Exam 2

A  Decreased oxygen delivery to the brain

B  Dehydration

C  Decreased airway dilation

D  Metabolic acidosis

E  Decreased heart rate

A  Increased gluconeogenesis

B  Increased breakdown of proteins

C  Increased lipolysis

D  Increased glycogenesis

E  Increased digestive activities

A  Thyroid hormones

B  Peptide hormones

C  Nitric oxide

D  Steroids

E  Amine hormones

A  Somatostatin

B  Insulin

C  Calcitonin

D  Glucagon

E  Thyroid hormones

A  circulating effect.

B  synergistic effect.

C  local effect.

D  antagonistic effect.

E  permissive effect.

A  Controls growth and development

B  Produces electrolytes

C  Regulates metabolism

D  Regulates chemical composition and volume of the internal environment

A  5

B  unlimited

C  10

D  12

E  7

A  local hormone.

B  paracrine.

C  circulating hormone.

D  autocrine.

A  Thyroid hormone decreases muscle mass.

B  ADH promotes water loss.

C  Epinephrine helps increase blood flow to exercising muscle.

D  Calcitonin is the primary regulator of Ca2+ needed for contraction.

E  Erythropoietin blocks formation of erythrocytes.

A  Prolactin and ACTH

B  Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone

C  Follicle-stimulating hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone

D  Prolactin and growth hormone

E  Melatonin-stimulating hormone and oxytocin

A  Luteinizing hormone

B  Adrenocorticotropic hormone

C  Thyrotropin

D  Melanocyte stimulating hormone

E  Prolactin

A  Leutinizing hormone

B  Melanocyte-stimulating hormone

C  Prolactin

D  Adrenocorticotropic hormone

E  Insulin-like growth factors

A  Muscle contraction

B  Hormones released from the hypothalamus

C  Action potentials from the thalamus

D  The peripheral nervous system

E  Chemical changes in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A  Increased production of all types of blood cells

B  Reduction of inflammation

C  Protein and fat breakdown

D  Glucose formation

E  Depression of immune responses

A  Manganese

B  Sodium

C  Chloride

D  Potassium

E  Calcium

A  Corticotrophs

B  Thyrotrophs

C  Somatotrophs

D  Lactotrophs

E  Gonadotrophs

A  Prolactin

B  Luteinizing hormone

C  Thyrotropin

D  Growth hormone

E  Adrenocorticotropic hormone

A  Synthesis of calcitonin

B  Oxidation of iodide

C  Iodide trapping

D  Coupling of T1 and T2

E  Iodination of tyrosine

A  Mechanical stretching of the endocrine cell

B  Both Signals from the nervous system and Chemical changes in the blood

C  Signals from the nervous system

D  Chemical changes in the blood

E  Releasing hormones.

A  Glycogenolysis

B  Glycogenesis

C  Calcitonin downregulation

D  Epinephrine release

E  Gluconeogenesis

A  Plasma proteins

B  Chromatin

C  Cyclic AMP

D  Calcium

E  Messenger RNA

A  Sympathetic

B  Central

C  Sensory

D  Parasympathetic

E  Somatic

A  Receptor recognition

B  Up-regulation

C  Sensory adaptation

D  Paracrine regulation

E  Down-regulation

A  Protein and fat breakdown

B  Increased production of all types of blood cells

C  Depression of immune responses

D  Reduction of inflammation

E  Glucose formation

A  Testosterone

B  All of these options are prime examples

C  Oxytocin

D  Human growth hormone

E  Calcitonin

A  Epinephrine and norepinephrine

B  All of these are synergistic pairs

C  Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone

D  Follicle stimulating hormone and estrogen

E  Human Growth Hormone and testosterone

A  All of these receptors regenerate after cell death

B  Gustatory receptors

C  Gustatory and Olfactory receptors

D  Olfactory receptors

E  Photoreceptors

A  Activate second-messenger systems within their target cells

B  include steroids and thyroid hormone

C  All of these are correct answers

D  Bind with receptors located on the cell membrane

A  Follicle stimulating hormone

B  Growth hormone

C  Corticotropin releasing hormone

D  Thyroid stimulating hormone

E  Luteinizing hormone

A  Hormone A stimulates hormone B; hormone B then inhibits hormone C

B  Hormone A stimulates hormone B; hormone B then inhibits hormone A

C  Hormone A inhibits hormone B; hormone B then inhibits hormone C

D  Hormone A inhibits hormone B; hormone B then inhibits hormone A

E  Hormone A stimulates hormone B; hormone B then stimulates hormone A

A  Calcitonin

B  Insulin

C  Glucagon

D  Adrenocorticotropic hormone

E  Thyroid hormone

A  occurs when one eye focuses on two separate objects.

