Lecture Exam 2

A  Information from sensory receptorsreaches the cerebral cortex and the person becomes aware of it

B  A decrease in receptor sensitivity despite continuation of a stimulus

C  Persistence of the sensation of a limb even after it has been severed from the body

D  A depolarization of receptive membrane that increase in magnitude as the stimulus intensity increases

E  Conversion of the energy of a stimulus into a pattern of electrical activity

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  somatic, catalyst

B  bipolar, ganglion

C  horizontal, inner

A  cornea

B  retina

C  lens

D  ciliary muscle

E  iris

A  controls thirst, urine output, and food intake.

B  is a relay station for sensory input on its way to the cerebral cortex.

C  secretes hormones

D  plays a role in emotional and behavioral patterns.

E  functions as the body’s thermostat

F  inhibits muscle tone throughout the body.

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  contains ligand-gated channels

B  contains voltage-gated channels.

C  is found in the soma of the neuron

D  is where action potentials are first generated.

E  is located in the axon hillock.

A  They make synapses on effector organs in the PNS.

B  They receive synaptic input from other neurons in the CNS.

C  They deliver synaptic input on other neurons.

D  They sum excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs.

E  They can transmit information between afferent neurons and efferent neurons.

A  anterior spinothalmic tract

B  the posterior column

C  spinocerebellar tract

D  lateral corticospinal tract

E  medial leminscus tract

A  mammillary body.

B  amygdala.

C  hippocampus.

D  primary visual cortex

E  olfactory bulb

F  cingulate gyrus.

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  displacement of the round window, which dissipates pressure in the cochlea.

B  increased fluid pressure against the cochlear duct by the fluid of the scala vestibuli

C  movement of the basilar membrane relative to the tectorial.

D  movement of the tectorial membrane relative to the vestibular

E  the hairs of the receptor cells of the Organ of Corti to be bent

A  Parietal lobe association area

B  Primary Visual cortex

C  Somatosensory cortex

D  Primary Auditory cortex

E  Occipital lobe association area

A  both sensations are grouped together in the somatosensory cortex.

B  both afferent neurons converge on the same interneuron.

C  the receptors in both skin areas utilize the same afferent neuron.

D  both pens are activating the same receptor.

A  trigger an excitatory postsynaptic potential.

B  cause a change in membrane potential.

C  trigger an action potential.

D  depolarize a dendrite.

E  be conducted to the axon hillock.

A  It maintains an electrical gradient at the equilibrium potential of K +.

B  It transports equal numbers of sodium and potassium ions with each pump cycle.

C  It maintains a concentration gradient for K + such that diffusion forces favor movement of K + into the cell.

D  It pumps 3 Na + ions into the cell for every 2 K + ions it pumps out.

E  It generates a small electrical potential such that the inside of a neuron is made negative with respect to the outside.

A  spinal nerves are for the conduction of motor information only

B  the ventral root contains axons of afferent, sensory neurons

C  the dorsal root conducts motor information

D  afferent, sensory neurons are unipolar neurons with cell bodies located in the dorsal root ganglion

A  The depolarization phase of the action potential

B  The exocytosis of neurotransmitter

C  The repolarization phase of the action potential

D  The graded potential

E  All of these will not occur

A  are part of the peripheral nervous system.

B  carry impulses from the CNS to the periphery.

C  carry impulses from the periphery to the CNS.

D  transmit signals derived from afferent receptors up the spinal cord to the brain.

E  relay messages from the brain down to the spinal cord to efferent neurons.

A  equal to the equilibrium potential for sodium.

B  slightly more negative than the equilibrium potential of potassium ion.

C  more positive than the equilibrium potential for sodium.

D  more positive than the equilibrium potential for potassium.

E  equal to the equilibrium potential for potassium.

A  Reflection

B  Refraction

C  Retraction

D  Deflection

A  activation of her sympathetic nerves inhibits contraction of her ciliary muscles.

B  activation of her parasympathetic nerves causes sudden contraction of her ciliary muscles.

