Exam 2

A  Metabolic acidosis

B  Decreased oxygen delivery to the brain

C  Decreased airway dilation

D  Dehydration

E  Decreased heart rate

A  Increased breakdown of proteins

B  Increased glycogenesis

C  Increased gluconeogenesis

D  Increased digestive activities

E  Increased lipolysis

A  Peptide hormones

B  Nitric oxide

C  Amine hormones

D  Thyroid hormones

E  Steroids

A  Glucagon

B  Insulin

C  Somatostatin

D  Thyroid hormones

E  Calcitonin

A  circulating effect.

B  antagonistic effect.

C  synergistic effect.

D  permissive effect.

E  local effect.

A  Produces electrolytes

B  Regulates chemical composition and volume of the internal environment

C  Controls growth and development

D  Regulates metabolism

A  10

B  7

C  unlimited

D  12

E  5

A  local hormone.

B  circulating hormone.

C  paracrine.

D  autocrine.

A  Thyroid hormone decreases muscle mass.

B  Epinephrine helps increase blood flow to exercising muscle.

C  Erythropoietin blocks formation of erythrocytes.

D  Calcitonin is the primary regulator of Ca2+ needed for contraction.

E  ADH promotes water loss.

A  Follicle-stimulating hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone

B  Prolactin and ACTH

C  Prolactin and growth hormone

D  Melatonin-stimulating hormone and oxytocin

E  Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone

A  Prolactin

B  Thyrotropin

C  Adrenocorticotropic hormone

D  Melanocyte stimulating hormone

E  Luteinizing hormone

A  Insulin-like growth factors

B  Prolactin

C  Adrenocorticotropic hormone

D  Melanocyte-stimulating hormone

E  Leutinizing hormone

A  Action potentials from the thalamus

B  Muscle contraction

C  Hormones released from the hypothalamus

D  The peripheral nervous system

E  Chemical changes in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A  Increased production of all types of blood cells

B  Depression of immune responses

C  Protein and fat breakdown

D  Reduction of inflammation

E  Glucose formation

A  Calcium

B  Potassium

C  Manganese

D  Chloride

E  Sodium

A  Lactotrophs

B  Gonadotrophs

C  Corticotrophs

D  Somatotrophs

E  Thyrotrophs

A  Adrenocorticotropic hormone

B  Growth hormone

C  Prolactin

D  Thyrotropin

E  Luteinizing hormone

A  Synthesis of calcitonin

B  Oxidation of iodide

C  Iodination of tyrosine

D  Coupling of T1 and T2

E  Iodide trapping

A  Both Signals from the nervous system and Chemical changes in the blood

B  Mechanical stretching of the endocrine cell

C  Releasing hormones.

D  Signals from the nervous system

E  Chemical changes in the blood

A  Epinephrine release

B  Calcitonin downregulation

C  Gluconeogenesis

D  Glycogenolysis

E  Glycogenesis

A  Cyclic AMP

B  Messenger RNA

C  Chromatin

D  Plasma proteins

E  Calcium

A  Somatic

B  Parasympathetic

C  Sympathetic

D  Sensory

E  Central

A  Down-regulation

B  Receptor recognition

C  Paracrine regulation

D  Up-regulation

E  Sensory adaptation

A  Depression of immune responses

B  Reduction of inflammation

C  Protein and fat breakdown

D  Glucose formation

E  Increased production of all types of blood cells

A  All of these options are prime examples

B  Testosterone

C  Calcitonin

D  Oxytocin

E  Human growth hormone

A  Follicle stimulating hormone and estrogen

B  All of these are synergistic pairs

C  Epinephrine and norepinephrine

D  Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone

E  Human Growth Hormone and testosterone

A  Gustatory receptors

B  Photoreceptors

C  All of these receptors regenerate after cell death

D  Olfactory receptors

E  Gustatory and Olfactory receptors

A  Activate second-messenger systems within their target cells

B  include steroids and thyroid hormone

C  All of these are correct answers

D  Bind with receptors located on the cell membrane

A  Luteinizing hormone

B  Follicle stimulating hormone

C  Thyroid stimulating hormone

D  Growth hormone

E  Corticotropin releasing hormone

A  Hormone A inhibits hormone B; hormone B then inhibits hormone C

B  Hormone A stimulates hormone B; hormone B then inhibits hormone A

C  Hormone A inhibits hormone B; hormone B then inhibits hormone A

D  Hormone A stimulates hormone B; hormone B then inhibits hormone C

E  Hormone A stimulates hormone B; hormone B then stimulates hormone A

A  Insulin

B  Thyroid hormone

C  Calcitonin

D  Adrenocorticotropic hormone

E  Glucagon

A  gives better depth perception.

