Exam 1

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Question #1

Which tract carries sensory information?

A spinocerebellar

B reticulospinal

C corticospinal

D pyramidal

Question #2

Which of the following scans provides imaging of the brain by highlighting areas of the brain with the highest fluorodeoxyglucose uptake, which corresponds to areas of highest metabolic activity?

A CT

B X-ray

C PET

D Ultrasound

Question #3

Brain waves that generally appear during periods of sensory input and mental activity are called

A delta waves.

B theta waves.

C P waves.

D beta waves.

E alpha waves.

Question #4

What type of information is carried in the descending tracts of the spinal cord?
1. Sensory
2. Motor
3. Integration

A 3 only

B Both 2 & 3

C 2 only

D Both 1 & 2

E 1 only

Question #5

This protects the brain by preventing the movement of harmful substances and pathogens from the blood into the brain tissue.

A Cerebrospinal fluid

B Blood brain barrier

C Arachnoid mater

D Dura mater

E All of these choices

Question #6

These three areas of gray matter found in each cerebral hemisphere are important in helping to control the initiation and termination of skeletal muscle movements.

A basal nuclei

B autonomic ganglia

C red nuclei

D lateral olivary nuclei

E vestibular nuclei

Question #7

These are networks of capillaries found in the walls of the ventricles of the brain that produce cerebrospinal fluid.

A Lateral apertures

B Brachial plexuses

C Choroid plexuses

D Aqueduct of the midbrain

E Interventricular foramina

Question #8

The cerebellum contains these types of neurons, which are characterized by their elaborate dendritic structure.

A Purkinje

B Unipolar

C Uniaxial

D Astrocytes

Question #9

The cell bodies of the sensory neurons that carry information from the periphery to the spinal cord are located in the

A central canal.

B posterior gray horn.

C dorsal root ganglion.

D lateral gray horn.

E anterior white commissure.

Question #10

Brain waves that generally appear during periods of sensory input and mental activity are called

A delta waves.

B theta waves.

C alpha waves.

D beta waves.

E P waves.

Question #11

Cerebro-spinal Fluid (CSF) is formed by the:

A choroid plexus

B dura mater

C limbic system

D cerebral ganglia

E arachnoid membrane

Question #12

Which of these locations marks the endpoint for cerebrospinal fluid before diffusing into venous blood?

A lateral ventricles

B arachnoid granulations

C 3rd ventricle

D choroid plexus

E subarachnoid space

Question #13

Which structure of the embryonic brain develops into the mature cerebrum?

A Myelencephalon

B Telencephalon

C Mesencephalon

D Rhombencephelon

E Diencephalon

Question #14

Which of the following types of tracts are used to conduct nerve impulses between gyri within the same cerebral hemisphere?

A Projection tracts

B Commissural tracts

C Association tracts

D Stria medullaris

E Mammillothalamic tracts

Question #15

Which of the following tracts are associated with axon pathways within the same hemisphere, but different gyri?

A Association tracts

B Projection tracts

C Commissural tracts

D None of the above

E All of the above

Question #16

Which of the following structures conducts nerve impulses between the two different hemispheres of the cerebrum?

A Pyramids

B Association tracts

C Sulci

D Projection tracts

E Corpus callosum

Question #17

This branch of a spinal nerve serves the deep muscles and skin of the posterior surface of the trunk.

A Brachial plexus

B Meningeal branch

C Posterior ramus

D Anterior ramus

E Rami communicantes

Question #18

Which of these structures involves the decussation of the pyramids?

A Cerebrum

B Cerebellum

C Medulla Oblongata

D Corpus Callosum

E Pons

Question #19

Which phenomenon explains increased excitability as an adaptation when post-synaptic neurons that are stimulated at high frequency?

A Substrate Phosphorylation

B Long Term Potentiation

C IPSPs

D Summation

Question #20

Which projection of the neuron receives signals?

A Axon

B Dendrites

C Axon Terminal

D Cell body

Question #21

Diffusion, enzymatic degradation, and uptake by cells are all ways to

A excite a presynaptic potential

B remove a neurotransmitter

C stop a spatial summation

D inhibit a presynaptic potential

E continue a temporal summation

Question #22

In temporal summation, a single presynaptic neuron stimulates the creation of action potentials in a postsynaptic neuron when it

A stops firing long enough to allow the postsynaptic neuron to recover.

B fires at a steady rate that allows the postsynaptic neuron to return to resting potential.

C fires at a fast enough rate that the sum of EPSPs in the postsynaptic neuron moves above threshold.

D runs out of neurotransmitter.

E recruits other presynaptic neurons to begin to fire.

Question #23

A polarized cell

A has a charge imbalance across its membrane.

B includes most cells of the body and exhibits a membrane potential.