C  she suddenly develops presbyopia.

D  activation of her sympathetic nerves causes sudden contraction of her ciliary muscles.

E  activation of her parasympathetic nerves inhibits contraction of her ciliary muscles.

A  photoreceptor

B  chemoreceptor

C  mechanoreceptor

D  thermoreceptor

A  nociceptor

B  photoreceptor

C  chemoreceptor

D  thermoreceptor

A  mechanoreceptor

B  chemoreceptor

C  thermoreceptor

D  nociceptor

A  photoreceptor

B  thermoreceptor

C  chemoreceptor

D  nociceptor

A  thermoreceptor

B  chemoreceptor

C  mechanoreceptor

D  photoreceptor

A  thermoreceptor

B  chemoreceptor

C  nociceptor

D  photoreceptor

A  chemoreceptor

B  nociceptor

C  photoreceptor

D  thermoreceptor

A  Pineal gland

B  Hypothalamus

C  Mitochondria

D  Pituitary gland

A  occurs when voltage-gated Cl- channels open in a postsynaptic cell membrane.

B  opens voltage-gated Ca 2+ channels in the presynaptic membrane.

C  stabilizes the membrane to remain at its resting potential.

D  is a direct result of the opening of ligand-gated channels permeable to both Na + and K + ions in the pre-synaptic cell

E  is a direct result of the opening of voltage-gated channels permeable to Na + ions in the post-synaptic cell

A  Sensory information that leads to conscious awareness of the stimulus is called transduction.

B  The term “sensory unit” refers to a group of receptors that receive a particular stimulus and the afferent neuron associated with those receptors.

C  All sensory information that reaches the brain can be experienced as a conscious sensation.

D  The term “adequate stimulus” means that a stimulus is strong enough to be detected.

E  Some sensory receptors are modifications of the peripheral endings of efferent neurons.

A  are important in the repair of brain injuries and in neural scar formation.

B  physically support neurons.

C  can take up excess neurotransmitters

D  produce the CSF

E  are part of the blood-brain barrier.

F  produce myelin

A  It is not altered by changing concentration gradients of permeating ions.

B  It is oriented so that the cell’s interior is negative with respect to the extracellular fluid.

C  Only nerve and muscle cells have a potential difference across the membrane at rest.

D  in neurons, it is created mainly by potassium ion leakage

E  It requires ions to be distributed unevenly across the plasma membrane of a cell.

F  It has the same value in all cells.

A  norepinephrine

B  histamine

C  serotonin

D  acetylcholine

A  histamine

B  serotonin

C  acetylcholine

D  dopamine

A  norepinephrine

B  acetylcholine

C  histamine

D  serotonin

A  acetylcholine

B  dopamine

C  norepinephrine

D  histamine

A  acetylcholine

B  norepinephrine

C  dopamine

D  serotonin

A  pain

B  Pressure

C  Proprioception

D  Sound

E  Vision

F  Cold and warmth

A  they are part of the final common pathway

B  they exit from the anterior gray horn

C  they can excite or inhibit skeletal muscles

D  they secrete dopamine

E  they are also known as somatic motor neurons

F  their activity is influenced by upper motor neurons

A  Na+ voltage-gated channels.

B  Na+ leak channels

C  K+ leak channels.

D  Na+/K+ pumps.

A  The cornea refracts light rays more strongly than the lens.

B  Myopia is a condition in which the lens focuses light from distant objects behind the retina.

C  Cataract is an increase in opacity (clouding) of the lens.

D  Presbyopia is a condition in which the lens cannot accommodate adequately for near vision.

E  The image of an object that is focused on the retina is upside down relative to the object’s actual position in space.

A  Action potentials travel in both directions along the axon.

B  An action potential generates a new action potential in an adjacent area of membrane.

C  An action potential generates a local current that depolarizes adjacent membrane to threshold potential.

D  Action potentials are usually initiated at the axon hillock of a neuron.

