Exam 1

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Question #1

Which tract carries sensory information?

A pyramidal

B corticospinal

C reticulospinal

D spinocerebellar

Question #2

Which of the following scans provides imaging of the brain by highlighting areas of the brain with the highest fluorodeoxyglucose uptake, which corresponds to areas of highest metabolic activity?

A X-ray

B CT

C Ultrasound

D PET

Question #3

Brain waves that generally appear during periods of sensory input and mental activity are called

A theta waves.

B beta waves.

C alpha waves.

D P waves.

E delta waves.

Question #4

What type of information is carried in the descending tracts of the spinal cord?
1. Sensory
2. Motor
3. Integration

A Both 2 & 3

B 1 only

C 3 only

D 2 only

E Both 1 & 2

Question #5

This protects the brain by preventing the movement of harmful substances and pathogens from the blood into the brain tissue.

A Dura mater

B Cerebrospinal fluid

C All of these choices

D Arachnoid mater

E Blood brain barrier

Question #6

These three areas of gray matter found in each cerebral hemisphere are important in helping to control the initiation and termination of skeletal muscle movements.

A red nuclei

B autonomic ganglia

C vestibular nuclei

D lateral olivary nuclei

E basal nuclei

Question #7

These are networks of capillaries found in the walls of the ventricles of the brain that produce cerebrospinal fluid.

A Choroid plexuses

B Brachial plexuses

C Aqueduct of the midbrain

D Lateral apertures

E Interventricular foramina

Question #8

The cerebellum contains these types of neurons, which are characterized by their elaborate dendritic structure.

A Unipolar

B Purkinje

C Astrocytes

D Uniaxial

Question #9

The cell bodies of the sensory neurons that carry information from the periphery to the spinal cord are located in the

A posterior gray horn.

B dorsal root ganglion.

C anterior white commissure.

D central canal.

E lateral gray horn.

Question #10

Brain waves that generally appear during periods of sensory input and mental activity are called

A beta waves.

B P waves.

C alpha waves.

D theta waves.

E delta waves.

Question #11

Cerebro-spinal Fluid (CSF) is formed by the:

A choroid plexus

B limbic system

C arachnoid membrane

D dura mater

E cerebral ganglia

Question #12

Which of these locations marks the endpoint for cerebrospinal fluid before diffusing into venous blood?

A arachnoid granulations

B lateral ventricles

C subarachnoid space

D 3rd ventricle

E choroid plexus

Question #13

Which structure of the embryonic brain develops into the mature cerebrum?

A Diencephalon

B Telencephalon

C Rhombencephelon

D Myelencephalon

E Mesencephalon

Question #14

Which of the following types of tracts are used to conduct nerve impulses between gyri within the same cerebral hemisphere?

A Stria medullaris

B Commissural tracts

C Association tracts

D Mammillothalamic tracts

E Projection tracts

Question #15

Which of the following tracts are associated with axon pathways within the same hemisphere, but different gyri?

A Projection tracts

B Association tracts

C Commissural tracts

D None of the above

E All of the above

Question #16

Which of the following structures conducts nerve impulses between the two different hemispheres of the cerebrum?

A Projection tracts

B Sulci

C Pyramids

D Corpus callosum

E Association tracts

Question #17

This branch of a spinal nerve serves the deep muscles and skin of the posterior surface of the trunk.

A Anterior ramus

B Brachial plexus

C Rami communicantes

D Posterior ramus

E Meningeal branch

Question #18

Which of these structures involves the decussation of the pyramids?

A Cerebellum

B Pons

C Cerebrum

D Medulla Oblongata

E Corpus Callosum

Question #19

Which phenomenon explains increased excitability as an adaptation when post-synaptic neurons that are stimulated at high frequency?

A Summation

B Substrate Phosphorylation

C Long Term Potentiation

D IPSPs

Question #20

Which projection of the neuron receives signals?

A Axon

B Dendrites

C Cell body

D Axon Terminal

Question #21

Diffusion, enzymatic degradation, and uptake by cells are all ways to

A stop a spatial summation

B inhibit a presynaptic potential

C excite a presynaptic potential

D continue a temporal summation

E remove a neurotransmitter

Question #22

In temporal summation, a single presynaptic neuron stimulates the creation of action potentials in a postsynaptic neuron when it

A recruits other presynaptic neurons to begin to fire.

B stops firing long enough to allow the postsynaptic neuron to recover.

C runs out of neurotransmitter.

D fires at a steady rate that allows the postsynaptic neuron to return to resting potential.

E fires at a fast enough rate that the sum of EPSPs in the postsynaptic neuron moves above threshold.

Question #23

A polarized cell

A includes most cells of the body and exhibits a membrane potential.

B exhibits a membrane potential.