B  is only seen in humans.

C  is all of these choices

D  gives better depth perception.

E  provides more accurate color vision.

A  only in the inferior portion of the nasal cavity.

B  from the vestibule to the pharynx.

C  only in the mid-nasal ridges.

D  only in the superior portion of the nasal cavity.

E  throughout the nasal cavity.

A  occurs rapidly.

B  occurs slowly.

C  enhances gustation.

D  does not occur.

E  increases sensitivity to that odorant.

A  temperature.

B  pressure.

C  itch.

D  pain.

E  tickle.

A  to sense changes in muscle length.

B  to sense muscle fatigue.

C  to sense referred pain.

D  to perceive cutaneous sensations.

A  body position.

B  color vision.

C  body temperature.

D  visual acuity.

E  pain.

A  Visceral pain

B  Fast pain

C  Sympathetic pain

D  Slow pain

E  Referred pain

A  The photoreceptor cell creates action potentials at a frequency proportional to the intensity of the light stimulus.

B  The photoreceptor cell undergoes hyperpolarization.

C  A graded potential proportional to the intensity of the light stimulus occurs in the photoreceptor cell.

D  The photoreceptor cell undergoes rapid depolarization.

E  No changes in the membrane potential occur.

A  contains only motor neurons.

B  conducts impulses directly to the thalamus.

C  receives information from the taste buds.

D  projects directly to the primary olfactory cortex and to the limbic system and hypothalamus.

A  activation of amacrine cells.

B  generation of action potentials in the optic nerve.

C  absorption of light by photopigments.

D  absorption of scattered light by the pigmented epithelium.

A  adaptation.

B  perception.

C  selectivity.

D  modality

E  transduction.

A  photoreceptor

B  osmoreceptor

C  thermoreceptor

D  mechanoreceptor

E  chemoreceptor

A  semicircular canals

B  vestibulocochlear nerve

C  maculae of the vestibule

D  organ of Corti

E  cochlea

A  Exteroreceptors

B  None of the answers selections are correct

C  Nociceptors

D  Interoceptors

E  Proprioceptors

A  nociceptors.

B  thermoreceptors.

C  proprioceptors.

D  Pacinian corpuscles.

E  exteroreceptors.

A  tympanic membrane

B  vestibulocochlear nerve

C  organ of Corti

D  cochlea

E  pinna

A  Thousands

B  Hundreds

C  One

D  None

E  Dozens

A  Proprioceptive sensations allow us to estimate the weight of certain objects.

B  Proprioceptive sensations allow us to determine position of body structures relative to each other.

C  Proprioceptors are also embedded in muscles and tendons

D  Proprioceptive sensations include static and dynamic equilibrium.

E  All of the options listed are correct

A  Spinal cord

B  Thalamus

C  Cerebral cortex

D  Midbrain

E  Medulla oblongata

A  Stems from generation of receptor potentials

B  All of the options are correct

C  Requires an adequate level of stimulus

D  Is called transduction

A  Integration of sensory input

B  Stimulus transduction

C  Implementation of a motor response

D  Generation of nerve impulse

E  Sensory Reception

A  Proprioreceptors

B  Mechanoreceptors

C  Chemoreceptors

D  Baroreceptors

E  Thermoreceptors

A  Sugars

B  Acids

C  Salts

D  Alkaloids

E  Bases

A  Midbrain

B  Cerebral cortex

C  Medulla oblongata

D  Thalamus

E  Spinal cord

A  Inner ear / Vestibular apparatus

B  Organs

C  Skin surface

A  Skin surface

B  Organs

C  Inner ear / Vestibular apparatus

A  Organs

B  Skin surface

C  Inner ear / Vestibular apparatus

A  Umami

B  Sweet

C  Bitter

D  Salt

E  Sour

A  Spinothalamic

B  Spinocerebellar

C  Corticospinal

A  Photoreceptor – light

B  Mechanoreceptor – skeletal muscle stretch

C  Thermoreceptor – heat and cold

D  Nociceptor – solute concentration

E  Chemoreceptor – oxygen concentration

A  muscarine and acetylcholine.

