Lecture Exam 2

A  Conversion of the energy of a stimulus into a pattern of electrical activity

B  Persistence of the sensation of a limb even after it has been severed from the body

C  Information from sensory receptorsreaches the cerebral cortex and the person becomes aware of it

D  A decrease in receptor sensitivity despite continuation of a stimulus

E  A depolarization of receptive membrane that increase in magnitude as the stimulus intensity increases

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  bipolar, ganglion

B  horizontal, inner

C  somatic, catalyst

A  iris

B  cornea

C  ciliary muscle

D  lens

E  retina

A  inhibits muscle tone throughout the body.

B  is a relay station for sensory input on its way to the cerebral cortex.

C  controls thirst, urine output, and food intake.

D  secretes hormones

E  plays a role in emotional and behavioral patterns.

F  functions as the body’s thermostat

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  contains ligand-gated channels

B  is where action potentials are first generated.

C  contains voltage-gated channels.

D  is found in the soma of the neuron

E  is located in the axon hillock.

A  They can transmit information between afferent neurons and efferent neurons.

B  They receive synaptic input from other neurons in the CNS.

C  They make synapses on effector organs in the PNS.

D  They deliver synaptic input on other neurons.

E  They sum excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs.

A  medial leminscus tract

B  the posterior column

C  anterior spinothalmic tract

D  spinocerebellar tract

E  lateral corticospinal tract

A  cingulate gyrus.

B  primary visual cortex

C  hippocampus.

D  olfactory bulb

E  amygdala.

F  mammillary body.

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  movement of the tectorial membrane relative to the vestibular

B  increased fluid pressure against the cochlear duct by the fluid of the scala vestibuli

C  movement of the basilar membrane relative to the tectorial.

D  displacement of the round window, which dissipates pressure in the cochlea.

E  the hairs of the receptor cells of the Organ of Corti to be bent

A  Primary Auditory cortex

B  Primary Visual cortex

C  Parietal lobe association area

D  Occipital lobe association area

E  Somatosensory cortex

A  both pens are activating the same receptor.

B  the receptors in both skin areas utilize the same afferent neuron.

C  both sensations are grouped together in the somatosensory cortex.

D  both afferent neurons converge on the same interneuron.

A  trigger an excitatory postsynaptic potential.

B  cause a change in membrane potential.

C  depolarize a dendrite.

D  trigger an action potential.

E  be conducted to the axon hillock.

A  It maintains a concentration gradient for K + such that diffusion forces favor movement of K + into the cell.

B  It generates a small electrical potential such that the inside of a neuron is made negative with respect to the outside.

C  It maintains an electrical gradient at the equilibrium potential of K +.

D  It transports equal numbers of sodium and potassium ions with each pump cycle.

E  It pumps 3 Na + ions into the cell for every 2 K + ions it pumps out.

A  afferent, sensory neurons are unipolar neurons with cell bodies located in the dorsal root ganglion

B  the ventral root contains axons of afferent, sensory neurons

C  the dorsal root conducts motor information

D  spinal nerves are for the conduction of motor information only

A  The depolarization phase of the action potential

B  All of these will not occur

C  The repolarization phase of the action potential

D  The exocytosis of neurotransmitter

E  The graded potential

A  are part of the peripheral nervous system.

B  carry impulses from the periphery to the CNS.

C  transmit signals derived from afferent receptors up the spinal cord to the brain.

D  relay messages from the brain down to the spinal cord to efferent neurons.

E  carry impulses from the CNS to the periphery.

A  equal to the equilibrium potential for sodium.

B  equal to the equilibrium potential for potassium.

C  slightly more negative than the equilibrium potential of potassium ion.

D  more positive than the equilibrium potential for sodium.

E  more positive than the equilibrium potential for potassium.

A  Retraction

B  Deflection

C  Reflection

D  Refraction

A  she suddenly develops presbyopia.

B  activation of her sympathetic nerves causes sudden contraction of her ciliary muscles.