C has a charge imbalance across its membrane.

D All of these choices are correct.

E includes most cells of the body.

Question #24

Which of the following is also known as adrenaline?

A Norepinephrine

B Serotonin

C Dopamine

D Epinephrine

Question #25

Which part of the neuron conducts the electrical signal away from the cell body region?

A Schwann cells

B nodes of Ranvier

C choroid plexus

D axon

E dendrite

Question #26

In an action potential, the current that flows down the axon of a neuron is generated by the movement of ______ across the membrane.

A neutrons

B free radicals

C protons

D ions

E electrons

Question #27

During this period, a second action potential can only be initiated by a larger than normal stimulus

A All of these choices

B Absolute refractory period

C Relative refractory period

D Latent period

Question #28

Which of the types of junctions is responsible for the impermeability of the blood-brain barrier?

A Gap junctions

B Anchoring junctions

C Desmosomes

D Tight junctions

Question #29

Which part of the neuron conducts the electrical signal away from the
cell body region?

A axon

B dendrite

C choroid plexus

D schwann cells

E nodes of Ranvier

Question #30

Which of the following is NOT a function of the nervous system?

A Motor function

B Integrative function

C Sensory function

D All are functions of the nervous system

Question #31

An excitatory neurotransmitter _________ the postsynaptic membrane.

A moves across channels in

B depolarizes

C does not affect the polarity of

D hyperpolarizes

E repolarizes

Question #32

IPSP stands for

A inhibitory presynaptic summation potential

B none of these choices

C inhibitory presynaptic potential.

D inhibitory postsynaptic potential

E inhibitory postsynaptic summation potential

Question #33

Which of the two modes of transmission is the fastest?

A Electrical synapse

B Chemical synapse

Question #34

The resting membrane potential in cells is primarily influenced by the permeability of this ion:

A K¬+

B Ca2+

C Na+

D Cl-

E Fe2+

Question #35

What best explains the presence of the hyperpolarization phase?

A Firing of a second action potential

B Closing of voltage-gated Na+ channels

C K+ channels are open longer than Na+ channels

D Release of neurotransmitter

E Activation of the Na+/K+/ATP pump

Question #36

When the summed total of postsynaptic potentials rises above threshold, creation of action potentials occurs

A in the neuron nucleus

B in the dendrites.

C in the synaptic cleft.

D in the neuroplasm.

E at the trigger zone.

Question #37

During an action potential, the diffusion of _______ causes it to depolarize.

A K+ out of the cell

B K+ into the cell

C Na+ into the cell

D Na+ out of the cell

Question #38

When a depolarizing graded potential makes the axon membrane depolarize to threshold,

A voltage-gated Ca+2 channels open rapidly.

B ligand-gated Ca+2 channels close rapidly.

C ligand-gated Na+ channels close rapidly.

D voltage-gated Na+ channels open rapidly.

E none of these choices occur.

Question #39

Saltatory conduction

A Fires as a result of a subthreshold graded potential

B Occurs only in myelinated axons

C Happens due to an even distribution of voltage-gated Na+ channels

D Can occur in unmyelinated axons

Question #40

The critical voltage at which the membrane potential must be depolarized in order to cause an action potential is called the:

A Threshold potential

B Resting membrane potential

C Excitatory postsynaptic potential

D Receptor potential

E Electrical refractory period

Question #41

A postsynaptic neuron responds to neurotransmitters released by a presynaptic neuron by creating

A EPSPs

B water-filled channels in its membrane

C All the choices are correct

D either EPSPs or IPSPs

E IPSPs

Question #42

Which of the following are ways to remove a transmitter from the synaptic cleft?

A Enzymatic degradation only

B Enzymatic degradation and Diffusion

C Reuptake at axon terminal only

D Enzymatic degradation, Diffusion and Reuptake at axon terminal

Question #43

In the process of spatial summation, ______ are added together and _____ are subtracted from that total to determine whether _____ will be created at the trigger zone of the postsynaptic neuron.

A IPSPs; action potentials; EPSPs

B IPSPs; EPSPs; action potentials

C EPSPs; action potentials; IPSPs

D EPSPs; IPSPs; graded potentials

E EPSPs; IPSPs; action potentials

Question #44

The resting membrane potential in neurons ranges from:

A –25 to –70 mV

B None of these choices

C +5 to 100 mV

D –90 to 5 mV

E –40 to –90 mV

Question #45

Na+/K+ -ATPase (sodium-potassium pump) is considered to be an electrogenic (produces a change in membrane potential) pump because

A It contributes to the negativity of the resting membrane potential

B It exhibits low permeability

C The sodium ions are negatively charged

D All of the above are correct

Question #46

Which of the following would decrease the speed of action potential propagation?

