Lecture Exam 2 (A)

A  nicotinic

B  muscarinic

C  adrenergic

A  A decrease in receptor sensitivity despite continuation of a stimulus

B  Conversion of the energy of a stimulus into a pattern of electrical activity

C  Information from sensory receptorsreaches the cerebral cortex and the person becomes aware of it

D  A depolarization of receptive membrane that increase in magnitude as the stimulus intensity increases

E  Persistence of the sensation of a limb even after it has been severed from the body

A  1,4,8,7,3,2,5,6,9,10

B  1,3,2,6,5,9,10,4,8,7

C  1,3,2,5,7,6,8,4,9,10

D  1,4,7,8,3,2,6,5,9,10

A  Sound

B  Cold and warmth

C  Pressure

D  pain

E  Vision

F  Proprioception

A  The plasma membrane is completely impermeable to sodium ions.

B  The permeability of the plasma membrane to potassium ions is much greater than its permeability to sodium ions.

C  The plasma membrane is most permeable to sodium ions.

D  The concentration of sodium ion is greater inside the cell than outside.

E  The plasma membrane is completely impermeable to potassium ions.

A  is a direct result of the opening of ligand-gated channels permeable to both Na + and K + ions in the pre-synaptic cell

B  opens voltage-gated Ca 2+ channels in the presynaptic membrane.

C  occurs when voltage-gated Cl- channels open in a postsynaptic cell membrane.

D  is a direct result of the opening of voltage-gated channels permeable to Na + ions in the post-synaptic cell

E  stabilizes the membrane to remain at its resting potential.

A  contains ligand-gated channels

B  is found in the soma of the neuron

C  contains voltage-gated channels.

D  is where action potentials are first generated.

E  is located in the axon hillock.

A  acetylcholine

B  histamine

C  norepinephrine

D  serotonin

A  histamine

B  dopamine

C  acetylcholine

D  serotonin

A  histamine

B  norepinephrine

C  acetylcholine

D  serotonin

A  dopamine

B  acetylcholine

C  histamine

D  norepinephrine

A  norepinephrine

B  dopamine

C  serotonin

D  acetylcholine

A  temporal lobes of the cerebral cortex

B  occipital lobes of the cerebral cortex

C  limbic system

D  somatosensory cortex

E  frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex

A  Only nerve and muscle cells have a potential difference across the membrane at rest.

B  It is oriented so that the cell’s interior is negative with respect to the extracellular fluid.

C  It has the same value in all cells.

D  It is not altered by changing concentration gradients of permeating ions.

E  It requires ions to be distributed unevenly across the plasma membrane of a cell.

F  in neurons, it is created mainly by potassium ion leakage

A  Distance vision (e.g., reading a street sign)

B  Both near and distance vision are fine, but changing back and forth between them becomes difficult

C  No light will enter the eye and blindness will result

D  Both near and distance vision are compromised

E  Near vision (e.g., reading a book)

A  parasympatic

B  photoreceptor

C  nociceptor

D  parasympathetic

A  voluntary initiation of movement.

B    

C  final sensory perception

D  control of breathing, circulation, and digestion.

E  personality traits.

F  language ability

A  Pineal gland

B  Mitochondria

C  Hypothalamus

D  Pituitary gland

A  Deflection

B  Reflection

C  Refraction

D  Retraction

A  Terminal ganglia give rise to sympathetic neurons

B  Long parasympathetic preganglionic fibers end at the terminal ganglia, which lie in or near the effector organ.

C  Terminal ganglia lie in a chain located along either side of the spinal cord.

D  the otic ganglia are found near the parotid gland

E  The terminal ganglia contain muscarinic receptors.

F  Terminal ganglia are the final common pathway for the autonomic nervous system.

A  bind with norepinephrine released from sympathetic postganglionic fibers.

B  bind acetylcholine released from parasympathetic preganglionic fibers.

C  bind acetylcholine released from both sympathetic and parasympathetic postganglionic fibers.

D  bind acetylcholine released from both sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic fibers.

E  are found primarily in the heart.

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  glaucoma.

B  presbyopia.

C  hyperopia.

D  cataract.

E  myopia.

A  carry impulses from the periphery to the CNS.

B  carry impulses from the CNS to the periphery.

C  relay messages from the brain down to the spinal cord to efferent neurons.

D  transmit signals derived from afferent receptors up the spinal cord to the brain.

E  are part of the peripheral nervous system.

A  Primary Auditory cortex

B  Parietal lobe association area

C  Occipital lobe association area

D  Somatosensory cortex

E  Primary Visual cortex

A  2, 1, 5, 4, 3

B  1, 2, 3, 5, 4

C  3, 1, 4, 5, 2

D  5, 4, 3, 1, 2

E  1, 4, 3, 2, 5

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  mechanoreceptor

B  chemoreceptor

C  photoreceptor

D  thermoreceptor

A  contains ligand-gated channels

B  is where action potentials are first generated.

C  is located in the axon hillock.

D  contains voltage-gated channels.

E  is found in the soma of the neuron

A  increased rounding of the cornea.

B  flatteningof the lens.

C  contraction of the ciliary muscles.

D  activation of the sympathetic nervous system.

E  dilation of the pupil.

A  secretes hormones

B  functions as the body’s thermostat

C  inhibits muscle tone throughout the body.

D  plays a role in emotional and behavioral patterns.

E  is a relay station for sensory input on its way to the cerebral cortex.

F  controls thirst, urine output, and food intake.

A  both afferent neurons converge on the same interneuron.

B  both sensations are grouped together in the somatosensory cortex.

C  the receptors in both skin areas utilize the same afferent neuron.