C  activation of her parasympathetic nerves causes sudden contraction of her ciliary muscles.

D  activation of her sympathetic nerves inhibits contraction of her ciliary muscles.

E  activation of her parasympathetic nerves inhibits contraction of her ciliary muscles.

A  mechanoreceptor

B  chemoreceptor

C  photoreceptor

D  thermoreceptor

A  thermoreceptor

B  nociceptor

C  chemoreceptor

D  photoreceptor

A  mechanoreceptor

B  nociceptor

C  thermoreceptor

D  chemoreceptor

A  photoreceptor

B  thermoreceptor

C  chemoreceptor

D  nociceptor

A  chemoreceptor

B  thermoreceptor

C  mechanoreceptor

D  photoreceptor

A  thermoreceptor

B  photoreceptor

C  chemoreceptor

D  nociceptor

A  thermoreceptor

B  photoreceptor

C  chemoreceptor

D  nociceptor

A  Pituitary gland

B  Mitochondria

C  Hypothalamus

D  Pineal gland

A  stabilizes the membrane to remain at its resting potential.

B  occurs when voltage-gated Cl- channels open in a postsynaptic cell membrane.

C  is a direct result of the opening of voltage-gated channels permeable to Na + ions in the post-synaptic cell

D  is a direct result of the opening of ligand-gated channels permeable to both Na + and K + ions in the pre-synaptic cell

E  opens voltage-gated Ca 2+ channels in the presynaptic membrane.

A  The term “sensory unit” refers to a group of receptors that receive a particular stimulus and the afferent neuron associated with those receptors.

B  Some sensory receptors are modifications of the peripheral endings of efferent neurons.

C  The term “adequate stimulus” means that a stimulus is strong enough to be detected.

D  All sensory information that reaches the brain can be experienced as a conscious sensation.

E  Sensory information that leads to conscious awareness of the stimulus is called transduction.

A  are important in the repair of brain injuries and in neural scar formation.

B  produce myelin

C  produce the CSF

D  physically support neurons.

E  can take up excess neurotransmitters

F  are part of the blood-brain barrier.

A  It is not altered by changing concentration gradients of permeating ions.

B  in neurons, it is created mainly by potassium ion leakage

C  Only nerve and muscle cells have a potential difference across the membrane at rest.

D  It has the same value in all cells.

E  It is oriented so that the cell’s interior is negative with respect to the extracellular fluid.

F  It requires ions to be distributed unevenly across the plasma membrane of a cell.

A  norepinephrine

B  serotonin

C  histamine

D  acetylcholine

A  acetylcholine

B  serotonin

C  histamine

D  dopamine

A  histamine

B  serotonin

C  acetylcholine

D  norepinephrine

A  norepinephrine

B  dopamine

C  histamine

D  acetylcholine

A  serotonin

B  norepinephrine

C  acetylcholine

D  dopamine

A  Pressure

B  Proprioception

C  Vision

D  pain

E  Cold and warmth

F  Sound

A  they are part of the final common pathway

B  they are also known as somatic motor neurons

C  they can excite or inhibit skeletal muscles

D  they secrete dopamine

E  their activity is influenced by upper motor neurons

F  they exit from the anterior gray horn

A  Na+/K+ pumps.

B  K+ leak channels.

C  Na+ voltage-gated channels.

D  Na+ leak channels

A  Presbyopia is a condition in which the lens cannot accommodate adequately for near vision.

B  Cataract is an increase in opacity (clouding) of the lens.

C  The image of an object that is focused on the retina is upside down relative to the object’s actual position in space.

D  Myopia is a condition in which the lens focuses light from distant objects behind the retina.

E  The cornea refracts light rays more strongly than the lens.

A  Action potentials are usually initiated at the axon hillock of a neuron.

B  An action potential generated by a threshold stimulus is the same size as one generated by a supra-threshold stimulus.

C  An action potential generates a local current that depolarizes adjacent membrane to threshold potential.

D  An action potential generates a new action potential in an adjacent area of membrane.

