Lecture Exam 2

A  A decrease in receptor sensitivity despite continuation of a stimulus

B  Conversion of the energy of a stimulus into a pattern of electrical activity

C  Information from sensory receptorsreaches the cerebral cortex and the person becomes aware of it

D  Persistence of the sensation of a limb even after it has been severed from the body

E  A depolarization of receptive membrane that increase in magnitude as the stimulus intensity increases

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  bipolar, ganglion

B  horizontal, inner

C  somatic, catalyst

A  lens

B  retina

C  cornea

D  ciliary muscle

E  iris

A  inhibits muscle tone throughout the body.

B  is a relay station for sensory input on its way to the cerebral cortex.

C  secretes hormones

D  plays a role in emotional and behavioral patterns.

E  controls thirst, urine output, and food intake.

F  functions as the body’s thermostat

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  contains voltage-gated channels.

B  is found in the soma of the neuron

C  is located in the axon hillock.

D  is where action potentials are first generated.

E  contains ligand-gated channels

A  They deliver synaptic input on other neurons.

B  They can transmit information between afferent neurons and efferent neurons.

C  They receive synaptic input from other neurons in the CNS.

D  They make synapses on effector organs in the PNS.

E  They sum excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs.

A  the posterior column

B  spinocerebellar tract

C  medial leminscus tract

D  anterior spinothalmic tract

E  lateral corticospinal tract

A  cingulate gyrus.

B  mammillary body.

C  olfactory bulb

D  amygdala.

E  primary visual cortex

F  hippocampus.

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  movement of the tectorial membrane relative to the vestibular

B  increased fluid pressure against the cochlear duct by the fluid of the scala vestibuli

C  movement of the basilar membrane relative to the tectorial.

D  the hairs of the receptor cells of the Organ of Corti to be bent

E  displacement of the round window, which dissipates pressure in the cochlea.

A  Primary Auditory cortex

B  Parietal lobe association area

C  Primary Visual cortex

D  Somatosensory cortex

E  Occipital lobe association area

A  both sensations are grouped together in the somatosensory cortex.

B  the receptors in both skin areas utilize the same afferent neuron.

C  both pens are activating the same receptor.

D  both afferent neurons converge on the same interneuron.

A  depolarize a dendrite.

B  cause a change in membrane potential.

C  trigger an action potential.

D  be conducted to the axon hillock.

E  trigger an excitatory postsynaptic potential.

A  It transports equal numbers of sodium and potassium ions with each pump cycle.

B  It maintains a concentration gradient for K + such that diffusion forces favor movement of K + into the cell.

C  It generates a small electrical potential such that the inside of a neuron is made negative with respect to the outside.

D  It maintains an electrical gradient at the equilibrium potential of K +.

E  It pumps 3 Na + ions into the cell for every 2 K + ions it pumps out.

A  afferent, sensory neurons are unipolar neurons with cell bodies located in the dorsal root ganglion

B  the dorsal root conducts motor information

C  spinal nerves are for the conduction of motor information only

D  the ventral root contains axons of afferent, sensory neurons

A  The repolarization phase of the action potential

B  The exocytosis of neurotransmitter

C  The depolarization phase of the action potential

D  The graded potential

E  All of these will not occur

A  carry impulses from the periphery to the CNS.

B  carry impulses from the CNS to the periphery.

C  are part of the peripheral nervous system.

D  transmit signals derived from afferent receptors up the spinal cord to the brain.

E  relay messages from the brain down to the spinal cord to efferent neurons.

A  equal to the equilibrium potential for sodium.

B  more positive than the equilibrium potential for potassium.

C  more positive than the equilibrium potential for sodium.

D  equal to the equilibrium potential for potassium.

E  slightly more negative than the equilibrium potential of potassium ion.

A  Retraction

B  Refraction

C  Reflection

D  Deflection

A  activation of her parasympathetic nerves inhibits contraction of her ciliary muscles.

B  activation of her parasympathetic nerves causes sudden contraction of her ciliary muscles.

