Exam 1

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Question #1

Which tract carries sensory information?

A corticospinal

B spinocerebellar

C pyramidal

D reticulospinal

Question #2

Which of the following scans provides imaging of the brain by highlighting areas of the brain with the highest fluorodeoxyglucose uptake, which corresponds to areas of highest metabolic activity?

A PET

B Ultrasound

C X-ray

D CT

Question #3

Brain waves that generally appear during periods of sensory input and mental activity are called

A alpha waves.

B P waves.

C beta waves.

D delta waves.

E theta waves.

Question #4

What type of information is carried in the descending tracts of the spinal cord?
1. Sensory
2. Motor
3. Integration

A Both 1 & 2

B 3 only

C 1 only

D Both 2 & 3

E 2 only

Question #5

This protects the brain by preventing the movement of harmful substances and pathogens from the blood into the brain tissue.

A Arachnoid mater

B Blood brain barrier

C Cerebrospinal fluid

D Dura mater

E All of these choices

Question #6

These three areas of gray matter found in each cerebral hemisphere are important in helping to control the initiation and termination of skeletal muscle movements.

A basal nuclei

B autonomic ganglia

C red nuclei

D lateral olivary nuclei

E vestibular nuclei

Question #7

These are networks of capillaries found in the walls of the ventricles of the brain that produce cerebrospinal fluid.

A Aqueduct of the midbrain

B Brachial plexuses

C Choroid plexuses

D Lateral apertures

E Interventricular foramina

Question #8

The cerebellum contains these types of neurons, which are characterized by their elaborate dendritic structure.

A Uniaxial

B Purkinje

C Astrocytes

D Unipolar

Question #9

The cell bodies of the sensory neurons that carry information from the periphery to the spinal cord are located in the

A lateral gray horn.

B central canal.

C posterior gray horn.

D anterior white commissure.

E dorsal root ganglion.

Question #10

Brain waves that generally appear during periods of sensory input and mental activity are called

A P waves.

B beta waves.

C delta waves.

D alpha waves.

E theta waves.

Question #11

Cerebro-spinal Fluid (CSF) is formed by the:

A choroid plexus

B arachnoid membrane

C cerebral ganglia

D limbic system

E dura mater

Question #12

Which of these locations marks the endpoint for cerebrospinal fluid before diffusing into venous blood?

A lateral ventricles

B subarachnoid space

C arachnoid granulations

D choroid plexus

E 3rd ventricle

Question #13

Which structure of the embryonic brain develops into the mature cerebrum?

A Rhombencephelon

B Myelencephalon

C Telencephalon

D Mesencephalon

E Diencephalon

Question #14

Which of the following types of tracts are used to conduct nerve impulses between gyri within the same cerebral hemisphere?

A Stria medullaris

B Projection tracts

C Association tracts

D Mammillothalamic tracts

E Commissural tracts

Question #15

Which of the following tracts are associated with axon pathways within the same hemisphere, but different gyri?

A Projection tracts

B Commissural tracts

C Association tracts

D None of the above

E All of the above

Question #16

Which of the following structures conducts nerve impulses between the two different hemispheres of the cerebrum?

A Corpus callosum

B Projection tracts

C Association tracts

D Pyramids

E Sulci

Question #17

This branch of a spinal nerve serves the deep muscles and skin of the posterior surface of the trunk.

A Anterior ramus

B Posterior ramus

C Meningeal branch

D Rami communicantes

E Brachial plexus

Question #18

Which of these structures involves the decussation of the pyramids?

A Cerebellum

B Cerebrum

C Medulla Oblongata

D Corpus Callosum

E Pons

Question #19

Which phenomenon explains increased excitability as an adaptation when post-synaptic neurons that are stimulated at high frequency?

A Summation

B IPSPs

C Substrate Phosphorylation

D Long Term Potentiation

Question #20

Which projection of the neuron receives signals?

A Dendrites

B Axon

C Axon Terminal

D Cell body

Question #21

Diffusion, enzymatic degradation, and uptake by cells are all ways to

A stop a spatial summation

B continue a temporal summation

C inhibit a presynaptic potential

D excite a presynaptic potential

E remove a neurotransmitter

Question #22

In temporal summation, a single presynaptic neuron stimulates the creation of action potentials in a postsynaptic neuron when it

A fires at a fast enough rate that the sum of EPSPs in the postsynaptic neuron moves above threshold.

B recruits other presynaptic neurons to begin to fire.

C stops firing long enough to allow the postsynaptic neuron to recover.

D runs out of neurotransmitter.

E fires at a steady rate that allows the postsynaptic neuron to return to resting potential.

Question #23

A polarized cell

A includes most cells of the body and exhibits a membrane potential.

B exhibits a membrane potential.

