Exam 1

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Question #1

Which tract carries sensory information?

A corticospinal

B spinocerebellar

C reticulospinal

D pyramidal

Question #2

Which of the following scans provides imaging of the brain by highlighting areas of the brain with the highest fluorodeoxyglucose uptake, which corresponds to areas of highest metabolic activity?

A X-ray

B PET

C Ultrasound

D CT

Question #3

Brain waves that generally appear during periods of sensory input and mental activity are called

A P waves.

B delta waves.

C beta waves.

D alpha waves.

E theta waves.

Question #4

What type of information is carried in the descending tracts of the spinal cord?
1. Sensory
2. Motor
3. Integration

A 2 only

B 3 only

C Both 2 & 3

D 1 only

E Both 1 & 2

Question #5

This protects the brain by preventing the movement of harmful substances and pathogens from the blood into the brain tissue.

A Cerebrospinal fluid

B Blood brain barrier

C Dura mater

D All of these choices

E Arachnoid mater

Question #6

These three areas of gray matter found in each cerebral hemisphere are important in helping to control the initiation and termination of skeletal muscle movements.

A vestibular nuclei

B autonomic ganglia

C basal nuclei

D red nuclei

E lateral olivary nuclei

Question #7

These are networks of capillaries found in the walls of the ventricles of the brain that produce cerebrospinal fluid.

A Brachial plexuses

B Interventricular foramina

C Choroid plexuses

D Lateral apertures

E Aqueduct of the midbrain

Question #8

The cerebellum contains these types of neurons, which are characterized by their elaborate dendritic structure.

A Unipolar

B Astrocytes

C Purkinje

D Uniaxial

Question #9

The cell bodies of the sensory neurons that carry information from the periphery to the spinal cord are located in the

A posterior gray horn.

B central canal.

C anterior white commissure.

D lateral gray horn.

E dorsal root ganglion.

Question #10

Brain waves that generally appear during periods of sensory input and mental activity are called

A alpha waves.

B beta waves.

C theta waves.

D delta waves.

E P waves.

Question #11

Cerebro-spinal Fluid (CSF) is formed by the:

A choroid plexus

B cerebral ganglia

C arachnoid membrane

D dura mater

E limbic system

Question #12

Which of these locations marks the endpoint for cerebrospinal fluid before diffusing into venous blood?

A arachnoid granulations

B choroid plexus

C subarachnoid space

D 3rd ventricle

E lateral ventricles

Question #13

Which structure of the embryonic brain develops into the mature cerebrum?

A Diencephalon

B Mesencephalon

C Rhombencephelon

D Myelencephalon

E Telencephalon

Question #14

Which of the following types of tracts are used to conduct nerve impulses between gyri within the same cerebral hemisphere?

A Projection tracts

B Commissural tracts

C Association tracts

D Mammillothalamic tracts

E Stria medullaris

Question #15

Which of the following tracts are associated with axon pathways within the same hemisphere, but different gyri?

A Commissural tracts

B Association tracts

C Projection tracts

D None of the above

E All of the above

Question #16

Which of the following structures conducts nerve impulses between the two different hemispheres of the cerebrum?

A Sulci

B Pyramids

C Projection tracts

D Corpus callosum

E Association tracts

Question #17

This branch of a spinal nerve serves the deep muscles and skin of the posterior surface of the trunk.

A Brachial plexus

B Meningeal branch

C Posterior ramus

D Anterior ramus

E Rami communicantes

Question #18

Which of these structures involves the decussation of the pyramids?

A Cerebellum

B Corpus Callosum

C Pons

D Medulla Oblongata

E Cerebrum

Question #19

Which phenomenon explains increased excitability as an adaptation when post-synaptic neurons that are stimulated at high frequency?

A Summation

B Long Term Potentiation

C IPSPs

D Substrate Phosphorylation

Question #20

Which projection of the neuron receives signals?

A Axon Terminal

B Axon

C Dendrites

D Cell body

Question #21

Diffusion, enzymatic degradation, and uptake by cells are all ways to

A stop a spatial summation

B continue a temporal summation

C inhibit a presynaptic potential

D remove a neurotransmitter

E excite a presynaptic potential

Question #22

In temporal summation, a single presynaptic neuron stimulates the creation of action potentials in a postsynaptic neuron when it

A fires at a steady rate that allows the postsynaptic neuron to return to resting potential.

B runs out of neurotransmitter.

C fires at a fast enough rate that the sum of EPSPs in the postsynaptic neuron moves above threshold.

D recruits other presynaptic neurons to begin to fire.

E stops firing long enough to allow the postsynaptic neuron to recover.

Question #23

A polarized cell

A includes most cells of the body and exhibits a membrane potential.

B All of these choices are correct.

