation

A  Manganese

B  Calcium

C  Chloride

D  Potassium

E  Sodium

A  Gonadotrophs

B  Lactotrophs

C  Corticotrophs

D  Thyrotrophs

E  Somatotrophs

A  Luteinizing hormone

B  Prolactin

C  Adrenocorticotropic hormone

D  Thyrotropin

E  Growth hormone

A  Iodination of tyrosine

B  Synthesis of calcitonin

C  Oxidation of iodide

D  Coupling of T1 and T2

E  Iodide trapping

A  Both Signals from the nervous system and Chemical changes in the blood

B  Releasing hormones.

C  Mechanical stretching of the endocrine cell

D  Chemical changes in the blood

E  Signals from the nervous system

A  Glycogenolysis

B  Gluconeogenesis

C  Calcitonin downregulation

D  Glycogenesis

E  Epinephrine release

A  Calcium

B  Cyclic AMP

C  Plasma proteins

D  Messenger RNA

E  Chromatin

A  Somatic

B  Central

C  Parasympathetic

D  Sympathetic

E  Sensory

A  Paracrine regulation

B  Down-regulation

C  Up-regulation

D  Receptor recognition

E  Sensory adaptation

A  Glucose formation

B  Increased production of all types of blood cells

C  Depression of immune responses

D  Protein and fat breakdown

E  Reduction of inflammation

A  Human growth hormone

B  Calcitonin

C  Testosterone

D  All of these options are prime examples

E  Oxytocin

A  All of these are synergistic pairs

B  Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone

C  Epinephrine and norepinephrine

D  Follicle stimulating hormone and estrogen

E  Human Growth Hormone and testosterone

A  Olfactory receptors

B  All of these receptors regenerate after cell death

C  Gustatory receptors

D  Gustatory and Olfactory receptors

E  Photoreceptors

A  Activate second-messenger systems within their target cells

B  Bind with receptors located on the cell membrane

C  All of these are correct answers

D  include steroids and thyroid hormone

A  Follicle stimulating hormone

B  Thyroid stimulating hormone

C  Luteinizing hormone

D  Growth hormone

E  Corticotropin releasing hormone

A  Hormone A stimulates hormone B; hormone B then stimulates hormone A

B  Hormone A inhibits hormone B; hormone B then inhibits hormone A

C  Hormone A stimulates hormone B; hormone B then inhibits hormone A

D  Hormone A stimulates hormone B; hormone B then inhibits hormone C

E  Hormone A inhibits hormone B; hormone B then inhibits hormone C

A  Insulin

B  Calcitonin

C  Adrenocorticotropic hormone

D  Thyroid hormone

E  Glucagon

A  provides more accurate color vision.

B  gives better depth perception.

C  is all of these choices

D  occurs when one eye focuses on two separate objects.

E  is only seen in humans.

A  from the vestibule to the pharynx.

B  only in the mid-nasal ridges.

C  only in the inferior portion of the nasal cavity.

D  throughout the nasal cavity.

E  only in the superior portion of the nasal cavity.

A  does not occur.

B  increases sensitivity to that odorant.

C  enhances gustation.

D  occurs rapidly.

E  occurs slowly.

A  pain.

B  itch.

C  pressure.

D  tickle.

E  temperature.

A  to sense referred pain.

B  to sense muscle fatigue.

C  to perceive cutaneous sensations.

D  to sense changes in muscle length.

A  body position.

B  body temperature.

C  color vision.

D  visual acuity.

E  pain.

A  Visceral pain

B  Referred pain

C  Slow pain

D  Sympathetic pain

E  Fast pain

A  A graded potential proportional to the intensity of the light stimulus occurs in the photoreceptor cell.

B  The photoreceptor cell creates action potentials at a frequency proportional to the intensity of the light stimulus.

C  No changes in the membrane potential occur.

D  The photoreceptor cell undergoes rapid depolarization.

E  The photoreceptor cell undergoes hyperpolarization.

A  contains only motor neurons.

B  receives information from the taste buds.

C  projects directly to the primary olfactory cortex and to the limbic system and hypothalamus.

D  conducts impulses directly to the thalamus.

A  generation of action potentials in the optic nerve.

B  absorption of light by photopigments.

C  absorption of scattered light by the pigmented epithelium.

D  activation of amacrine cells.

A  modality

B  selectivity.

C  adaptation.

D  perception.

E  transduction.

A  mechanoreceptor

B  thermoreceptor

C  chemoreceptor

D  photoreceptor

E  osmoreceptor

A  vestibulocochlear nerve

B  cochlea

C  organ of Corti

D  semicircular canals

E  maculae of the vestibule

A  Interoceptors

B  Proprioceptors

C  Exteroreceptors

D  None of the answers selections are correct

E  Nociceptors

A  exteroreceptors.

B  Pacinian corpuscles.

C  thermoreceptors.

D  proprioceptors.

E  nociceptors.

A  organ of Corti

B  pinna

C  cochlea

D  vestibulocochlear nerve

E  tympanic membrane

A  None

B  Hundreds

C  Dozens

D  One

E  Thousands

A  Proprioceptive sensations allow us to determine position of body structures relative to each other.

B  Proprioceptive sensations allow us to estimate the weight of certain objects.

C  All of the options listed are correct

D  Proprioceptors are also embedded in muscles and tendons

E  Proprioceptive sensations include static and dynamic equilibrium.