C All of these choices are correct.

D has a charge imbalance across its membrane.

E includes most cells of the body.

Question #24

Which of the following is also known as adrenaline?

A Dopamine

B Serotonin

C Epinephrine

D Norepinephrine

Question #25

Which part of the neuron conducts the electrical signal away from the cell body region?

A choroid plexus

B nodes of Ranvier

C axon

D Schwann cells

E dendrite

Question #26

In an action potential, the current that flows down the axon of a neuron is generated by the movement of ______ across the membrane.

A electrons

B neutrons

C free radicals

D protons

E ions

Question #27

During this period, a second action potential can only be initiated by a larger than normal stimulus

A Latent period

B Relative refractory period

C Absolute refractory period

D All of these choices

Question #28

Which of the types of junctions is responsible for the impermeability of the blood-brain barrier?

A Anchoring junctions

B Tight junctions

C Gap junctions

D Desmosomes

Question #29

Which part of the neuron conducts the electrical signal away from the
cell body region?

A choroid plexus

B dendrite

C schwann cells

D axon

E nodes of Ranvier

Question #30

Which of the following is NOT a function of the nervous system?

A All are functions of the nervous system

B Motor function

C Integrative function

D Sensory function

Question #31

An excitatory neurotransmitter _________ the postsynaptic membrane.

A does not affect the polarity of

B repolarizes

C moves across channels in

D hyperpolarizes

E depolarizes

Question #32

IPSP stands for

A inhibitory postsynaptic summation potential

B inhibitory postsynaptic potential

C none of these choices

D inhibitory presynaptic summation potential

E inhibitory presynaptic potential.

Question #33

Which of the two modes of transmission is the fastest?

A Chemical synapse

B Electrical synapse

Question #34

The resting membrane potential in cells is primarily influenced by the permeability of this ion:

A Cl-

B K¬+

C Na+

D Ca2+

E Fe2+

Question #35

What best explains the presence of the hyperpolarization phase?

A Activation of the Na+/K+/ATP pump

B K+ channels are open longer than Na+ channels

C Release of neurotransmitter

D Closing of voltage-gated Na+ channels

E Firing of a second action potential

Question #36

When the summed total of postsynaptic potentials rises above threshold, creation of action potentials occurs

A in the neuroplasm.

B in the neuron nucleus

C in the synaptic cleft.

D at the trigger zone.

E in the dendrites.

Question #37

During an action potential, the diffusion of _______ causes it to depolarize.

A Na+ into the cell

B Na+ out of the cell

C K+ out of the cell

D K+ into the cell

Question #38

When a depolarizing graded potential makes the axon membrane depolarize to threshold,

A ligand-gated Na+ channels close rapidly.

B none of these choices occur.

C voltage-gated Ca+2 channels open rapidly.

D ligand-gated Ca+2 channels close rapidly.

E voltage-gated Na+ channels open rapidly.

Question #39

Saltatory conduction

A Fires as a result of a subthreshold graded potential

B Occurs only in myelinated axons

C Can occur in unmyelinated axons

D Happens due to an even distribution of voltage-gated Na+ channels

Question #40

The critical voltage at which the membrane potential must be depolarized in order to cause an action potential is called the:

A Electrical refractory period

B Excitatory postsynaptic potential

C Resting membrane potential

D Receptor potential

E Threshold potential

Question #41

A postsynaptic neuron responds to neurotransmitters released by a presynaptic neuron by creating

A either EPSPs or IPSPs

B IPSPs

C EPSPs

D water-filled channels in its membrane

E All the choices are correct

Question #42

Which of the following are ways to remove a transmitter from the synaptic cleft?

A Enzymatic degradation and Diffusion

B Enzymatic degradation only

C Reuptake at axon terminal only

D Enzymatic degradation, Diffusion and Reuptake at axon terminal

Question #43

In the process of spatial summation, ______ are added together and _____ are subtracted from that total to determine whether _____ will be created at the trigger zone of the postsynaptic neuron.

A IPSPs; EPSPs; action potentials

B EPSPs; action potentials; IPSPs

C IPSPs; action potentials; EPSPs

D EPSPs; IPSPs; action potentials

E EPSPs; IPSPs; graded potentials

Question #44

The resting membrane potential in neurons ranges from:

A +5 to 100 mV

B –90 to 5 mV

C None of these choices

D –40 to –90 mV

E –25 to –70 mV

Question #45

Na+/K+ -ATPase (sodium-potassium pump) is considered to be an electrogenic (produces a change in membrane potential) pump because

A It contributes to the negativity of the resting membrane potential

B The sodium ions are negatively charged

C It exhibits low permeability

D All of the above are correct

Question #46

Which of the following would decrease the speed of action potential propagation?