C exhibits a membrane potential.

D has a charge imbalance across its membrane.

E includes most cells of the body.

Question #24

Which of the following is also known as adrenaline?

A Dopamine

B Serotonin

C Epinephrine

D Norepinephrine

Question #25

Which part of the neuron conducts the electrical signal away from the cell body region?

A choroid plexus

B dendrite

C nodes of Ranvier

D axon

E Schwann cells

Question #26

In an action potential, the current that flows down the axon of a neuron is generated by the movement of ______ across the membrane.

A neutrons

B protons

C electrons

D free radicals

E ions

Question #27

During this period, a second action potential can only be initiated by a larger than normal stimulus

A Relative refractory period

B Latent period

C All of these choices

D Absolute refractory period

Question #28

Which of the types of junctions is responsible for the impermeability of the blood-brain barrier?

A Anchoring junctions

B Desmosomes

C Gap junctions

D Tight junctions

Question #29

Which part of the neuron conducts the electrical signal away from the
cell body region?

A choroid plexus

B schwann cells

C nodes of Ranvier

D axon

E dendrite

Question #30

Which of the following is NOT a function of the nervous system?

A All are functions of the nervous system

B Motor function

C Sensory function

D Integrative function

Question #31

An excitatory neurotransmitter _________ the postsynaptic membrane.

A depolarizes

B hyperpolarizes

C does not affect the polarity of

D moves across channels in

E repolarizes

Question #32

IPSP stands for

A inhibitory postsynaptic summation potential

B inhibitory presynaptic potential.

C inhibitory presynaptic summation potential

D none of these choices

E inhibitory postsynaptic potential

Question #33

Which of the two modes of transmission is the fastest?

A Electrical synapse

B Chemical synapse

Question #34

The resting membrane potential in cells is primarily influenced by the permeability of this ion:

A K¬+

B Cl-

C Na+

D Fe2+

E Ca2+

Question #35

What best explains the presence of the hyperpolarization phase?

A Activation of the Na+/K+/ATP pump

B Closing of voltage-gated Na+ channels

C Firing of a second action potential

D Release of neurotransmitter

E K+ channels are open longer than Na+ channels

Question #36

When the summed total of postsynaptic potentials rises above threshold, creation of action potentials occurs

A at the trigger zone.

B in the dendrites.

C in the synaptic cleft.

D in the neuron nucleus

E in the neuroplasm.

Question #37

During an action potential, the diffusion of _______ causes it to depolarize.

A K+ out of the cell

B Na+ into the cell

C Na+ out of the cell

D K+ into the cell

Question #38

When a depolarizing graded potential makes the axon membrane depolarize to threshold,

A ligand-gated Ca+2 channels close rapidly.

B voltage-gated Ca+2 channels open rapidly.

C none of these choices occur.

D ligand-gated Na+ channels close rapidly.

E voltage-gated Na+ channels open rapidly.

Question #39

Saltatory conduction

A Fires as a result of a subthreshold graded potential

B Can occur in unmyelinated axons

C Occurs only in myelinated axons

D Happens due to an even distribution of voltage-gated Na+ channels

Question #40

The critical voltage at which the membrane potential must be depolarized in order to cause an action potential is called the:

A Electrical refractory period

B Excitatory postsynaptic potential

C Receptor potential

D Resting membrane potential

E Threshold potential

Question #41

A postsynaptic neuron responds to neurotransmitters released by a presynaptic neuron by creating

A EPSPs

B either EPSPs or IPSPs

C water-filled channels in its membrane

D IPSPs

E All the choices are correct

Question #42

Which of the following are ways to remove a transmitter from the synaptic cleft?

A Enzymatic degradation only

B Enzymatic degradation and Diffusion

C Enzymatic degradation, Diffusion and Reuptake at axon terminal

D Reuptake at axon terminal only

Question #43

In the process of spatial summation, ______ are added together and _____ are subtracted from that total to determine whether _____ will be created at the trigger zone of the postsynaptic neuron.

A EPSPs; IPSPs; graded potentials

B EPSPs; IPSPs; action potentials

C IPSPs; action potentials; EPSPs

D IPSPs; EPSPs; action potentials

E EPSPs; action potentials; IPSPs

Question #44

The resting membrane potential in neurons ranges from:

A –90 to 5 mV

B –25 to –70 mV

C None of these choices

D –40 to –90 mV

E +5 to 100 mV

Question #45

Na+/K+ -ATPase (sodium-potassium pump) is considered to be an electrogenic (produces a change in membrane potential) pump because

A It contributes to the negativity of the resting membrane potential

B The sodium ions are negatively charged

C It exhibits low permeability

D All of the above are correct

Question #46

Which of the following would decrease the speed of action potential propagation?

