Exam 1

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Question #1

Which tract carries sensory information?

A corticospinal

B spinocerebellar

C pyramidal

D reticulospinal

Question #2

Which of the following scans provides imaging of the brain by highlighting areas of the brain with the highest fluorodeoxyglucose uptake, which corresponds to areas of highest metabolic activity?

A PET

B Ultrasound

C X-ray

D CT

Question #3

Brain waves that generally appear during periods of sensory input and mental activity are called

A alpha waves.

B delta waves.

C beta waves.

D P waves.

E theta waves.

Question #4

What type of information is carried in the descending tracts of the spinal cord?
1. Sensory
2. Motor
3. Integration

A Both 2 & 3

B 2 only

C 1 only

D Both 1 & 2

E 3 only

Question #5

This protects the brain by preventing the movement of harmful substances and pathogens from the blood into the brain tissue.

A Cerebrospinal fluid

B Blood brain barrier

C All of these choices

D Arachnoid mater

E Dura mater

Question #6

These three areas of gray matter found in each cerebral hemisphere are important in helping to control the initiation and termination of skeletal muscle movements.

A lateral olivary nuclei

B vestibular nuclei

C red nuclei

D autonomic ganglia

E basal nuclei

Question #7

These are networks of capillaries found in the walls of the ventricles of the brain that produce cerebrospinal fluid.

A Aqueduct of the midbrain

B Interventricular foramina

C Lateral apertures

D Choroid plexuses

E Brachial plexuses

Question #8

The cerebellum contains these types of neurons, which are characterized by their elaborate dendritic structure.

A Uniaxial

B Unipolar

C Astrocytes

D Purkinje

Question #9

The cell bodies of the sensory neurons that carry information from the periphery to the spinal cord are located in the

A dorsal root ganglion.

B posterior gray horn.

C central canal.

D lateral gray horn.

E anterior white commissure.

Question #10

Brain waves that generally appear during periods of sensory input and mental activity are called

A P waves.

B delta waves.

C beta waves.

D alpha waves.

E theta waves.

Question #11

Cerebro-spinal Fluid (CSF) is formed by the:

A choroid plexus

B cerebral ganglia

C limbic system

D dura mater

E arachnoid membrane

Question #12

Which of these locations marks the endpoint for cerebrospinal fluid before diffusing into venous blood?

A lateral ventricles

B choroid plexus

C arachnoid granulations

D subarachnoid space

E 3rd ventricle

Question #13

Which structure of the embryonic brain develops into the mature cerebrum?

A Rhombencephelon

B Myelencephalon

C Mesencephalon

D Telencephalon

E Diencephalon

Question #14

Which of the following types of tracts are used to conduct nerve impulses between gyri within the same cerebral hemisphere?

A Stria medullaris

B Association tracts

C Commissural tracts

D Projection tracts

E Mammillothalamic tracts

Question #15

Which of the following tracts are associated with axon pathways within the same hemisphere, but different gyri?

A Projection tracts

B Commissural tracts

C Association tracts

D None of the above

E All of the above

Question #16

Which of the following structures conducts nerve impulses between the two different hemispheres of the cerebrum?

A Corpus callosum

B Pyramids

C Sulci

D Association tracts

E Projection tracts

Question #17

This branch of a spinal nerve serves the deep muscles and skin of the posterior surface of the trunk.

A Meningeal branch

B Brachial plexus

C Anterior ramus

D Posterior ramus

E Rami communicantes

Question #18

Which of these structures involves the decussation of the pyramids?

A Medulla Oblongata

B Cerebrum

C Cerebellum

D Corpus Callosum

E Pons

Question #19

Which phenomenon explains increased excitability as an adaptation when post-synaptic neurons that are stimulated at high frequency?

A Long Term Potentiation

B Substrate Phosphorylation

C IPSPs

D Summation

Question #20

Which projection of the neuron receives signals?

A Axon Terminal

B Dendrites

C Cell body

D Axon

Question #21

Diffusion, enzymatic degradation, and uptake by cells are all ways to

A inhibit a presynaptic potential

B excite a presynaptic potential

C continue a temporal summation

D remove a neurotransmitter

E stop a spatial summation

Question #22

In temporal summation, a single presynaptic neuron stimulates the creation of action potentials in a postsynaptic neuron when it

A runs out of neurotransmitter.

B recruits other presynaptic neurons to begin to fire.

C stops firing long enough to allow the postsynaptic neuron to recover.

D fires at a fast enough rate that the sum of EPSPs in the postsynaptic neuron moves above threshold.

E fires at a steady rate that allows the postsynaptic neuron to return to resting potential.

Question #23

A polarized cell

A has a charge imbalance across its membrane.

B includes most cells of the body.