B  nicotine and adrenaline.

C  somatostatin and nicotine.

D  norepinephrine and muscarine.

E  norepinephrine and acetylcholine.

A  Somatic motor neurons

B  Preganglionic sympathetic neurons

C  Preganglionic parasympathetic neurons

D  Postganglionic sympathetic neurons

E  Somatosensory neurons.

A  rami communicantes

B  ventral rami

C  dorsal rami

D  superior sacral ganglion

A  Parasympathetic postganglionic neurons

B  Sympathetic preganglionic neurons

C  Sympathetic postganglionic neurons

D  Somatic motorneurons

E  Both sympathetic and parasympathetic postganglionic neurons

A  Forms the first part of an autonomic motor pathway.

B  Has axons that exit the CNS in a cranial or spinal nerve.

C  Has its cell body in the brain or spinal cord.

D  Forms gap junctions with postganglionic neurons in autonomic ganglia.

E  Has myelinated axons.

A  Muscarinic and somatic receptors

B  Nicotinic and muscarinic receptors

C  Adrenergic and somatic receptors

D  Nicotinic and adrenergic receptors

E  Somatostatic and nicotinic receptors

A  Thoracolumbar output

B  Stimulates sweat glands

C  Short preganglionic neurons

D  Ganglia primarily found in the head

A  Autonomic ganglia

B  Somatic nervous system

C  Parasympathetic

D  Craniosacral division

E  Sympathetic

A  has its cell body in the brain or spinal cord.

B  has its axons exiting the CNS through cranial nerves.

C  is the first part of an autonomic motor pathway.

D  carries information into the sympathetic chain ganglia.

E  releases neurotransmitter that binds to the effector cell.

A  Ganglia found near visceral effectors/targets

B  Synapses with sweat glands in skin

C  Sacral spinal cord output

D  Long preganglionic neurons

A  receptor – sensory neuron – integrating center – motor neuron – effector

B  receptor – sensory neuron – motor neuron – effector – integrating center

C  effector – sensory neuron – integrating center – motor neuron – receptor

D  receptor – motor neuron – integrating center – sensory neuron – effector

E  integrating center – receptor – sensory neuron – motor neuron – effector

A  Increased blood glucose level

B  Airway constriction

C  Increased heart rate

D  Decreased blood flow to kidneys and gastrointestinal tract

E  Increased blood flow to skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, liver and fat

A  Pupil dilation

B  High levels of cortisol

C  Elevated heart rate

D  All of these options are immediate sympathetic responses

E  Elevated blood pressure

A  striated muscles; smooth muscle and glands

B  skeletal muscles; smooth muscle only

C  skeletal muscles; smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

D  skeletal muscles and glands; smooth muscle and cardiac muscle

E  glands; skeletal muscles, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle

A  Coordination

B  Balance

C  Posture

D  Emotion

E  All of the following are functions of the spinocerebellar pathway

A  Sensation

B  Voluntary movement

C  Blood

D  Both sensation and voluntary movement

E  Intelligence

A  Quadriceps and Hamstring of the same leg

B  Hamstring, same leg as stimulus

C  Quadriceps, opposite leg of stimulus

D  Hamstring, opposite leg of stimulus

E  Quadriceps and Hamstring of the opposite leg

F  Quadriceps, same leg as stimulus

A  Cardiac muscle

B  Endocrine glands

C  Skeletal muscle

D  Smooth muscle

E  Exocrine glands

A  increasing activity in the effector

B  decreasing activity in the effector

C  increasing the size of the action potential between neurons

D  All of these options are correct

A  Contraction of the agonist muscle and relaxation of the antagonist muscle

B  Contraction of both agonist and antagonist muscles

C  Relaxation of both agonist and antagonist muscles

D  Contraction of the antagonist muscle and relaxation of agonist muscle

A  Contraction of both agonist and antagonist muscles

B  Contraction of the agonist muscle and relaxation of the antagonist muscle

C  Contraction of the antagonist muscle and relaxation of agonist muscle

D  Relaxation of both agonist and antagonist muscles

A  Motor neuron

B  Sensory neuron

C  Integration center

D  Effector

E  Sensory receptor

A  Withdrawal

B  Visceral

C  Blinking

D  Flexor

E  Stretch

A  Persists for a long time

B  Propagate along small-diameter fibers

C  Impulses carried along myelinated fibers

D  Poorly localized