Exam 1

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Question #1

Which tract carries sensory information?

A corticospinal

B spinocerebellar

C reticulospinal

D pyramidal

Question #2

Which of the following scans provides imaging of the brain by highlighting areas of the brain with the highest fluorodeoxyglucose uptake, which corresponds to areas of highest metabolic activity?

A CT

B Ultrasound

C X-ray

D PET

Question #3

Brain waves that generally appear during periods of sensory input and mental activity are called

A theta waves.

B P waves.

C beta waves.

D alpha waves.

E delta waves.

Question #4

What type of information is carried in the descending tracts of the spinal cord?
1. Sensory
2. Motor
3. Integration

A Both 2 & 3

B 2 only

C 1 only

D 3 only

E Both 1 & 2

Question #5

This protects the brain by preventing the movement of harmful substances and pathogens from the blood into the brain tissue.

A All of these choices

B Cerebrospinal fluid

C Dura mater

D Arachnoid mater

E Blood brain barrier

Question #6

These three areas of gray matter found in each cerebral hemisphere are important in helping to control the initiation and termination of skeletal muscle movements.

A autonomic ganglia

B vestibular nuclei

C lateral olivary nuclei

D basal nuclei

E red nuclei

Question #7

These are networks of capillaries found in the walls of the ventricles of the brain that produce cerebrospinal fluid.

A Choroid plexuses

B Interventricular foramina

C Brachial plexuses

D Lateral apertures

E Aqueduct of the midbrain

Question #8

The cerebellum contains these types of neurons, which are characterized by their elaborate dendritic structure.

A Unipolar

B Purkinje

C Uniaxial

D Astrocytes

Question #9

The cell bodies of the sensory neurons that carry information from the periphery to the spinal cord are located in the

A posterior gray horn.

B dorsal root ganglion.

C lateral gray horn.

D anterior white commissure.

E central canal.

Question #10

Brain waves that generally appear during periods of sensory input and mental activity are called

A theta waves.

B beta waves.

C alpha waves.

D delta waves.

E P waves.

Question #11

Cerebro-spinal Fluid (CSF) is formed by the:

A dura mater

B choroid plexus

C arachnoid membrane

D cerebral ganglia

E limbic system

Question #12

Which of these locations marks the endpoint for cerebrospinal fluid before diffusing into venous blood?

A 3rd ventricle

B subarachnoid space

C choroid plexus

D lateral ventricles

E arachnoid granulations

Question #13

Which structure of the embryonic brain develops into the mature cerebrum?

A Diencephalon

B Rhombencephelon

C Telencephalon

D Myelencephalon

E Mesencephalon

Question #14

Which of the following types of tracts are used to conduct nerve impulses between gyri within the same cerebral hemisphere?

A Projection tracts

B Stria medullaris

C Mammillothalamic tracts

D Commissural tracts

E Association tracts

Question #15

Which of the following tracts are associated with axon pathways within the same hemisphere, but different gyri?

A Commissural tracts

B Projection tracts

C Association tracts

D None of the above

E All of the above

Question #16

Which of the following structures conducts nerve impulses between the two different hemispheres of the cerebrum?

A Association tracts

B Sulci

C Projection tracts

D Pyramids

E Corpus callosum

Question #17

This branch of a spinal nerve serves the deep muscles and skin of the posterior surface of the trunk.

A Meningeal branch

B Rami communicantes

C Brachial plexus

D Anterior ramus

E Posterior ramus

Question #18

Which of these structures involves the decussation of the pyramids?

A Corpus Callosum

B Medulla Oblongata

C Pons

D Cerebellum

E Cerebrum

Question #19

Which phenomenon explains increased excitability as an adaptation when post-synaptic neurons that are stimulated at high frequency?

A Summation

B Long Term Potentiation

C IPSPs

D Substrate Phosphorylation

Question #20

Which projection of the neuron receives signals?

A Axon Terminal

B Dendrites

C Axon

D Cell body

Question #21

Diffusion, enzymatic degradation, and uptake by cells are all ways to

A stop a spatial summation

B continue a temporal summation

C inhibit a presynaptic potential

D remove a neurotransmitter

E excite a presynaptic potential

Question #22

In temporal summation, a single presynaptic neuron stimulates the creation of action potentials in a postsynaptic neuron when it

A runs out of neurotransmitter.

B recruits other presynaptic neurons to begin to fire.

C fires at a steady rate that allows the postsynaptic neuron to return to resting potential.

D stops firing long enough to allow the postsynaptic neuron to recover.

E fires at a fast enough rate that the sum of EPSPs in the postsynaptic neuron moves above threshold.

Question #23

A polarized cell

A includes most cells of the body and exhibits a membrane potential.

B includes most cells of the body.

