Lecture Exam 2

A  Conversion of the energy of a stimulus into a pattern of electrical activity

B  A decrease in receptor sensitivity despite continuation of a stimulus

C  Persistence of the sensation of a limb even after it has been severed from the body

D  Information from sensory receptorsreaches the cerebral cortex and the person becomes aware of it

E  A depolarization of receptive membrane that increase in magnitude as the stimulus intensity increases

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  horizontal, inner

B  somatic, catalyst

C  bipolar, ganglion

A  retina

B  ciliary muscle

C  iris

D  lens

E  cornea

A  is a relay station for sensory input on its way to the cerebral cortex.

B  secretes hormones

C  functions as the body’s thermostat

D  inhibits muscle tone throughout the body.

E  plays a role in emotional and behavioral patterns.

F  controls thirst, urine output, and food intake.

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  is where action potentials are first generated.

B  contains voltage-gated channels.

C  contains ligand-gated channels

D  is located in the axon hillock.

E  is found in the soma of the neuron

A  They sum excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs.

B  They make synapses on effector organs in the PNS.

C  They receive synaptic input from other neurons in the CNS.

D  They deliver synaptic input on other neurons.

E  They can transmit information between afferent neurons and efferent neurons.

A  lateral corticospinal tract

B  the posterior column

C  medial leminscus tract

D  spinocerebellar tract

E  anterior spinothalmic tract

A  cingulate gyrus.

B  primary visual cortex

C  amygdala.

D  olfactory bulb

E  mammillary body.

F  hippocampus.

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  movement of the basilar membrane relative to the tectorial.

B  displacement of the round window, which dissipates pressure in the cochlea.

C  increased fluid pressure against the cochlear duct by the fluid of the scala vestibuli

D  the hairs of the receptor cells of the Organ of Corti to be bent

E  movement of the tectorial membrane relative to the vestibular

A  Occipital lobe association area

B  Somatosensory cortex

C  Primary Visual cortex

D  Primary Auditory cortex

E  Parietal lobe association area

A  the receptors in both skin areas utilize the same afferent neuron.

B  both sensations are grouped together in the somatosensory cortex.

C  both afferent neurons converge on the same interneuron.

D  both pens are activating the same receptor.

A  trigger an excitatory postsynaptic potential.

B  depolarize a dendrite.

C  trigger an action potential.

D  cause a change in membrane potential.

E  be conducted to the axon hillock.

A  It pumps 3 Na + ions into the cell for every 2 K + ions it pumps out.

B  It generates a small electrical potential such that the inside of a neuron is made negative with respect to the outside.

C  It maintains a concentration gradient for K + such that diffusion forces favor movement of K + into the cell.

D  It maintains an electrical gradient at the equilibrium potential of K +.

E  It transports equal numbers of sodium and potassium ions with each pump cycle.

A  spinal nerves are for the conduction of motor information only

B  afferent, sensory neurons are unipolar neurons with cell bodies located in the dorsal root ganglion

C  the ventral root contains axons of afferent, sensory neurons

D  the dorsal root conducts motor information

A  All of these will not occur

B  The depolarization phase of the action potential

C  The exocytosis of neurotransmitter

D  The repolarization phase of the action potential

E  The graded potential

A  carry impulses from the periphery to the CNS.

B  are part of the peripheral nervous system.

C  relay messages from the brain down to the spinal cord to efferent neurons.

D  transmit signals derived from afferent receptors up the spinal cord to the brain.

E  carry impulses from the CNS to the periphery.

A  more positive than the equilibrium potential for potassium.

B  slightly more negative than the equilibrium potential of potassium ion.

C  equal to the equilibrium potential for sodium.

D  more positive than the equilibrium potential for sodium.

E  equal to the equilibrium potential for potassium.

A  Retraction

B  Reflection

C  Deflection

D  Refraction

A  activation of her sympathetic nerves causes sudden contraction of her ciliary muscles.

B  she suddenly develops presbyopia.