A  Midbrain

B  Spinal cord

C  Medulla oblongata

D  Cerebral cortex

E  Thalamus

A  Stems from generation of receptor potentials

B  All of the options are correct

C  Is called transduction

D  Requires an adequate level of stimulus

A  Sensory Reception

B  Stimulus transduction

C  Integration of sensory input

D  Implementation of a motor response

E  Generation of nerve impulse

A  Chemoreceptors

B  Baroreceptors

C  Thermoreceptors

D  Mechanoreceptors

E  Proprioreceptors

A  Salts

B  Sugars

C  Alkaloids

D  Bases

E  Acids

A  Medulla oblongata

B  Cerebral cortex

C  Thalamus

D  Midbrain

E  Spinal cord

A  Organs

B  Inner ear / Vestibular apparatus

C  Skin surface

A  Inner ear / Vestibular apparatus

B  Skin surface

C  Organs

A  Skin surface

B  Inner ear / Vestibular apparatus

C  Organs

A  Umami

B  Sweet

C  Bitter

D  Salt

E  Sour

A  Corticospinal

B  Spinocerebellar

C  Spinothalamic

A  Mechanoreceptor – skeletal muscle stretch

B  Photoreceptor – light

C  Nociceptor – solute concentration

D  Thermoreceptor – heat and cold

E  Chemoreceptor – oxygen concentration

A  norepinephrine and muscarine.

B  nicotine and adrenaline.

C  muscarine and acetylcholine.

D  somatostatin and nicotine.

E  norepinephrine and acetylcholine.

A  Postganglionic sympathetic neurons

B  Preganglionic parasympathetic neurons

C  Preganglionic sympathetic neurons

D  Somatic motor neurons

E  Somatosensory neurons.

A  dorsal rami

B  ventral rami

C  rami communicantes

D  superior sacral ganglion

A  Both sympathetic and parasympathetic postganglionic neurons

B  Sympathetic postganglionic neurons

C  Somatic motorneurons

D  Sympathetic preganglionic neurons

E  Parasympathetic postganglionic neurons

A  Has axons that exit the CNS in a cranial or spinal nerve.

B  Has myelinated axons.

C  Forms the first part of an autonomic motor pathway.

D  Forms gap junctions with postganglionic neurons in autonomic ganglia.

E  Has its cell body in the brain or spinal cord.

A  Nicotinic and muscarinic receptors

B  Nicotinic and adrenergic receptors

C  Adrenergic and somatic receptors

D  Somatostatic and nicotinic receptors

E  Muscarinic and somatic receptors

A  Short preganglionic neurons

B  Thoracolumbar output

C  Ganglia primarily found in the head

D  Stimulates sweat glands

A  Autonomic ganglia

B  Somatic nervous system

C  Parasympathetic

D  Sympathetic

E  Craniosacral division

A  has its cell body in the brain or spinal cord.

B  carries information into the sympathetic chain ganglia.

C  has its axons exiting the CNS through cranial nerves.

D  is the first part of an autonomic motor pathway.

E  releases neurotransmitter that binds to the effector cell.

A  Long preganglionic neurons

B  Ganglia found near visceral effectors/targets

C  Synapses with sweat glands in skin

D  Sacral spinal cord output

A  receptor – motor neuron – integrating center – sensory neuron – effector

B  integrating center – receptor – sensory neuron – motor neuron – effector

C  receptor – sensory neuron – motor neuron – effector – integrating center

D  effector – sensory neuron – integrating center – motor neuron – receptor

E  receptor – sensory neuron – integrating center – motor neuron – effector

A  Increased blood glucose level

B  Increased heart rate

C  Airway constriction

D  Decreased blood flow to kidneys and gastrointestinal tract

E  Increased blood flow to skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, liver and fat

A  Elevated blood pressure

B  All of these options are immediate sympathetic responses

C  High levels of cortisol

D  Elevated heart rate

E  Pupil dilation

A  striated muscles; smooth muscle and glands

B  glands; skeletal muscles, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle

C  skeletal muscles and glands; smooth muscle and cardiac muscle

D  skeletal muscles; smooth muscle only

E  skeletal muscles; smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

A  Balance

B  Coordination

C  All of the following are functions of the spinocerebellar pathway

D  Emotion

E  Posture

A  Voluntary movement

B  Intelligence

C  Sensation

D  Both sensation and voluntary movement

E  Blood

A  Quadriceps and Hamstring of the opposite leg

B  Quadriceps and Hamstring of the same leg

C  Quadriceps, same leg as stimulus

D  Hamstring, same leg as stimulus

E  Quadriceps, opposite leg of stimulus

F  Hamstring, opposite leg of stimulus

A  Skeletal muscle

B  Cardiac muscle

C  Exocrine glands

D  Endocrine glands

E  Smooth muscle

A  increasing the size of the action potential between neurons

B  All of these options are correct

C  increasing activity in the effector

D  decreasing activity in the effector

A  Contraction of the agonist muscle and relaxation of the antagonist muscle

B  Contraction of the antagonist muscle and relaxation of agonist muscle

C  Relaxation of both agonist and antagonist muscles

D  Contraction of both agonist and antagonist muscles

A  Relaxation of both agonist and antagonist muscles

B  Contraction of the antagonist muscle and relaxation of agonist muscle

C  Contraction of the agonist muscle and relaxation of the antagonist muscle

D  Contraction of both agonist and antagonist muscles

A  Sensory receptor

B  Motor neuron

C  Integration center

D  Sensory neuron

E  Effector

A  Stretch

B  Blinking

C  Visceral

D  Withdrawal

E  Flexor

A  Persists for a long time

B  Propagate along small-diameter fibers

C  Impulses carried along myelinated fibers

D  Poorly localized