B  occurs when one eye focuses on two separate objects.

C  provides more accurate color vision.

D  is only seen in humans.

E  is all of these choices

A  only in the mid-nasal ridges.

B  throughout the nasal cavity.

C  from the vestibule to the pharynx.

D  only in the superior portion of the nasal cavity.

E  only in the inferior portion of the nasal cavity.

A  occurs rapidly.

B  enhances gustation.

C  occurs slowly.

D  does not occur.

E  increases sensitivity to that odorant.

A  pressure.

B  itch.

C  temperature.

D  pain.

E  tickle.

A  to sense muscle fatigue.

B  to sense referred pain.

C  to perceive cutaneous sensations.

D  to sense changes in muscle length.

A  color vision.

B  body position.

C  visual acuity.

D  body temperature.

E  pain.

A  Visceral pain

B  Fast pain

C  Sympathetic pain

D  Slow pain

E  Referred pain

A  A graded potential proportional to the intensity of the light stimulus occurs in the photoreceptor cell.

B  No changes in the membrane potential occur.

C  The photoreceptor cell undergoes hyperpolarization.

D  The photoreceptor cell undergoes rapid depolarization.

E  The photoreceptor cell creates action potentials at a frequency proportional to the intensity of the light stimulus.

A  projects directly to the primary olfactory cortex and to the limbic system and hypothalamus.

B  contains only motor neurons.

C  receives information from the taste buds.

D  conducts impulses directly to the thalamus.

A  generation of action potentials in the optic nerve.

B  absorption of scattered light by the pigmented epithelium.

C  absorption of light by photopigments.

D  activation of amacrine cells.

A  perception.

B  selectivity.

C  adaptation.

D  modality

E  transduction.

A  mechanoreceptor

B  thermoreceptor

C  osmoreceptor

D  photoreceptor

E  chemoreceptor

A  organ of Corti

B  semicircular canals

C  maculae of the vestibule

D  cochlea

E  vestibulocochlear nerve

A  Exteroreceptors

B  None of the answers selections are correct

C  Nociceptors

D  Interoceptors

E  Proprioceptors

A  thermoreceptors.

B  proprioceptors.

C  nociceptors.

D  Pacinian corpuscles.

E  exteroreceptors.

A  pinna

B  cochlea

C  vestibulocochlear nerve

D  tympanic membrane

E  organ of Corti

A  One

B  Thousands

C  Dozens

D  None

E  Hundreds

A  Proprioceptive sensations allow us to determine position of body structures relative to each other.

B  Proprioceptive sensations include static and dynamic equilibrium.

C  Proprioceptors are also embedded in muscles and tendons

D  All of the options listed are correct

E  Proprioceptive sensations allow us to estimate the weight of certain objects.

A  Thalamus

B  Cerebral cortex

C  Medulla oblongata

D  Spinal cord

E  Midbrain

A  Requires an adequate level of stimulus

B  All of the options are correct

C  Stems from generation of receptor potentials

D  Is called transduction

A  Sensory Reception

B  Implementation of a motor response

C  Stimulus transduction

D  Integration of sensory input

E  Generation of nerve impulse

A  Mechanoreceptors

B  Baroreceptors

C  Thermoreceptors

D  Chemoreceptors

E  Proprioreceptors

A  Salts

B  Alkaloids

C  Bases

D  Sugars

E  Acids

A  Midbrain

B  Medulla oblongata

C  Spinal cord

D  Cerebral cortex

E  Thalamus

A  Inner ear / Vestibular apparatus

B  Skin surface

C  Organs

A  Skin surface

B  Organs

C  Inner ear / Vestibular apparatus

A  Inner ear / Vestibular apparatus

B  Organs

C  Skin surface

A  Umami

B  Salt

C  Sour

D  Bitter

E  Sweet

A  Spinothalamic

B  Corticospinal

C  Spinocerebellar

A  Photoreceptor – light

B  Thermoreceptor – heat and cold

C  Mechanoreceptor – skeletal muscle stretch

D  Nociceptor – solute concentration

E  Chemoreceptor – oxygen concentration

A  nicotine and adrenaline.