A Decreased stimulus strength

B More myelin sheathing

C Increased diameter of axon

D Lower amplitude of action potential

E Decreased temperature

Question #47

Faster communication and synchronization are two advantages of

A electrical synapses

B voltage-gated channels

C chemical synapses

D mechanically-gated channels

E ligand-gated channels

Question #48

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is formed by the

A dura mater

B limbic system

C choroid plexus

D arachnoid membrane

E cerebral ganglia

Question #49

Which of the three types of muscle cells would be multi-nucleated?

A Smooth

B Cardiac

C Skeletal

Question #50

Epithelial tissue

A usually has a free surface that interacts with external environment.

B All of these Answer choices are correct.

C is used as a lining of body cavities and hollow organs.

D is used to form glands.

E is used as a covering of body surfaces.

Question #51

Examples of exocrine glands include all of the following except

A Sweat

B Hormones

C Bile

D Saliva

E Breastmilk

Question #52

Blood belongs to which of the following tissue classifications?

A Muscle

B Adipose

C Epithelial

D Nervous

E Connective

Question #53

All of the following are the main tissue classifications, except for

A Connective

B Epithelial

C Adipose

D Nervous

E Muscle

Question #54

This type of epithelial tissue is found lining the heart, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels.

A Simple columnar epithelium

B Stratified cuboidal epithelium

C Simple squamous epithelium

D Simple cuboidal epithelium

E Stratified squamous epithelium

Question #55

Which of the following is NOT a connective tissue?

A Epidermis

B Cartilage

C Tendons

D Blood

E Bone

Question #56

The extracellular matrix of blood tissue consists of

A white blood cells.

B red blood cells.

C plasma.

D albumin.

E lymph.

Question #57

Which of the following describes a single layer of flat epithelial cells?

A Stratified squamous

C Transitional

D Simple squamous

E Stratified columnar

F Simple cuboidal

Question #58

The two principal types of cells found in nervous tissues are

A neurons and mast cells.

B neuroglial cells and neurons.

C neuroglial cells and myofibers.

D neurons and somites.

Question #59

Where would you not expect to find stratified squamous epithelial cells?

A Esophagus

B Blood-brain barrier

C Skin

D Mouth lining

Question #60

The reaction: ADP + Pi + energy -> ATP, is called:

A Phosphorylation

B Deamination

C transcription

D Emancipation

Question #61

Oxidation is

A The removal of electrons

B The addition of electrons

C The removal of protons

D The addition of protons

E None of these choices

Question #62

The step in which pyruvate is shuttled into the mitochondria and converted to acetyl CoA is called

A Transition reaction

B Electron transport chain

C Krebs cycle

D Glycolysis

Question #63

A cell requires ATP for all of the following processes EXCEPT:

A protein synthesis

B contraction

C osmosis

D cell division

E active transport

Question #64

The Electron Transport System is located in the

A cytoplasm

B nucleolus

C golgi complex

D endoplasmic reticulum

E mitochondria

Question #65

Which one of the following reactions does NOT occur in the Krebs cycle?

A formation of lactic acid in the absence of oxygen

B generation of ATP

C Reduction of NAD+ and FADH+

D production of carbon dioxide

Question #66

Which of the following are electron donators in the electron transport chain?

A NADH

B All of these are electron acceptors

C H+

D NADH and FADH2

E FADH2

Question #67

Substrate phosphorylation occurs in what step of cellular respiration?

A Glycolysis

B Formation of acetyl-CoA

C Electron transport system

D Protein synthesis

Question #68

C6H12O6+6O2⟶6CO2+6H2O+36ATPC6H12O6+6O2⟶6CO2+6H2O+36ATP
In the above equation, the oxygen atom in 6H2O6H2O originates from which molecule?

A Glucose

B Oxygen

C Magic

D Carbon dioxide

Question #69

Oxidative phosphorylation takes place in

A Glycolysis

B Protein synthesis

C Electron transport system

D Formation of acetyl-CoA

E The Krebs cycle

Question #70

Which describes the conversion of non-carbohydrate molecules through pyruvic acid to glucose?

A Decarboxylation

B Carbonification

C Gluconeogenesis

D Glycogenolysis

E Oxidation

Question #71

Hydrolysis of ATP is what type of reaction?

A Endergonic

B Exergonic

C Ergonomic

D Erythropoetic

Question #72

Which one of the following reactions does NOT occur in the Krebs cycle?

A production of reduced coenzymes

B All of these occur in the Krebs cycle

C generation of ATP

D formation of lactic acid in the absence of oxygen

E production of carbon dioxide

Question #73

Which of the following is considered anaerobic?

A Electron transport chain

B Transition reaction

C Krebs cycle

D Glycolysis

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