Lecture Exam 2 (A)

A  adrenergic

B  muscarinic

C  nicotinic

A  Conversion of the energy of a stimulus into a pattern of electrical activity

B  Persistence of the sensation of a limb even after it has been severed from the body

C  A decrease in receptor sensitivity despite continuation of a stimulus

D  A depolarization of receptive membrane that increase in magnitude as the stimulus intensity increases

E  Information from sensory receptorsreaches the cerebral cortex and the person becomes aware of it

A  1,4,8,7,3,2,5,6,9,10

B  1,4,7,8,3,2,6,5,9,10

C  1,3,2,5,7,6,8,4,9,10

D  1,3,2,6,5,9,10,4,8,7

A  Proprioception

B  Pressure

C  Sound

D  Vision

E  pain

F  Cold and warmth

A  The concentration of sodium ion is greater inside the cell than outside.

B  The permeability of the plasma membrane to potassium ions is much greater than its permeability to sodium ions.

C  The plasma membrane is completely impermeable to potassium ions.

D  The plasma membrane is completely impermeable to sodium ions.

E  The plasma membrane is most permeable to sodium ions.

A  is a direct result of the opening of ligand-gated channels permeable to both Na + and K + ions in the pre-synaptic cell

B  stabilizes the membrane to remain at its resting potential.

C  occurs when voltage-gated Cl- channels open in a postsynaptic cell membrane.

D  opens voltage-gated Ca 2+ channels in the presynaptic membrane.

E  is a direct result of the opening of voltage-gated channels permeable to Na + ions in the post-synaptic cell

A  contains ligand-gated channels

B  contains voltage-gated channels.

C  is where action potentials are first generated.

D  is located in the axon hillock.

E  is found in the soma of the neuron

A  histamine

B  serotonin

C  acetylcholine

D  norepinephrine

A  acetylcholine

B  dopamine

C  histamine

D  serotonin

A  acetylcholine

B  serotonin

C  norepinephrine

D  histamine

A  histamine

B  norepinephrine

C  acetylcholine

D  dopamine

A  serotonin

B  dopamine

C  acetylcholine

D  norepinephrine

A  frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex

B  occipital lobes of the cerebral cortex

C  limbic system

D  temporal lobes of the cerebral cortex

E  somatosensory cortex

A  It is oriented so that the cell’s interior is negative with respect to the extracellular fluid.

B  It has the same value in all cells.

C  It is not altered by changing concentration gradients of permeating ions.

D  in neurons, it is created mainly by potassium ion leakage

E  Only nerve and muscle cells have a potential difference across the membrane at rest.

F  It requires ions to be distributed unevenly across the plasma membrane of a cell.

A  No light will enter the eye and blindness will result

B  Both near and distance vision are compromised

C  Near vision (e.g., reading a book)

D  Distance vision (e.g., reading a street sign)

E  Both near and distance vision are fine, but changing back and forth between them becomes difficult

A  photoreceptor

B  parasympathetic

C  nociceptor

D  parasympatic

A  final sensory perception

B  personality traits.

C  control of breathing, circulation, and digestion.

D  language ability

E  voluntary initiation of movement.

F    

A  Mitochondria

B  Hypothalamus

C  Pineal gland

D  Pituitary gland

A  Reflection

B  Deflection

C  Refraction

D  Retraction

A  Long parasympathetic preganglionic fibers end at the terminal ganglia, which lie in or near the effector organ.

B  Terminal ganglia lie in a chain located along either side of the spinal cord.

C  Terminal ganglia are the final common pathway for the autonomic nervous system.

D  the otic ganglia are found near the parotid gland

E  Terminal ganglia give rise to sympathetic neurons

F  The terminal ganglia contain muscarinic receptors.

A  bind acetylcholine released from parasympathetic preganglionic fibers.

B  bind acetylcholine released from both sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic fibers.

C  are found primarily in the heart.

D  bind with norepinephrine released from sympathetic postganglionic fibers.

E  bind acetylcholine released from both sympathetic and parasympathetic postganglionic fibers.

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  glaucoma.

B  myopia.

C  cataract.

D  hyperopia.

E  presbyopia.

A  carry impulses from the periphery to the CNS.

B  are part of the peripheral nervous system.

C  carry impulses from the CNS to the periphery.

D  transmit signals derived from afferent receptors up the spinal cord to the brain.

E  relay messages from the brain down to the spinal cord to efferent neurons.

A  Occipital lobe association area

B  Primary Auditory cortex

C  Parietal lobe association area

D  Primary Visual cortex

E  Somatosensory cortex

A  1, 4, 3, 2, 5

B  3, 1, 4, 5, 2

C  2, 1, 5, 4, 3

D  1, 2, 3, 5, 4

E  5, 4, 3, 1, 2

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  photoreceptor

B  chemoreceptor

C  thermoreceptor

D  mechanoreceptor

A  is located in the axon hillock.

B  is found in the soma of the neuron

C  is where action potentials are first generated.

D  contains voltage-gated channels.

E  contains ligand-gated channels

A  increased rounding of the cornea.

B  contraction of the ciliary muscles.

C  flatteningof the lens.

D  dilation of the pupil.

E  activation of the sympathetic nervous system.

A  functions as the body’s thermostat

B  is a relay station for sensory input on its way to the cerebral cortex.

C  controls thirst, urine output, and food intake.

D  secretes hormones

E  inhibits muscle tone throughout the body.

F  plays a role in emotional and behavioral patterns.

A  both sensations are grouped together in the somatosensory cortex.

B  both afferent neurons converge on the same interneuron.

C  the receptors in both skin areas utilize the same afferent neuron.