C  activation of her sympathetic nerves causes sudden contraction of her ciliary muscles.

D  activation of her sympathetic nerves inhibits contraction of her ciliary muscles.

E  she suddenly develops presbyopia.

A  chemoreceptor

B  mechanoreceptor

C  photoreceptor

D  thermoreceptor

A  photoreceptor

B  chemoreceptor

C  nociceptor

D  thermoreceptor

A  nociceptor

B  thermoreceptor

C  mechanoreceptor

D  chemoreceptor

A  nociceptor

B  photoreceptor

C  chemoreceptor

D  thermoreceptor

A  chemoreceptor

B  thermoreceptor

C  mechanoreceptor

D  photoreceptor

A  chemoreceptor

B  photoreceptor

C  nociceptor

D  thermoreceptor

A  photoreceptor

B  thermoreceptor

C  nociceptor

D  chemoreceptor

A  Hypothalamus

B  Pituitary gland

C  Mitochondria

D  Pineal gland

A  opens voltage-gated Ca 2+ channels in the presynaptic membrane.

B  is a direct result of the opening of ligand-gated channels permeable to both Na + and K + ions in the pre-synaptic cell

C  stabilizes the membrane to remain at its resting potential.

D  is a direct result of the opening of voltage-gated channels permeable to Na + ions in the post-synaptic cell

E  occurs when voltage-gated Cl- channels open in a postsynaptic cell membrane.

A  Some sensory receptors are modifications of the peripheral endings of efferent neurons.

B  Sensory information that leads to conscious awareness of the stimulus is called transduction.

C  The term “adequate stimulus” means that a stimulus is strong enough to be detected.

D  All sensory information that reaches the brain can be experienced as a conscious sensation.

E  The term “sensory unit” refers to a group of receptors that receive a particular stimulus and the afferent neuron associated with those receptors.

A  can take up excess neurotransmitters

B  produce myelin

C  are important in the repair of brain injuries and in neural scar formation.

D  are part of the blood-brain barrier.

E  physically support neurons.

F  produce the CSF

A  It is oriented so that the cell’s interior is negative with respect to the extracellular fluid.

B  Only nerve and muscle cells have a potential difference across the membrane at rest.

C  It is not altered by changing concentration gradients of permeating ions.

D  It requires ions to be distributed unevenly across the plasma membrane of a cell.

E  It has the same value in all cells.

F  in neurons, it is created mainly by potassium ion leakage

A  serotonin

B  acetylcholine

C  norepinephrine

D  histamine

A  dopamine

B  serotonin

C  acetylcholine

D  histamine

A  serotonin

B  acetylcholine

C  histamine

D  norepinephrine

A  dopamine

B  histamine

C  acetylcholine

D  norepinephrine

A  dopamine

B  norepinephrine

C  acetylcholine

D  serotonin

A  Sound

B  Pressure

C  Vision

D  Cold and warmth

E  Proprioception

F  pain

A  they secrete dopamine

B  their activity is influenced by upper motor neurons

C  they exit from the anterior gray horn

D  they are also known as somatic motor neurons

E  they can excite or inhibit skeletal muscles

F  they are part of the final common pathway

A  Na+ leak channels

B  Na+ voltage-gated channels.

C  Na+/K+ pumps.

D  K+ leak channels.

A  The cornea refracts light rays more strongly than the lens.

B  Myopia is a condition in which the lens focuses light from distant objects behind the retina.

C  Cataract is an increase in opacity (clouding) of the lens.

D  Presbyopia is a condition in which the lens cannot accommodate adequately for near vision.

E  The image of an object that is focused on the retina is upside down relative to the object’s actual position in space.

A  An action potential generated by a threshold stimulus is the same size as one generated by a supra-threshold stimulus.

B  An action potential generates a local current that depolarizes adjacent membrane to threshold potential.

C  Action potentials travel in both directions along the axon.

D  An action potential generates a new action potential in an adjacent area of membrane.