D  both pens are activating the same receptor.

A  Nociceptors

B  Proprioceptors

C  Chemoreceptors

D  Mechanoreceptors

E  Photoreceptors

A  bind chemicals called odorants

B  are replaced by cells known as basal cells.

C  when stimulated send impulses both to the limbic system and to the cortex for perception of smell.

D  are specialized endings of afferent neurons called chemoreceptors

A  chemoreceptor

B  photoreceptor

C  nociceptor

D  thermoreceptor

A  chemoreceptor

B  nociceptor

C  mechanoreceptor

D  thermoreceptor

A  nociceptor

B  chemoreceptor

C  thermoreceptor

D  photoreceptor

A  thermoreceptor

B  mechanoreceptor

C  chemoreceptor

D  photoreceptor

A  photoreceptor

B  thermoreceptor

C  chemoreceptor

D  nociceptor

A  chemoreceptor

B  photoreceptor

C  thermoreceptor

D  nociceptor

A  They can transmit information between afferent neurons and efferent neurons.

B  They receive synaptic input from other neurons in the CNS.

C  They make synapses on effector organs in the PNS.

D  They sum excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs.

E  They deliver synaptic input on other neurons.

A  physically support neurons.

B  are part of the blood-brain barrier.

C  are important in the repair of brain injuries and in neural scar formation.

D  produce the CSF

E  can take up excess neurotransmitters

F  produce myelin

A  They generally occur at the axon hillock of afferent neurons.

B  They are action potentials.

C  They can be graded and vary with stimulus strength.

D  They always trigger action potentials.

E  They propagate without decrement.

A  trigger an excitatory postsynaptic potential.

B  be conducted to the axon hillock.

C  trigger an action potential.

D  depolarize a dendrite.

E  cause a change in membrane potential.

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  activation of her parasympathetic nerves inhibits contraction of her ciliary muscles.

B  she suddenly develops presbyopia.

C  activation of her sympathetic nerves causes sudden contraction of her ciliary muscles.

D  activation of her sympathetic nerves inhibits contraction of her ciliary muscles.

E  activation of her parasympathetic nerves causes sudden contraction of her ciliary muscles.

A  They are found deep in the cerebrum, surrounding the thalamus.

B  They are the cortical locations where primary sensory information first arrives from specific ascending pathways.

C  Their main input is sensory information arriving along neurons that project directly from the thalamus.

D  They are all found in the parietal lobe of the cerebral cortex.

E  They integrate multiple types of sensory information and are responsible for complex processing of sensory information.

A  is comprised of lower motor neurons controlled by local circuit neurons

B  occurs in unmyelinated nerve fibers.

C  is comprised of lower motor neurons controlled by upper motor neurons arising from the motor cortex

D  is comprised of lower motor neurons controlled by local circuit neurons and upper motor neurons arising from the cerebellum

E  always results in muscle contraction

A  Na+ leak channels

B  Na+ voltage-gated channels.

C  K+ leak channels.

D  Na+/K+ pumps.

A  The concentration of cyclic GMP inside cells increases.

B  The photoreceptor cell membranebecomes depolarized.

C  The chromophore retinal undergoes a change of shape.

D  The photoreceptor cells are stimulated and fireaction potentials.

E  There is an increase in neurotransmitter release from photoreceptor cells.

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  increased fluid pressure against the cochlear duct by the fluid of the scala vestibuli

B  movement of the tectorial membrane relative to the vestibular

C  the hairs of the receptor cells of the Organ of Corti to be bent

D  movement of the basilar membrane relative to the tectorial.

E  displacement of the round window, which dissipates pressure in the cochlea.

A  substantia nigra

B  globus pallidus

C  caudate nucleus

D  mammilary body

E  putamen

F  cingulate gyrus

A  1,3,2,5,7,6,8,4,9,10

B  1,4,7,8,3,2,6,5,9,10

C  1,3,2,6,5,9,10,4,8,7

D  1,4,8,7,3,2,5,6,9,10

A  anterior spinothalmic tract

B  spinocerebellar tract

C  lateral corticospinal tract

D  medial leminscus tract

E  the posterior column

A  ciliary muscle

B  iris

C  lens

D  retina

E  cornea

A  The graded potential

B  The repolarization phase of the action potential

C  The depolarization phase of the action potential

D  The exocytosis of neurotransmitter

E  All of these will not occur

A  Cataract is an increase in opacity (clouding) of the lens.

B  Myopia is a condition in which the lens focuses light from distant objects behind the retina.

C  Presbyopia is a condition in which the lens cannot accommodate adequately for near vision.

D  The image of an object that is focused on the retina is upside down relative to the object’s actual position in space.

E  The cornea refracts light rays more strongly than the lens.

A  the ventral root contains axons of afferent, sensory neurons

B  afferent, sensory neurons are unipolar neurons with cell bodies located in the dorsal root ganglion

C  the dorsal root conducts motor information

D  spinal nerves are for the conduction of motor information only

A  they exit from the anterior gray horn

B  they can excite or inhibit skeletal muscles

C  they secrete dopamine

D  they are part of the final common pathway

E  their activity is influenced by upper motor neurons

F  they are also known as somatic motor neurons

A  It maintains a concentration gradient for K + such that diffusion forces favor movement of K + into the cell.

B  It transports equal numbers of sodium and potassium ions with each pump cycle.

C  It pumps 3 Na + ions into the cell for every 2 K + ions it pumps out.

D  It maintains an electrical gradient at the equilibrium potential of K +.

E  It generates a small electrical potential such that the inside of a neuron is made negative with respect to the outside.

A  Black, White

B  Brown, Gray

C  Gray, White

D  White, Gray