E  Action potentials travel in both directions along the axon.

A  caudate nucleus

B  globus pallidus

C  cingulate gyrus

D  mammilary body

E  substantia nigra

F  putamen

A  occurs in unmyelinated nerve fibers.

B  is comprised of lower motor neurons controlled by local circuit neurons and upper motor neurons arising from the cerebellum

C  is comprised of lower motor neurons controlled by local circuit neurons

D  always results in muscle contraction

E  is comprised of lower motor neurons controlled by upper motor neurons arising from the motor cortex

A  language ability

B  personality traits.

C  voluntary initiation of movement.

D    

E  control of breathing, circulation, and digestion.

F  final sensory perception

A  gamma motor neurons

B  nictonic motor neurons

C  delta motor neurons

D  upper motor neurons

E  lower motor neurons

A  Black, White

B  White, Gray

C  Brown, Gray

D  Gray, White

A  bind chemicals called odorants

B  when stimulated send impulses both to the limbic system and to the cortex for perception of smell.

C  are specialized endings of afferent neurons called chemoreceptors

D  are replaced by cells known as basal cells.

A  glaucoma.

B  presbyopia.

C  hyperopia.

D  myopia.

E  cataract.

A  bind with norepinephrine released from sympathetic postganglionic fibers.

B  bind acetylcholine released from parasympathetic preganglionic fibers.

C  bind acetylcholine released from both sympathetic and parasympathetic postganglionic fibers.

D  are found primarily in the heart.

E  bind acetylcholine released from both sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic fibers.

A  They propagate without decrement.

B  They can be graded and vary with stimulus strength.

C  They generally occur at the axon hillock of afferent neurons.

D  They always trigger action potentials.

E  They are action potentials.

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  Proprioceptors

B  Chemoreceptors

C  Nociceptors

D  Mechanoreceptors

E  Photoreceptors

A  nicotinic

B  muscarinic

C  adrenergic

A  dilation of the pupil.

B  contraction of the ciliary muscles.

C  flatteningof the lens.

D  activation of the sympathetic nervous system.

E  increased rounding of the cornea.

A  The chromophore retinal undergoes a change of shape.

B  The photoreceptor cell membranebecomes depolarized.

C  The concentration of cyclic GMP inside cells increases.

D  There is an increase in neurotransmitter release from photoreceptor cells.

E  The photoreceptor cells are stimulated and fireaction potentials.

A  occipital lobes of the cerebral cortex

B  frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex

C  limbic system

D  temporal lobes of the cerebral cortex

E  somatosensory cortex

A  The permeability of the plasma membrane to potassium ions is much greater than its permeability to sodium ions.

B  The plasma membrane is completely impermeable to sodium ions.

C  The plasma membrane is completely impermeable to potassium ions.

D  The concentration of sodium ion is greater inside the cell than outside.

E  The plasma membrane is most permeable to sodium ions.

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  No light will enter the eye and blindness will result

B  Near vision (e.g., reading a book)

C  Both near and distance vision are fine, but changing back and forth between them becomes difficult

D  Distance vision (e.g., reading a street sign)

E  Both near and distance vision are compromised

A  1,3,2,6,5,9,10,4,8,7

B  1,4,8,7,3,2,5,6,9,10

C  1,4,7,8,3,2,6,5,9,10

D  1,3,2,5,7,6,8,4,9,10

A  Terminal ganglia are the final common pathway for the autonomic nervous system.

B  Terminal ganglia give rise to sympathetic neurons

C  the otic ganglia are found near the parotid gland

D  Terminal ganglia lie in a chain located along either side of the spinal cord.

E  The terminal ganglia contain muscarinic receptors.

F  Long parasympathetic preganglionic fibers end at the terminal ganglia, which lie in or near the effector organ.

A  3, 1, 4, 5, 2

B  1, 2, 3, 5, 4

C  5, 4, 3, 1, 2

D  1, 4, 3, 2, 5

E  2, 1, 5, 4, 3