E  Action potentials are usually initiated at the axon hillock of a neuron.

A  mammilary body

B  cingulate gyrus

C  putamen

D  substantia nigra

E  caudate nucleus

F  globus pallidus

A  always results in muscle contraction

B  occurs in unmyelinated nerve fibers.

C  is comprised of lower motor neurons controlled by local circuit neurons and upper motor neurons arising from the cerebellum

D  is comprised of lower motor neurons controlled by upper motor neurons arising from the motor cortex

E  is comprised of lower motor neurons controlled by local circuit neurons

A  personality traits.

B  language ability

C  control of breathing, circulation, and digestion.

D    

E  final sensory perception

F  voluntary initiation of movement.

A  gamma motor neurons

B  lower motor neurons

C  upper motor neurons

D  delta motor neurons

E  nictonic motor neurons

A  Brown, Gray

B  Black, White

C  Gray, White

D  White, Gray

A  are specialized endings of afferent neurons called chemoreceptors

B  bind chemicals called odorants

C  are replaced by cells known as basal cells.

D  when stimulated send impulses both to the limbic system and to the cortex for perception of smell.

A  glaucoma.

B  presbyopia.

C  myopia.

D  cataract.

E  hyperopia.

A  bind acetylcholine released from both sympathetic and parasympathetic postganglionic fibers.

B  bind with norepinephrine released from sympathetic postganglionic fibers.

C  are found primarily in the heart.

D  bind acetylcholine released from parasympathetic preganglionic fibers.

E  bind acetylcholine released from both sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic fibers.

A  They can be graded and vary with stimulus strength.

B  They are action potentials.

C  They propagate without decrement.

D  They always trigger action potentials.

E  They generally occur at the axon hillock of afferent neurons.

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  Mechanoreceptors

B  Photoreceptors

C  Proprioceptors

D  Chemoreceptors

E  Nociceptors

A  muscarinic

B  adrenergic

C  nicotinic

A  activation of the sympathetic nervous system.

B  increased rounding of the cornea.

C  flatteningof the lens.

D  contraction of the ciliary muscles.

E  dilation of the pupil.

A  There is an increase in neurotransmitter release from photoreceptor cells.

B  The photoreceptor cell membranebecomes depolarized.

C  The concentration of cyclic GMP inside cells increases.

D  The chromophore retinal undergoes a change of shape.

E  The photoreceptor cells are stimulated and fireaction potentials.

A  frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex

B  somatosensory cortex

C  occipital lobes of the cerebral cortex

D  limbic system

E  temporal lobes of the cerebral cortex

A  The plasma membrane is completely impermeable to potassium ions.

B  The plasma membrane is most permeable to sodium ions.

C  The concentration of sodium ion is greater inside the cell than outside.

D  The plasma membrane is completely impermeable to sodium ions.

E  The permeability of the plasma membrane to potassium ions is much greater than its permeability to sodium ions.

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  No light will enter the eye and blindness will result

B  Near vision (e.g., reading a book)

C  Both near and distance vision are compromised

D  Distance vision (e.g., reading a street sign)

E  Both near and distance vision are fine, but changing back and forth between them becomes difficult

A  1,3,2,5,7,6,8,4,9,10

B  1,3,2,6,5,9,10,4,8,7

C  1,4,8,7,3,2,5,6,9,10

D  1,4,7,8,3,2,6,5,9,10

A  Terminal ganglia lie in a chain located along either side of the spinal cord.

B  The terminal ganglia contain muscarinic receptors.

C  Terminal ganglia are the final common pathway for the autonomic nervous system.

D  the otic ganglia are found near the parotid gland

E  Long parasympathetic preganglionic fibers end at the terminal ganglia, which lie in or near the effector organ.

F  Terminal ganglia give rise to sympathetic neurons

A  5, 4, 3, 1, 2

B  1, 4, 3, 2, 5

C  1, 2, 3, 5, 4

D  2, 1, 5, 4, 3

E  3, 1, 4, 5, 2