C exhibits a membrane potential.

D includes most cells of the body.

E All of these choices are correct.

Question #24

Which of the following is also known as adrenaline?

A Epinephrine

B Norepinephrine

C Dopamine

D Serotonin

Question #25

Which part of the neuron conducts the electrical signal away from the cell body region?

A nodes of Ranvier

B Schwann cells

C dendrite

D choroid plexus

E axon

Question #26

In an action potential, the current that flows down the axon of a neuron is generated by the movement of ______ across the membrane.

A electrons

B ions

C free radicals

D neutrons

E protons

Question #27

During this period, a second action potential can only be initiated by a larger than normal stimulus

A Absolute refractory period

B Relative refractory period

C All of these choices

D Latent period

Question #28

Which of the types of junctions is responsible for the impermeability of the blood-brain barrier?

A Tight junctions

B Anchoring junctions

C Gap junctions

D Desmosomes

Question #29

Which part of the neuron conducts the electrical signal away from the
cell body region?

A choroid plexus

B axon

C nodes of Ranvier

D dendrite

E schwann cells

Question #30

Which of the following is NOT a function of the nervous system?

A All are functions of the nervous system

B Integrative function

C Motor function

D Sensory function

Question #31

An excitatory neurotransmitter _________ the postsynaptic membrane.

A hyperpolarizes

B does not affect the polarity of

C repolarizes

D moves across channels in

E depolarizes

Question #32

IPSP stands for

A inhibitory presynaptic potential.

B inhibitory presynaptic summation potential

C inhibitory postsynaptic summation potential

D inhibitory postsynaptic potential

E none of these choices

Question #33

Which of the two modes of transmission is the fastest?

A Chemical synapse

B Electrical synapse

Question #34

The resting membrane potential in cells is primarily influenced by the permeability of this ion:

A Fe2+

B K¬+

C Na+

D Cl-

E Ca2+

Question #35

What best explains the presence of the hyperpolarization phase?

A Closing of voltage-gated Na+ channels

B Release of neurotransmitter

C K+ channels are open longer than Na+ channels

D Activation of the Na+/K+/ATP pump

E Firing of a second action potential

Question #36

When the summed total of postsynaptic potentials rises above threshold, creation of action potentials occurs

A in the dendrites.

B in the synaptic cleft.

C in the neuron nucleus

D at the trigger zone.

E in the neuroplasm.

Question #37

During an action potential, the diffusion of _______ causes it to depolarize.

A Na+ into the cell

B K+ into the cell

C K+ out of the cell

D Na+ out of the cell

Question #38

When a depolarizing graded potential makes the axon membrane depolarize to threshold,

A none of these choices occur.

B ligand-gated Ca+2 channels close rapidly.

C ligand-gated Na+ channels close rapidly.

D voltage-gated Na+ channels open rapidly.

E voltage-gated Ca+2 channels open rapidly.

Question #39

Saltatory conduction

A Fires as a result of a subthreshold graded potential

B Happens due to an even distribution of voltage-gated Na+ channels

C Occurs only in myelinated axons

D Can occur in unmyelinated axons

Question #40

The critical voltage at which the membrane potential must be depolarized in order to cause an action potential is called the:

A Resting membrane potential

B Receptor potential

C Threshold potential

D Excitatory postsynaptic potential

E Electrical refractory period

Question #41

A postsynaptic neuron responds to neurotransmitters released by a presynaptic neuron by creating

A All the choices are correct

B either EPSPs or IPSPs

C water-filled channels in its membrane

D EPSPs

E IPSPs

Question #42

Which of the following are ways to remove a transmitter from the synaptic cleft?

A Enzymatic degradation, Diffusion and Reuptake at axon terminal

B Reuptake at axon terminal only

C Enzymatic degradation and Diffusion

D Enzymatic degradation only

Question #43

In the process of spatial summation, ______ are added together and _____ are subtracted from that total to determine whether _____ will be created at the trigger zone of the postsynaptic neuron.

A EPSPs; action potentials; IPSPs

B EPSPs; IPSPs; action potentials

C IPSPs; action potentials; EPSPs

D EPSPs; IPSPs; graded potentials

E IPSPs; EPSPs; action potentials

Question #44

The resting membrane potential in neurons ranges from:

A +5 to 100 mV

B –40 to –90 mV

C –25 to –70 mV

D –90 to 5 mV

E None of these choices

Question #45

Na+/K+ -ATPase (sodium-potassium pump) is considered to be an electrogenic (produces a change in membrane potential) pump because

A It contributes to the negativity of the resting membrane potential

B The sodium ions are negatively charged

C It exhibits low permeability

D All of the above are correct

Question #46

Which of the following would decrease the speed of action potential propagation?