D  both pens are activating the same receptor.

A  Mechanoreceptors

B  Photoreceptors

C  Nociceptors

D  Chemoreceptors

E  Proprioceptors

A  bind chemicals called odorants

B  when stimulated send impulses both to the limbic system and to the cortex for perception of smell.

C  are replaced by cells known as basal cells.

D  are specialized endings of afferent neurons called chemoreceptors

A  nociceptor

B  chemoreceptor

C  photoreceptor

D  thermoreceptor

A  thermoreceptor

B  chemoreceptor

C  mechanoreceptor

D  nociceptor

A  thermoreceptor

B  chemoreceptor

C  nociceptor

D  photoreceptor

A  mechanoreceptor

B  chemoreceptor

C  thermoreceptor

D  photoreceptor

A  nociceptor

B  chemoreceptor

C  photoreceptor

D  thermoreceptor

A  nociceptor

B  chemoreceptor

C  thermoreceptor

D  photoreceptor

A  They sum excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs.

B  They receive synaptic input from other neurons in the CNS.

C  They deliver synaptic input on other neurons.

D  They can transmit information between afferent neurons and efferent neurons.

E  They make synapses on effector organs in the PNS.

A  physically support neurons.

B  are part of the blood-brain barrier.

C  produce the CSF

D  produce myelin

E  can take up excess neurotransmitters

F  are important in the repair of brain injuries and in neural scar formation.

A  They propagate without decrement.

B  They are action potentials.

C  They always trigger action potentials.

D  They generally occur at the axon hillock of afferent neurons.

E  They can be graded and vary with stimulus strength.

A  be conducted to the axon hillock.

B  trigger an action potential.

C  depolarize a dendrite.

D  cause a change in membrane potential.

E  trigger an excitatory postsynaptic potential.

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  activation of her sympathetic nerves inhibits contraction of her ciliary muscles.

B  activation of her parasympathetic nerves inhibits contraction of her ciliary muscles.

C  she suddenly develops presbyopia.

D  activation of her sympathetic nerves causes sudden contraction of her ciliary muscles.

E  activation of her parasympathetic nerves causes sudden contraction of her ciliary muscles.

A  They are the cortical locations where primary sensory information first arrives from specific ascending pathways.

B  They are found deep in the cerebrum, surrounding the thalamus.

C  They are all found in the parietal lobe of the cerebral cortex.

D  Their main input is sensory information arriving along neurons that project directly from the thalamus.

E  They integrate multiple types of sensory information and are responsible for complex processing of sensory information.

A  is comprised of lower motor neurons controlled by upper motor neurons arising from the motor cortex

B  always results in muscle contraction

C  is comprised of lower motor neurons controlled by local circuit neurons and upper motor neurons arising from the cerebellum

D  occurs in unmyelinated nerve fibers.

E  is comprised of lower motor neurons controlled by local circuit neurons

A  Na+ leak channels

B  Na+ voltage-gated channels.

C  K+ leak channels.

D  Na+/K+ pumps.

A  The photoreceptor cell membranebecomes depolarized.

B  There is an increase in neurotransmitter release from photoreceptor cells.

C  The chromophore retinal undergoes a change of shape.

D  The concentration of cyclic GMP inside cells increases.

E  The photoreceptor cells are stimulated and fireaction potentials.

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  the hairs of the receptor cells of the Organ of Corti to be bent

B  movement of the basilar membrane relative to the tectorial.

C  displacement of the round window, which dissipates pressure in the cochlea.

D  movement of the tectorial membrane relative to the vestibular

E  increased fluid pressure against the cochlear duct by the fluid of the scala vestibuli

A  substantia nigra

B  caudate nucleus

C  putamen

D  globus pallidus

E  mammilary body

F  cingulate gyrus

A  1,3,2,5,7,6,8,4,9,10

B  1,4,8,7,3,2,5,6,9,10

C  1,3,2,6,5,9,10,4,8,7

D  1,4,7,8,3,2,6,5,9,10

A  lateral corticospinal tract

B  anterior spinothalmic tract

C  medial leminscus tract

D  spinocerebellar tract

E  the posterior column

A  cornea

B  iris

C  retina

D  lens

E  ciliary muscle

A  The repolarization phase of the action potential

B  The graded potential

C  All of these will not occur

D  The depolarization phase of the action potential

E  The exocytosis of neurotransmitter

A  Cataract is an increase in opacity (clouding) of the lens.

B  The image of an object that is focused on the retina is upside down relative to the object’s actual position in space.

C  Presbyopia is a condition in which the lens cannot accommodate adequately for near vision.

D  Myopia is a condition in which the lens focuses light from distant objects behind the retina.

E  The cornea refracts light rays more strongly than the lens.

A  afferent, sensory neurons are unipolar neurons with cell bodies located in the dorsal root ganglion

B  the dorsal root conducts motor information

C  the ventral root contains axons of afferent, sensory neurons

D  spinal nerves are for the conduction of motor information only

A  their activity is influenced by upper motor neurons

B  they are part of the final common pathway

C  they secrete dopamine

D  they are also known as somatic motor neurons

E  they exit from the anterior gray horn

F  they can excite or inhibit skeletal muscles

A  It generates a small electrical potential such that the inside of a neuron is made negative with respect to the outside.

B  It transports equal numbers of sodium and potassium ions with each pump cycle.

C  It maintains a concentration gradient for K + such that diffusion forces favor movement of K + into the cell.

D  It maintains an electrical gradient at the equilibrium potential of K +.

E  It pumps 3 Na + ions into the cell for every 2 K + ions it pumps out.

A  Gray, White

B  Brown, Gray

C  White, Gray

D  Black, White