C has a charge imbalance across its membrane.

D All of these choices are correct.

E exhibits a membrane potential.

Question #24

Which of the following is also known as adrenaline?

A Serotonin

B Norepinephrine

C Epinephrine

D Dopamine

Question #25

Which part of the neuron conducts the electrical signal away from the cell body region?

A axon

B choroid plexus

C dendrite

D nodes of Ranvier

E Schwann cells

Question #26

In an action potential, the current that flows down the axon of a neuron is generated by the movement of ______ across the membrane.

A electrons

B free radicals

C protons

D neutrons

E ions

Question #27

During this period, a second action potential can only be initiated by a larger than normal stimulus

A Absolute refractory period

B All of these choices

C Relative refractory period

D Latent period

Question #28

Which of the types of junctions is responsible for the impermeability of the blood-brain barrier?

A Gap junctions

B Desmosomes

C Tight junctions

D Anchoring junctions

Question #29

Which part of the neuron conducts the electrical signal away from the
cell body region?

A dendrite

B nodes of Ranvier

C schwann cells

D axon

E choroid plexus

Question #30

Which of the following is NOT a function of the nervous system?

A Integrative function

B Sensory function

C All are functions of the nervous system

D Motor function

Question #31

An excitatory neurotransmitter _________ the postsynaptic membrane.

A depolarizes

B does not affect the polarity of

C repolarizes

D hyperpolarizes

E moves across channels in

Question #32

IPSP stands for

A inhibitory postsynaptic summation potential

B inhibitory presynaptic summation potential

C inhibitory postsynaptic potential

D none of these choices

E inhibitory presynaptic potential.

Question #33

Which of the two modes of transmission is the fastest?

A Chemical synapse

B Electrical synapse

Question #34

The resting membrane potential in cells is primarily influenced by the permeability of this ion:

A Cl-

B K¬+

C Fe2+

D Na+

E Ca2+

Question #35

What best explains the presence of the hyperpolarization phase?

A K+ channels are open longer than Na+ channels

B Firing of a second action potential

C Activation of the Na+/K+/ATP pump

D Closing of voltage-gated Na+ channels

E Release of neurotransmitter

Question #36

When the summed total of postsynaptic potentials rises above threshold, creation of action potentials occurs

A in the synaptic cleft.

B in the neuron nucleus

C in the neuroplasm.

D in the dendrites.

E at the trigger zone.

Question #37

During an action potential, the diffusion of _______ causes it to depolarize.

A Na+ out of the cell

B Na+ into the cell

C K+ out of the cell

D K+ into the cell

Question #38

When a depolarizing graded potential makes the axon membrane depolarize to threshold,

A voltage-gated Ca+2 channels open rapidly.

B none of these choices occur.

C ligand-gated Na+ channels close rapidly.

D voltage-gated Na+ channels open rapidly.

E ligand-gated Ca+2 channels close rapidly.

Question #39

Saltatory conduction

A Happens due to an even distribution of voltage-gated Na+ channels

B Occurs only in myelinated axons

C Can occur in unmyelinated axons

D Fires as a result of a subthreshold graded potential

Question #40

The critical voltage at which the membrane potential must be depolarized in order to cause an action potential is called the:

A Excitatory postsynaptic potential

B Resting membrane potential

C Receptor potential

D Threshold potential

E Electrical refractory period

Question #41

A postsynaptic neuron responds to neurotransmitters released by a presynaptic neuron by creating

A EPSPs

B water-filled channels in its membrane

C either EPSPs or IPSPs

D IPSPs

E All the choices are correct

Question #42

Which of the following are ways to remove a transmitter from the synaptic cleft?

A Reuptake at axon terminal only

B Enzymatic degradation only

C Enzymatic degradation, Diffusion and Reuptake at axon terminal

D Enzymatic degradation and Diffusion

Question #43

In the process of spatial summation, ______ are added together and _____ are subtracted from that total to determine whether _____ will be created at the trigger zone of the postsynaptic neuron.

A IPSPs; action potentials; EPSPs

B EPSPs; IPSPs; graded potentials

C EPSPs; action potentials; IPSPs

D IPSPs; EPSPs; action potentials

E EPSPs; IPSPs; action potentials

Question #44

The resting membrane potential in neurons ranges from:

A None of these choices

B –90 to 5 mV

C –25 to –70 mV

D +5 to 100 mV

E –40 to –90 mV

Question #45

Na+/K+ -ATPase (sodium-potassium pump) is considered to be an electrogenic (produces a change in membrane potential) pump because

A It contributes to the negativity of the resting membrane potential

B The sodium ions are negatively charged

C It exhibits low permeability

D All of the above are correct

Question #46

Which of the following would decrease the speed of action potential propagation?