A Lower amplitude of action potential

B More myelin sheathing

C Decreased stimulus strength

D Increased diameter of axon

E Decreased temperature

Question #47

Faster communication and synchronization are two advantages of

A mechanically-gated channels

B chemical synapses

C ligand-gated channels

D voltage-gated channels

E electrical synapses

Question #48

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is formed by the

A limbic system

B dura mater

C cerebral ganglia

D arachnoid membrane

E choroid plexus

Question #49

Which of the three types of muscle cells would be multi-nucleated?

A Smooth

B Cardiac

C Skeletal

Question #50

Epithelial tissue

A usually has a free surface that interacts with external environment.

B is used as a lining of body cavities and hollow organs.

C is used to form glands.

D is used as a covering of body surfaces.

E All of these Answer choices are correct.

Question #51

Examples of exocrine glands include all of the following except

A Saliva

B Bile

C Hormones

D Breastmilk

E Sweat

Question #52

Blood belongs to which of the following tissue classifications?

A Nervous

B Adipose

C Muscle

D Epithelial

E Connective

Question #53

All of the following are the main tissue classifications, except for

A Connective

B Muscle

C Nervous

D Adipose

E Epithelial

Question #54

This type of epithelial tissue is found lining the heart, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels.

A Simple columnar epithelium

B Simple cuboidal epithelium

C Stratified cuboidal epithelium

D Simple squamous epithelium

E Stratified squamous epithelium

Question #55

Which of the following is NOT a connective tissue?

A Blood

B Tendons

C Cartilage

D Bone

E Epidermis

Question #56

The extracellular matrix of blood tissue consists of

A red blood cells.

B plasma.

C lymph.

D white blood cells.

E albumin.

Question #57

Which of the following describes a single layer of flat epithelial cells?

A Stratified columnar

B Stratified squamous

C Transitional

D Simple squamous

E Simple cuboidal

Question #58

The two principal types of cells found in nervous tissues are

A neurons and mast cells.

B neuroglial cells and myofibers.

C neurons and somites.

D neuroglial cells and neurons.

Question #59

Where would you not expect to find stratified squamous epithelial cells?

A Esophagus

B Skin

C Blood-brain barrier

D Mouth lining

Question #60

The reaction: ADP + Pi + energy -> ATP, is called:

A Phosphorylation

B Emancipation

C Deamination

D transcription

Question #61

Oxidation is

A The addition of protons

B The removal of protons

C The removal of electrons

D The addition of electrons

E None of these choices

Question #62

The step in which pyruvate is shuttled into the mitochondria and converted to acetyl CoA is called

A Electron transport chain

B Transition reaction

C Glycolysis

D Krebs cycle

Question #63

A cell requires ATP for all of the following processes EXCEPT:

A contraction

B osmosis

C active transport

D protein synthesis

E cell division

Question #64

The Electron Transport System is located in the

A golgi complex

B endoplasmic reticulum

C mitochondria

D nucleolus

E cytoplasm

Question #65

Which one of the following reactions does NOT occur in the Krebs cycle?

A generation of ATP

B formation of lactic acid in the absence of oxygen

C Reduction of NAD+ and FADH+

D production of carbon dioxide

Question #66

Which of the following are electron donators in the electron transport chain?

A FADH2

B NADH and FADH2

C NADH

D All of these are electron acceptors

E H+

Question #67

Substrate phosphorylation occurs in what step of cellular respiration?

A Glycolysis

B Electron transport system

C Formation of acetyl-CoA

D Protein synthesis

Question #68

C6H12O6+6O2⟶6CO2+6H2O+36ATPC6H12O6+6O2⟶6CO2+6H2O+36ATP
In the above equation, the oxygen atom in 6H2O6H2O originates from which molecule?

A Oxygen

B Carbon dioxide

C Magic

D Glucose

Question #69

Oxidative phosphorylation takes place in

A The Krebs cycle

B Electron transport system

C Glycolysis

D Formation of acetyl-CoA

E Protein synthesis

Question #70

Which describes the conversion of non-carbohydrate molecules through pyruvic acid to glucose?

A Decarboxylation

B Glycogenolysis

C Oxidation

D Carbonification

E Gluconeogenesis

Question #71

Hydrolysis of ATP is what type of reaction?

A Ergonomic

B Endergonic

C Exergonic

D Erythropoetic

Question #72

Which one of the following reactions does NOT occur in the Krebs cycle?

A production of reduced coenzymes

B production of carbon dioxide

C formation of lactic acid in the absence of oxygen

D generation of ATP

E All of these occur in the Krebs cycle

Question #73

Which of the following is considered anaerobic?

A Krebs cycle

B Transition reaction

C Electron transport chain

D Glycolysis

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