A More myelin sheathing

B Lower amplitude of action potential

C Increased diameter of axon

D Decreased temperature

E Decreased stimulus strength

Question #47

Faster communication and synchronization are two advantages of

A ligand-gated channels

B mechanically-gated channels

C voltage-gated channels

D chemical synapses

E electrical synapses

Question #48

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is formed by the

A limbic system

B arachnoid membrane

C choroid plexus

D cerebral ganglia

E dura mater

Question #49

Which of the three types of muscle cells would be multi-nucleated?

A Skeletal

B Smooth

C Cardiac

Question #50

Epithelial tissue

A is used as a covering of body surfaces.

B is used as a lining of body cavities and hollow organs.

C All of these Answer choices are correct.

D is used to form glands.

E usually has a free surface that interacts with external environment.

Question #51

Examples of exocrine glands include all of the following except

A Bile

B Saliva

C Hormones

D Sweat

E Breastmilk

Question #52

Blood belongs to which of the following tissue classifications?

A Connective

B Epithelial

C Adipose

D Muscle

E Nervous

Question #53

All of the following are the main tissue classifications, except for

A Connective

B Adipose

C Nervous

D Epithelial

E Muscle

Question #54

This type of epithelial tissue is found lining the heart, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels.

A Simple squamous epithelium

B Simple cuboidal epithelium

C Stratified cuboidal epithelium

D Simple columnar epithelium

E Stratified squamous epithelium

Question #55

Which of the following is NOT a connective tissue?

A Tendons

B Epidermis

C Cartilage

D Blood

E Bone

Question #56

The extracellular matrix of blood tissue consists of

A lymph.

B albumin.

C plasma.

D red blood cells.

E white blood cells.

Question #57

Which of the following describes a single layer of flat epithelial cells?

B Stratified squamous

C Simple squamous

D Transitional

E Simple cuboidal

F Stratified columnar

Question #58

The two principal types of cells found in nervous tissues are

A neurons and somites.

B neuroglial cells and myofibers.

C neurons and mast cells.

D neuroglial cells and neurons.

Question #59

Where would you not expect to find stratified squamous epithelial cells?

A Mouth lining

B Blood-brain barrier

C Skin

D Esophagus

Question #60

The reaction: ADP + Pi + energy -> ATP, is called:

A Deamination

B Phosphorylation

C Emancipation

D transcription

Question #61

Oxidation is

A The addition of electrons

B The removal of protons

C None of these choices

D The removal of electrons

E The addition of protons

Question #62

The step in which pyruvate is shuttled into the mitochondria and converted to acetyl CoA is called

A Krebs cycle

B Transition reaction

C Glycolysis

D Electron transport chain

Question #63

A cell requires ATP for all of the following processes EXCEPT:

A active transport

B contraction

C protein synthesis

D cell division

E osmosis

Question #64

The Electron Transport System is located in the

A mitochondria

B nucleolus

C cytoplasm

D endoplasmic reticulum

E golgi complex

Question #65

Which one of the following reactions does NOT occur in the Krebs cycle?

A generation of ATP

B Reduction of NAD+ and FADH+

C formation of lactic acid in the absence of oxygen

D production of carbon dioxide

Question #66

Which of the following are electron donators in the electron transport chain?

A All of these are electron acceptors

B H+

C NADH

D FADH2

E NADH and FADH2

Question #67

Substrate phosphorylation occurs in what step of cellular respiration?

A Formation of acetyl-CoA

B Protein synthesis

C Electron transport system

D Glycolysis

Question #68

C6H12O6+6O2⟶6CO2+6H2O+36ATPC6H12O6+6O2⟶6CO2+6H2O+36ATP
In the above equation, the oxygen atom in 6H2O6H2O originates from which molecule?

A Carbon dioxide

B Magic

C Glucose

D Oxygen

Question #69

Oxidative phosphorylation takes place in

A Glycolysis

B The Krebs cycle

C Protein synthesis

D Electron transport system

E Formation of acetyl-CoA

Question #70

Which describes the conversion of non-carbohydrate molecules through pyruvic acid to glucose?

A Decarboxylation

B Glycogenolysis

C Oxidation

D Gluconeogenesis

E Carbonification

Question #71

Hydrolysis of ATP is what type of reaction?

A Ergonomic

B Erythropoetic

C Exergonic

D Endergonic

Question #72

Which one of the following reactions does NOT occur in the Krebs cycle?

A formation of lactic acid in the absence of oxygen

B production of reduced coenzymes

C All of these occur in the Krebs cycle

D production of carbon dioxide

E generation of ATP

Question #73

Which of the following is considered anaerobic?

A Transition reaction

B Krebs cycle

C Glycolysis

D Electron transport chain

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