C All of these choices are correct.

D exhibits a membrane potential.

E includes most cells of the body and exhibits a membrane potential.

Question #24

Which of the following is also known as adrenaline?

A Norepinephrine

B Epinephrine

C Dopamine

D Serotonin

Question #25

Which part of the neuron conducts the electrical signal away from the cell body region?

A choroid plexus

B nodes of Ranvier

C Schwann cells

D axon

E dendrite

Question #26

In an action potential, the current that flows down the axon of a neuron is generated by the movement of ______ across the membrane.

A protons

B free radicals

C ions

D electrons

E neutrons

Question #27

During this period, a second action potential can only be initiated by a larger than normal stimulus

A Relative refractory period

B Latent period

C All of these choices

D Absolute refractory period

Question #28

Which of the types of junctions is responsible for the impermeability of the blood-brain barrier?

A Gap junctions

B Desmosomes

C Tight junctions

D Anchoring junctions

Question #29

Which part of the neuron conducts the electrical signal away from the
cell body region?

A nodes of Ranvier

B choroid plexus

C axon

D dendrite

E schwann cells

Question #30

Which of the following is NOT a function of the nervous system?

A All are functions of the nervous system

B Integrative function

C Motor function

D Sensory function

Question #31

An excitatory neurotransmitter _________ the postsynaptic membrane.

A depolarizes

B hyperpolarizes

C moves across channels in

D repolarizes

E does not affect the polarity of

Question #32

IPSP stands for

A inhibitory postsynaptic potential

B inhibitory presynaptic potential.

C none of these choices

D inhibitory postsynaptic summation potential

E inhibitory presynaptic summation potential

Question #33

Which of the two modes of transmission is the fastest?

A Electrical synapse

B Chemical synapse

Question #34

The resting membrane potential in cells is primarily influenced by the permeability of this ion:

A Fe2+

B Ca2+

C Na+

D K¬+

E Cl-

Question #35

What best explains the presence of the hyperpolarization phase?

A K+ channels are open longer than Na+ channels

B Release of neurotransmitter

C Closing of voltage-gated Na+ channels

D Activation of the Na+/K+/ATP pump

E Firing of a second action potential

Question #36

When the summed total of postsynaptic potentials rises above threshold, creation of action potentials occurs

A in the neuron nucleus

B in the neuroplasm.

C at the trigger zone.

D in the synaptic cleft.

E in the dendrites.

Question #37

During an action potential, the diffusion of _______ causes it to depolarize.

A Na+ into the cell

B K+ out of the cell

C Na+ out of the cell

D K+ into the cell

Question #38

When a depolarizing graded potential makes the axon membrane depolarize to threshold,

A ligand-gated Ca+2 channels close rapidly.

B voltage-gated Na+ channels open rapidly.

C none of these choices occur.

D voltage-gated Ca+2 channels open rapidly.

E ligand-gated Na+ channels close rapidly.

Question #39

Saltatory conduction

A Fires as a result of a subthreshold graded potential

B Happens due to an even distribution of voltage-gated Na+ channels

C Occurs only in myelinated axons

D Can occur in unmyelinated axons

Question #40

The critical voltage at which the membrane potential must be depolarized in order to cause an action potential is called the:

A Resting membrane potential

B Receptor potential

C Threshold potential

D Excitatory postsynaptic potential

E Electrical refractory period

Question #41

A postsynaptic neuron responds to neurotransmitters released by a presynaptic neuron by creating

A IPSPs

B water-filled channels in its membrane

C EPSPs

D either EPSPs or IPSPs

E All the choices are correct

Question #42

Which of the following are ways to remove a transmitter from the synaptic cleft?

A Enzymatic degradation, Diffusion and Reuptake at axon terminal

B Reuptake at axon terminal only

C Enzymatic degradation and Diffusion

D Enzymatic degradation only

Question #43

In the process of spatial summation, ______ are added together and _____ are subtracted from that total to determine whether _____ will be created at the trigger zone of the postsynaptic neuron.

A EPSPs; IPSPs; graded potentials

B IPSPs; EPSPs; action potentials

C EPSPs; action potentials; IPSPs

D EPSPs; IPSPs; action potentials

E IPSPs; action potentials; EPSPs

Question #44

The resting membrane potential in neurons ranges from:

A –25 to –70 mV

B +5 to 100 mV

C –90 to 5 mV

D –40 to –90 mV

E None of these choices

Question #45

Na+/K+ -ATPase (sodium-potassium pump) is considered to be an electrogenic (produces a change in membrane potential) pump because

A The sodium ions are negatively charged

B It exhibits low permeability

C It contributes to the negativity of the resting membrane potential

D All of the above are correct

Question #46

Which of the following would decrease the speed of action potential propagation?