A Decreased stimulus strength

B Lower amplitude of action potential

C More myelin sheathing

D Decreased temperature

E Increased diameter of axon

Question #47

Faster communication and synchronization are two advantages of

A chemical synapses

B electrical synapses

C mechanically-gated channels

D voltage-gated channels

E ligand-gated channels

Question #48

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is formed by the

A arachnoid membrane

B limbic system

C cerebral ganglia

D choroid plexus

E dura mater

Question #49

Which of the three types of muscle cells would be multi-nucleated?

A Cardiac

B Smooth

C Skeletal

Question #50

Epithelial tissue

A is used as a covering of body surfaces.

B All of these Answer choices are correct.

C is used as a lining of body cavities and hollow organs.

D is used to form glands.

E usually has a free surface that interacts with external environment.

Question #51

Examples of exocrine glands include all of the following except

A Saliva

B Bile

C Hormones

D Breastmilk

E Sweat

Question #52

Blood belongs to which of the following tissue classifications?

A Connective

B Epithelial

C Nervous

D Muscle

E Adipose

Question #53

All of the following are the main tissue classifications, except for

A Connective

B Muscle

C Nervous

D Epithelial

E Adipose

Question #54

This type of epithelial tissue is found lining the heart, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels.

A Simple squamous epithelium

B Simple cuboidal epithelium

C Stratified squamous epithelium

D Simple columnar epithelium

E Stratified cuboidal epithelium

Question #55

Which of the following is NOT a connective tissue?

A Tendons

B Cartilage

C Epidermis

D Bone

E Blood

Question #56

The extracellular matrix of blood tissue consists of

A plasma.

B red blood cells.

C albumin.

D white blood cells.

E lymph.

Question #57

Which of the following describes a single layer of flat epithelial cells?

B Transitional

C Simple squamous

D Stratified columnar

E Stratified squamous

F Simple cuboidal

Question #58

The two principal types of cells found in nervous tissues are

A neuroglial cells and neurons.

B neuroglial cells and myofibers.

C neurons and somites.

D neurons and mast cells.

Question #59

Where would you not expect to find stratified squamous epithelial cells?

A Blood-brain barrier

B Esophagus

C Skin

D Mouth lining

Question #60

The reaction: ADP + Pi + energy -> ATP, is called:

A Emancipation

B transcription

C Phosphorylation

D Deamination

Question #61

Oxidation is

A The removal of protons

B The addition of protons

C None of these choices

D The addition of electrons

E The removal of electrons

Question #62

The step in which pyruvate is shuttled into the mitochondria and converted to acetyl CoA is called

A Electron transport chain

B Glycolysis

C Transition reaction

D Krebs cycle

Question #63

A cell requires ATP for all of the following processes EXCEPT:

A osmosis

B active transport

C protein synthesis

D cell division

E contraction

Question #64

The Electron Transport System is located in the

A cytoplasm

B endoplasmic reticulum

C golgi complex

D mitochondria

E nucleolus

Question #65

Which one of the following reactions does NOT occur in the Krebs cycle?

A generation of ATP

B formation of lactic acid in the absence of oxygen

C Reduction of NAD+ and FADH+

D production of carbon dioxide

Question #66

Which of the following are electron donators in the electron transport chain?

A NADH and FADH2

B H+

C NADH

D All of these are electron acceptors

E FADH2

Question #67

Substrate phosphorylation occurs in what step of cellular respiration?

A Electron transport system

B Glycolysis

C Formation of acetyl-CoA

D Protein synthesis

Question #68

C6H12O6+6O2⟶6CO2+6H2O+36ATPC6H12O6+6O2⟶6CO2+6H2O+36ATP
In the above equation, the oxygen atom in 6H2O6H2O originates from which molecule?

A Magic

B Carbon dioxide

C Oxygen

D Glucose

Question #69

Oxidative phosphorylation takes place in

A The Krebs cycle

B Electron transport system

C Protein synthesis

D Glycolysis

E Formation of acetyl-CoA

Question #70

Which describes the conversion of non-carbohydrate molecules through pyruvic acid to glucose?

A Decarboxylation

B Oxidation

C Gluconeogenesis

D Glycogenolysis

E Carbonification

Question #71

Hydrolysis of ATP is what type of reaction?

A Ergonomic

B Exergonic

C Erythropoetic

D Endergonic

Question #72

Which one of the following reactions does NOT occur in the Krebs cycle?

A All of these occur in the Krebs cycle

B production of reduced coenzymes

C formation of lactic acid in the absence of oxygen

D production of carbon dioxide

E generation of ATP

Question #73

Which of the following is considered anaerobic?

A Glycolysis

B Krebs cycle

C Transition reaction

D Electron transport chain

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