B  muscarine and acetylcholine.

C  somatostatin and nicotine.

D  norepinephrine and acetylcholine.

E  norepinephrine and muscarine.

A  Preganglionic sympathetic neurons

B  Somatic motor neurons

C  Preganglionic parasympathetic neurons

D  Somatosensory neurons.

E  Postganglionic sympathetic neurons

A  superior sacral ganglion

B  rami communicantes

C  dorsal rami

D  ventral rami

A  Both sympathetic and parasympathetic postganglionic neurons

B  Sympathetic postganglionic neurons

C  Somatic motorneurons

D  Sympathetic preganglionic neurons

E  Parasympathetic postganglionic neurons

A  Forms the first part of an autonomic motor pathway.

B  Has axons that exit the CNS in a cranial or spinal nerve.

C  Forms gap junctions with postganglionic neurons in autonomic ganglia.

D  Has myelinated axons.

E  Has its cell body in the brain or spinal cord.

A  Adrenergic and somatic receptors

B  Nicotinic and adrenergic receptors

C  Muscarinic and somatic receptors

D  Somatostatic and nicotinic receptors

E  Nicotinic and muscarinic receptors

A  Short preganglionic neurons

B  Ganglia primarily found in the head

C  Thoracolumbar output

D  Stimulates sweat glands

A  Somatic nervous system

B  Parasympathetic

C  Sympathetic

D  Autonomic ganglia

E  Craniosacral division

A  carries information into the sympathetic chain ganglia.

B  is the first part of an autonomic motor pathway.

C  has its axons exiting the CNS through cranial nerves.

D  releases neurotransmitter that binds to the effector cell.

E  has its cell body in the brain or spinal cord.

A  Synapses with sweat glands in skin

B  Long preganglionic neurons

C  Sacral spinal cord output

D  Ganglia found near visceral effectors/targets

A  integrating center – receptor – sensory neuron – motor neuron – effector

B  receptor – motor neuron – integrating center – sensory neuron – effector

C  receptor – sensory neuron – motor neuron – effector – integrating center

D  effector – sensory neuron – integrating center – motor neuron – receptor

E  receptor – sensory neuron – integrating center – motor neuron – effector

A  Airway constriction

B  Increased blood flow to skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, liver and fat

C  Increased heart rate

D  Decreased blood flow to kidneys and gastrointestinal tract

E  Increased blood glucose level

A  High levels of cortisol

B  Elevated blood pressure

C  Elevated heart rate

D  All of these options are immediate sympathetic responses

E  Pupil dilation

A  striated muscles; smooth muscle and glands

B  skeletal muscles; smooth muscle only

C  skeletal muscles and glands; smooth muscle and cardiac muscle

D  skeletal muscles; smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

E  glands; skeletal muscles, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle

A  Coordination

B  Emotion

C  Balance

D  Posture

E  All of the following are functions of the spinocerebellar pathway

A  Sensation

B  Intelligence

C  Voluntary movement

D  Both sensation and voluntary movement

E  Blood

A  Quadriceps, opposite leg of stimulus

B  Quadriceps, same leg as stimulus

C  Quadriceps and Hamstring of the same leg

D  Quadriceps and Hamstring of the opposite leg

E  Hamstring, opposite leg of stimulus

F  Hamstring, same leg as stimulus

A  Endocrine glands

B  Smooth muscle

C  Exocrine glands

D  Skeletal muscle

E  Cardiac muscle

A  increasing activity in the effector

B  decreasing activity in the effector

C  All of these options are correct

D  increasing the size of the action potential between neurons

A  Relaxation of both agonist and antagonist muscles

B  Contraction of both agonist and antagonist muscles

C  Contraction of the antagonist muscle and relaxation of agonist muscle

D  Contraction of the agonist muscle and relaxation of the antagonist muscle

A  Contraction of the agonist muscle and relaxation of the antagonist muscle

B  Contraction of both agonist and antagonist muscles

C  Relaxation of both agonist and antagonist muscles

D  Contraction of the antagonist muscle and relaxation of agonist muscle

A  Effector

B  Sensory receptor

C  Integration center

D  Sensory neuron

E  Motor neuron

A  Visceral

B  Withdrawal

C  Flexor

D  Stretch

E  Blinking

A  Persists for a long time

B  Propagate along small-diameter fibers

C  Poorly localized

D  Impulses carried along myelinated fibers