C  activation of her parasympathetic nerves causes sudden contraction of her ciliary muscles.

D  activation of her parasympathetic nerves inhibits contraction of her ciliary muscles.

E  activation of her sympathetic nerves inhibits contraction of her ciliary muscles.

A  thermoreceptor

B  photoreceptor

C  mechanoreceptor

D  chemoreceptor

A  nociceptor

B  chemoreceptor

C  thermoreceptor

D  photoreceptor

A  thermoreceptor

B  chemoreceptor

C  mechanoreceptor

D  nociceptor

A  nociceptor

B  thermoreceptor

C  photoreceptor

D  chemoreceptor

A  photoreceptor

B  thermoreceptor

C  chemoreceptor

D  mechanoreceptor

A  nociceptor

B  chemoreceptor

C  photoreceptor

D  thermoreceptor

A  thermoreceptor

B  nociceptor

C  photoreceptor

D  chemoreceptor

A  Pineal gland

B  Hypothalamus

C  Pituitary gland

D  Mitochondria

A  occurs when voltage-gated Cl- channels open in a postsynaptic cell membrane.

B  opens voltage-gated Ca 2+ channels in the presynaptic membrane.

C  is a direct result of the opening of voltage-gated channels permeable to Na + ions in the post-synaptic cell

D  is a direct result of the opening of ligand-gated channels permeable to both Na + and K + ions in the pre-synaptic cell

E  stabilizes the membrane to remain at its resting potential.

A  Some sensory receptors are modifications of the peripheral endings of efferent neurons.

B  The term “sensory unit” refers to a group of receptors that receive a particular stimulus and the afferent neuron associated with those receptors.

C  Sensory information that leads to conscious awareness of the stimulus is called transduction.

D  All sensory information that reaches the brain can be experienced as a conscious sensation.

E  The term “adequate stimulus” means that a stimulus is strong enough to be detected.

A  are part of the blood-brain barrier.

B  can take up excess neurotransmitters

C  are important in the repair of brain injuries and in neural scar formation.

D  produce the CSF

E  produce myelin

F  physically support neurons.

A  It is oriented so that the cell’s interior is negative with respect to the extracellular fluid.

B  in neurons, it is created mainly by potassium ion leakage

C  It is not altered by changing concentration gradients of permeating ions.

D  It requires ions to be distributed unevenly across the plasma membrane of a cell.

E  Only nerve and muscle cells have a potential difference across the membrane at rest.

F  It has the same value in all cells.

A  serotonin

B  norepinephrine

C  acetylcholine

D  histamine

A  histamine

B  serotonin

C  dopamine

D  acetylcholine

A  acetylcholine

B  norepinephrine

C  serotonin

D  histamine

A  dopamine

B  histamine

C  norepinephrine

D  acetylcholine

A  norepinephrine

B  dopamine

C  acetylcholine

D  serotonin

A  Cold and warmth

B  Proprioception

C  Pressure

D  Sound

E  pain

F  Vision

A  their activity is influenced by upper motor neurons

B  they are part of the final common pathway

C  they can excite or inhibit skeletal muscles

D  they are also known as somatic motor neurons

E  they exit from the anterior gray horn

F  they secrete dopamine

A  Na+/K+ pumps.

B  Na+ leak channels

C  K+ leak channels.

D  Na+ voltage-gated channels.

A  Myopia is a condition in which the lens focuses light from distant objects behind the retina.

B  The image of an object that is focused on the retina is upside down relative to the object’s actual position in space.

C  Cataract is an increase in opacity (clouding) of the lens.

D  Presbyopia is a condition in which the lens cannot accommodate adequately for near vision.

E  The cornea refracts light rays more strongly than the lens.

A  An action potential generates a local current that depolarizes adjacent membrane to threshold potential.

B  An action potential generated by a threshold stimulus is the same size as one generated by a supra-threshold stimulus.

C  An action potential generates a new action potential in an adjacent area of membrane.

D  Action potentials travel in both directions along the axon.