A Decreased temperature

B Decreased stimulus strength

C More myelin sheathing

D Lower amplitude of action potential

E Increased diameter of axon

Question #47

Faster communication and synchronization are two advantages of

A voltage-gated channels

B mechanically-gated channels

C chemical synapses

D ligand-gated channels

E electrical synapses

Question #48

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is formed by the

A cerebral ganglia

B choroid plexus

C arachnoid membrane

D limbic system

E dura mater

Question #49

Which of the three types of muscle cells would be multi-nucleated?

A Skeletal

B Cardiac

C Smooth

Question #50

Epithelial tissue

A is used as a lining of body cavities and hollow organs.

B is used to form glands.

C All of these Answer choices are correct.

D usually has a free surface that interacts with external environment.

E is used as a covering of body surfaces.

Question #51

Examples of exocrine glands include all of the following except

A Saliva

B Hormones

C Sweat

D Bile

E Breastmilk

Question #52

Blood belongs to which of the following tissue classifications?

A Nervous

B Epithelial

C Muscle

D Adipose

E Connective

Question #53

All of the following are the main tissue classifications, except for

A Muscle

B Connective

C Nervous

D Epithelial

E Adipose

Question #54

This type of epithelial tissue is found lining the heart, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels.

A Stratified squamous epithelium

B Simple squamous epithelium

C Simple cuboidal epithelium

D Simple columnar epithelium

E Stratified cuboidal epithelium

Question #55

Which of the following is NOT a connective tissue?

A Cartilage

B Blood

C Tendons

D Epidermis

E Bone

Question #56

The extracellular matrix of blood tissue consists of

A albumin.

B lymph.

C red blood cells.

D white blood cells.

E plasma.

Question #57

Which of the following describes a single layer of flat epithelial cells?

A Simple squamous

B Stratified columnar

C Simple cuboidal

E Transitional

F Stratified squamous

Question #58

The two principal types of cells found in nervous tissues are

A neuroglial cells and neurons.

B neuroglial cells and myofibers.

C neurons and mast cells.

D neurons and somites.

Question #59

Where would you not expect to find stratified squamous epithelial cells?

A Blood-brain barrier

B Skin

C Mouth lining

D Esophagus

Question #60

The reaction: ADP + Pi + energy -> ATP, is called:

A Emancipation

B Deamination

C Phosphorylation

D transcription

Question #61

Oxidation is

A None of these choices

B The addition of electrons

C The addition of protons

D The removal of electrons

E The removal of protons

Question #62

The step in which pyruvate is shuttled into the mitochondria and converted to acetyl CoA is called

A Glycolysis

B Transition reaction

C Electron transport chain

D Krebs cycle

Question #63

A cell requires ATP for all of the following processes EXCEPT:

A osmosis

B active transport

C protein synthesis

D cell division

E contraction

Question #64

The Electron Transport System is located in the

A nucleolus

B cytoplasm

C mitochondria

D golgi complex

E endoplasmic reticulum

Question #65

Which one of the following reactions does NOT occur in the Krebs cycle?

A generation of ATP

B Reduction of NAD+ and FADH+

C formation of lactic acid in the absence of oxygen

D production of carbon dioxide

Question #66

Which of the following are electron donators in the electron transport chain?

A All of these are electron acceptors

B H+

C FADH2

D NADH and FADH2

E NADH

Question #67

Substrate phosphorylation occurs in what step of cellular respiration?

A Electron transport system

B Formation of acetyl-CoA

C Protein synthesis

D Glycolysis

Question #68

C6H12O6+6O2⟶6CO2+6H2O+36ATPC6H12O6+6O2⟶6CO2+6H2O+36ATP
In the above equation, the oxygen atom in 6H2O6H2O originates from which molecule?

A Glucose

B Oxygen

C Carbon dioxide

D Magic

Question #69

Oxidative phosphorylation takes place in

A Protein synthesis

B Electron transport system

C The Krebs cycle

D Glycolysis

E Formation of acetyl-CoA

Question #70

Which describes the conversion of non-carbohydrate molecules through pyruvic acid to glucose?

A Decarboxylation

B Carbonification

C Gluconeogenesis

D Oxidation

E Glycogenolysis

Question #71

Hydrolysis of ATP is what type of reaction?

A Endergonic

B Exergonic

C Ergonomic

D Erythropoetic

Question #72

Which one of the following reactions does NOT occur in the Krebs cycle?

A formation of lactic acid in the absence of oxygen

B production of carbon dioxide

C All of these occur in the Krebs cycle

D generation of ATP

E production of reduced coenzymes

Question #73

Which of the following is considered anaerobic?

A Glycolysis

B Transition reaction

C Krebs cycle

D Electron transport chain

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