E  An action potential generated by a threshold stimulus is the same size as one generated by a supra-threshold stimulus.

A  putamen

B  substantia nigra

C  caudate nucleus

D  mammilary body

E  cingulate gyrus

F  globus pallidus

A  is comprised of lower motor neurons controlled by local circuit neurons and upper motor neurons arising from the cerebellum

B  is comprised of lower motor neurons controlled by upper motor neurons arising from the motor cortex

C  occurs in unmyelinated nerve fibers.

D  always results in muscle contraction

E  is comprised of lower motor neurons controlled by local circuit neurons

A  voluntary initiation of movement.

B    

C  personality traits.

D  control of breathing, circulation, and digestion.

E  final sensory perception

F  language ability

A  nictonic motor neurons

B  upper motor neurons

C  lower motor neurons

D  gamma motor neurons

E  delta motor neurons

A  Black, White

B  Gray, White

C  White, Gray

D  Brown, Gray

A  are specialized endings of afferent neurons called chemoreceptors

B  bind chemicals called odorants

C  when stimulated send impulses both to the limbic system and to the cortex for perception of smell.

D  are replaced by cells known as basal cells.

A  glaucoma.

B  myopia.

C  cataract.

D  hyperopia.

E  presbyopia.

A  bind with norepinephrine released from sympathetic postganglionic fibers.

B  bind acetylcholine released from both sympathetic and parasympathetic postganglionic fibers.

C  bind acetylcholine released from parasympathetic preganglionic fibers.

D  are found primarily in the heart.

E  bind acetylcholine released from both sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic fibers.

A  They can be graded and vary with stimulus strength.

B  They propagate without decrement.

C  They generally occur at the axon hillock of afferent neurons.

D  They always trigger action potentials.

E  They are action potentials.

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  Mechanoreceptors

B  Nociceptors

C  Photoreceptors

D  Proprioceptors

E  Chemoreceptors

A  nicotinic

B  muscarinic

C  adrenergic

A  dilation of the pupil.

B  contraction of the ciliary muscles.

C  flatteningof the lens.

D  increased rounding of the cornea.

E  activation of the sympathetic nervous system.

A  The photoreceptor cell membranebecomes depolarized.

B  There is an increase in neurotransmitter release from photoreceptor cells.

C  The photoreceptor cells are stimulated and fireaction potentials.

D  The concentration of cyclic GMP inside cells increases.

E  The chromophore retinal undergoes a change of shape.

A  occipital lobes of the cerebral cortex

B  limbic system

C  frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex

D  somatosensory cortex

E  temporal lobes of the cerebral cortex

A  The plasma membrane is most permeable to sodium ions.

B  The permeability of the plasma membrane to potassium ions is much greater than its permeability to sodium ions.

C  The plasma membrane is completely impermeable to potassium ions.

D  The plasma membrane is completely impermeable to sodium ions.

E  The concentration of sodium ion is greater inside the cell than outside.

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  Near vision (e.g., reading a book)

B  Both near and distance vision are compromised

C  Distance vision (e.g., reading a street sign)

D  Both near and distance vision are fine, but changing back and forth between them becomes difficult

E  No light will enter the eye and blindness will result

A  1,3,2,6,5,9,10,4,8,7

B  1,4,8,7,3,2,5,6,9,10

C  1,3,2,5,7,6,8,4,9,10

D  1,4,7,8,3,2,6,5,9,10

A  Terminal ganglia lie in a chain located along either side of the spinal cord.

B  Terminal ganglia are the final common pathway for the autonomic nervous system.

C  the otic ganglia are found near the parotid gland

D  Long parasympathetic preganglionic fibers end at the terminal ganglia, which lie in or near the effector organ.

E  The terminal ganglia contain muscarinic receptors.

F  Terminal ganglia give rise to sympathetic neurons

A  3, 1, 4, 5, 2

B  5, 4, 3, 1, 2

C  2, 1, 5, 4, 3

D  1, 4, 3, 2, 5

E  1, 2, 3, 5, 4