E  Action potentials are usually initiated at the axon hillock of a neuron.

A  globus pallidus

B  substantia nigra

C  putamen

D  mammilary body

E  cingulate gyrus

F  caudate nucleus

A  is comprised of lower motor neurons controlled by local circuit neurons and upper motor neurons arising from the cerebellum

B  always results in muscle contraction

C  is comprised of lower motor neurons controlled by upper motor neurons arising from the motor cortex

D  occurs in unmyelinated nerve fibers.

E  is comprised of lower motor neurons controlled by local circuit neurons

A  language ability

B  personality traits.

C  voluntary initiation of movement.

D  final sensory perception

E  control of breathing, circulation, and digestion.

F    

A  lower motor neurons

B  gamma motor neurons

C  upper motor neurons

D  nictonic motor neurons

E  delta motor neurons

A  Black, White

B  Brown, Gray

C  Gray, White

D  White, Gray

A  are specialized endings of afferent neurons called chemoreceptors

B  when stimulated send impulses both to the limbic system and to the cortex for perception of smell.

C  are replaced by cells known as basal cells.

D  bind chemicals called odorants

A  cataract.

B  myopia.

C  presbyopia.

D  hyperopia.

E  glaucoma.

A  bind acetylcholine released from both sympathetic and parasympathetic postganglionic fibers.

B  bind acetylcholine released from both sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic fibers.

C  are found primarily in the heart.

D  bind acetylcholine released from parasympathetic preganglionic fibers.

E  bind with norepinephrine released from sympathetic postganglionic fibers.

A  They always trigger action potentials.

B  They generally occur at the axon hillock of afferent neurons.

C  They propagate without decrement.

D  They are action potentials.

E  They can be graded and vary with stimulus strength.

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  Proprioceptors

B  Photoreceptors

C  Nociceptors

D  Chemoreceptors

E  Mechanoreceptors

A  adrenergic

B  muscarinic

C  nicotinic

A  activation of the sympathetic nervous system.

B  increased rounding of the cornea.

C  contraction of the ciliary muscles.

D  flatteningof the lens.

E  dilation of the pupil.

A  The concentration of cyclic GMP inside cells increases.

B  There is an increase in neurotransmitter release from photoreceptor cells.

C  The chromophore retinal undergoes a change of shape.

D  The photoreceptor cells are stimulated and fireaction potentials.

E  The photoreceptor cell membranebecomes depolarized.

A  somatosensory cortex

B  frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex

C  temporal lobes of the cerebral cortex

D  occipital lobes of the cerebral cortex

E  limbic system

A  The permeability of the plasma membrane to potassium ions is much greater than its permeability to sodium ions.

B  The plasma membrane is completely impermeable to sodium ions.

C  The plasma membrane is completely impermeable to potassium ions.

D  The concentration of sodium ion is greater inside the cell than outside.

E  The plasma membrane is most permeable to sodium ions.

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  Distance vision (e.g., reading a street sign)

B  No light will enter the eye and blindness will result

C  Near vision (e.g., reading a book)

D  Both near and distance vision are fine, but changing back and forth between them becomes difficult

E  Both near and distance vision are compromised

A  1,4,8,7,3,2,5,6,9,10

B  1,4,7,8,3,2,6,5,9,10

C  1,3,2,5,7,6,8,4,9,10

D  1,3,2,6,5,9,10,4,8,7

A  the otic ganglia are found near the parotid gland

B  Terminal ganglia give rise to sympathetic neurons

C  Terminal ganglia lie in a chain located along either side of the spinal cord.

D  Long parasympathetic preganglionic fibers end at the terminal ganglia, which lie in or near the effector organ.

E  The terminal ganglia contain muscarinic receptors.

F  Terminal ganglia are the final common pathway for the autonomic nervous system.

A  1, 2, 3, 5, 4

B  2, 1, 5, 4, 3

C  5, 4, 3, 1, 2

D  1, 4, 3, 2, 5

E  3, 1, 4, 5, 2