A Increased diameter of axon

B More myelin sheathing

C Decreased temperature

D Decreased stimulus strength

E Lower amplitude of action potential

Question #47

Faster communication and synchronization are two advantages of

A ligand-gated channels

B voltage-gated channels

C mechanically-gated channels

D electrical synapses

E chemical synapses

Question #48

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is formed by the

A choroid plexus

B arachnoid membrane

C cerebral ganglia

D dura mater

E limbic system

Question #49

Which of the three types of muscle cells would be multi-nucleated?

A Cardiac

B Skeletal

C Smooth

Question #50

Epithelial tissue

A is used as a lining of body cavities and hollow organs.

B is used to form glands.

C All of these Answer choices are correct.

D is used as a covering of body surfaces.

E usually has a free surface that interacts with external environment.

Question #51

Examples of exocrine glands include all of the following except

A Saliva

B Breastmilk

C Bile

D Sweat

E Hormones

Question #52

Blood belongs to which of the following tissue classifications?

A Epithelial

B Nervous

C Muscle

D Adipose

E Connective

Question #53

All of the following are the main tissue classifications, except for

A Nervous

B Muscle

C Epithelial

D Adipose

E Connective

Question #54

This type of epithelial tissue is found lining the heart, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels.

A Stratified cuboidal epithelium

B Simple cuboidal epithelium

C Simple columnar epithelium

D Stratified squamous epithelium

E Simple squamous epithelium

Question #55

Which of the following is NOT a connective tissue?

A Cartilage

B Tendons

C Epidermis

D Bone

E Blood

Question #56

The extracellular matrix of blood tissue consists of

A plasma.

B albumin.

C red blood cells.

D lymph.

E white blood cells.

Question #57

Which of the following describes a single layer of flat epithelial cells?

A Simple cuboidal

B Stratified columnar

C Transitional

E Simple squamous

F Stratified squamous

Question #58

The two principal types of cells found in nervous tissues are

A neuroglial cells and myofibers.

B neuroglial cells and neurons.

C neurons and mast cells.

D neurons and somites.

Question #59

Where would you not expect to find stratified squamous epithelial cells?

A Skin

B Mouth lining

C Blood-brain barrier

D Esophagus

Question #60

The reaction: ADP + Pi + energy -> ATP, is called:

A Emancipation

B Phosphorylation

C Deamination

D transcription

Question #61

Oxidation is

A The removal of protons

B The addition of protons

C None of these choices

D The removal of electrons

E The addition of electrons

Question #62

The step in which pyruvate is shuttled into the mitochondria and converted to acetyl CoA is called

A Krebs cycle

B Electron transport chain

C Glycolysis

D Transition reaction

Question #63

A cell requires ATP for all of the following processes EXCEPT:

A contraction

B active transport

C protein synthesis

D osmosis

E cell division

Question #64

The Electron Transport System is located in the

A cytoplasm

B mitochondria

C endoplasmic reticulum

D nucleolus

E golgi complex

Question #65

Which one of the following reactions does NOT occur in the Krebs cycle?

A formation of lactic acid in the absence of oxygen

B generation of ATP

C production of carbon dioxide

D Reduction of NAD+ and FADH+

Question #66

Which of the following are electron donators in the electron transport chain?

A All of these are electron acceptors

B FADH2

C NADH

D H+

E NADH and FADH2

Question #67

Substrate phosphorylation occurs in what step of cellular respiration?

A Glycolysis

B Formation of acetyl-CoA

C Protein synthesis

D Electron transport system

Question #68

C6H12O6+6O2⟶6CO2+6H2O+36ATPC6H12O6+6O2⟶6CO2+6H2O+36ATP
In the above equation, the oxygen atom in 6H2O6H2O originates from which molecule?

A Glucose

B Carbon dioxide

C Oxygen

D Magic

Question #69

Oxidative phosphorylation takes place in

A Glycolysis

B Electron transport system

C Formation of acetyl-CoA

D The Krebs cycle

E Protein synthesis

Question #70

Which describes the conversion of non-carbohydrate molecules through pyruvic acid to glucose?

A Oxidation

B Decarboxylation

C Gluconeogenesis

D Glycogenolysis

E Carbonification

Question #71

Hydrolysis of ATP is what type of reaction?

A Erythropoetic

B Exergonic

C Ergonomic

D Endergonic

Question #72

Which one of the following reactions does NOT occur in the Krebs cycle?

A production of reduced coenzymes

B generation of ATP

C production of carbon dioxide

D All of these occur in the Krebs cycle

E formation of lactic acid in the absence of oxygen

Question #73

Which of the following is considered anaerobic?

A Krebs cycle

B Electron transport chain

C Glycolysis

D Transition reaction

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