Lecture Exam 2

A  A depolarization of receptive membrane that increase in magnitude as the stimulus intensity increases

B  A decrease in receptor sensitivity despite continuation of a stimulus

C  Information from sensory receptorsreaches the cerebral cortex and the person becomes aware of it

D  Persistence of the sensation of a limb even after it has been severed from the body

E  Conversion of the energy of a stimulus into a pattern of electrical activity

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  somatic, catalyst

B  horizontal, inner

C  bipolar, ganglion

A  ciliary muscle

B  lens

C  retina

D  iris

E  cornea

A  secretes hormones

B  is a relay station for sensory input on its way to the cerebral cortex.

C  controls thirst, urine output, and food intake.

D  functions as the body’s thermostat

E  inhibits muscle tone throughout the body.

F  plays a role in emotional and behavioral patterns.

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  is where action potentials are first generated.

B  is located in the axon hillock.

C  is found in the soma of the neuron

D  contains ligand-gated channels

E  contains voltage-gated channels.

A  They make synapses on effector organs in the PNS.

B  They deliver synaptic input on other neurons.

C  They sum excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs.

D  They receive synaptic input from other neurons in the CNS.

E  They can transmit information between afferent neurons and efferent neurons.

A  lateral corticospinal tract

B  medial leminscus tract

C  the posterior column

D  anterior spinothalmic tract

E  spinocerebellar tract

A  mammillary body.

B  amygdala.

C  hippocampus.

D  primary visual cortex

E  cingulate gyrus.

F  olfactory bulb

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  increased fluid pressure against the cochlear duct by the fluid of the scala vestibuli

B  the hairs of the receptor cells of the Organ of Corti to be bent

C  movement of the tectorial membrane relative to the vestibular

D  displacement of the round window, which dissipates pressure in the cochlea.

E  movement of the basilar membrane relative to the tectorial.

A  Somatosensory cortex

B  Primary Auditory cortex

C  Occipital lobe association area

D  Parietal lobe association area

E  Primary Visual cortex

A  both pens are activating the same receptor.

B  both afferent neurons converge on the same interneuron.

C  the receptors in both skin areas utilize the same afferent neuron.

D  both sensations are grouped together in the somatosensory cortex.

A  trigger an action potential.

B  trigger an excitatory postsynaptic potential.

C  be conducted to the axon hillock.

D  cause a change in membrane potential.

E  depolarize a dendrite.

A  It transports equal numbers of sodium and potassium ions with each pump cycle.

B  It maintains a concentration gradient for K + such that diffusion forces favor movement of K + into the cell.

C  It maintains an electrical gradient at the equilibrium potential of K +.

D  It generates a small electrical potential such that the inside of a neuron is made negative with respect to the outside.

E  It pumps 3 Na + ions into the cell for every 2 K + ions it pumps out.

A  spinal nerves are for the conduction of motor information only

B  the dorsal root conducts motor information

C  afferent, sensory neurons are unipolar neurons with cell bodies located in the dorsal root ganglion

D  the ventral root contains axons of afferent, sensory neurons

A  The exocytosis of neurotransmitter

B  The graded potential

C  The repolarization phase of the action potential

D  All of these will not occur

E  The depolarization phase of the action potential

A  are part of the peripheral nervous system.

B  carry impulses from the periphery to the CNS.

C  relay messages from the brain down to the spinal cord to efferent neurons.

D  carry impulses from the CNS to the periphery.

E  transmit signals derived from afferent receptors up the spinal cord to the brain.

A  slightly more negative than the equilibrium potential of potassium ion.

B  equal to the equilibrium potential for potassium.

C  equal to the equilibrium potential for sodium.

D  more positive than the equilibrium potential for potassium.

E  more positive than the equilibrium potential for sodium.

A  Reflection

B  Refraction

C  Retraction

D  Deflection

A  activation of her parasympathetic nerves causes sudden contraction of her ciliary muscles.

B  she suddenly develops presbyopia.

C  activation of her sympathetic nerves causes sudden contraction of her ciliary muscles.

D  activation of her sympathetic nerves inhibits contraction of her ciliary muscles.

E  activation of her parasympathetic nerves inhibits contraction of her ciliary muscles.

A  mechanoreceptor

B  thermoreceptor

C  chemoreceptor

D  photoreceptor

A  thermoreceptor

B  nociceptor

C  photoreceptor

D  chemoreceptor

A  chemoreceptor

B  thermoreceptor

C  nociceptor

D  mechanoreceptor

A  nociceptor

B  thermoreceptor

C  photoreceptor

D  chemoreceptor

A  thermoreceptor

B  chemoreceptor

C  mechanoreceptor

D  photoreceptor

A  nociceptor

B  photoreceptor

C  thermoreceptor

D  chemoreceptor

A  thermoreceptor

B  nociceptor

C  photoreceptor

D  chemoreceptor

A  Hypothalamus

B  Mitochondria

C  Pituitary gland

D  Pineal gland

A  is a direct result of the opening of ligand-gated channels permeable to both Na + and K + ions in the pre-synaptic cell

B  stabilizes the membrane to remain at its resting potential.

C  is a direct result of the opening of voltage-gated channels permeable to Na + ions in the post-synaptic cell

D  occurs when voltage-gated Cl- channels open in a postsynaptic cell membrane.

E  opens voltage-gated Ca 2+ channels in the presynaptic membrane.

A  The term “adequate stimulus” means that a stimulus is strong enough to be detected.

B  Sensory information that leads to conscious awareness of the stimulus is called transduction.

C  The term “sensory unit” refers to a group of receptors that receive a particular stimulus and the afferent neuron associated with those receptors.

D  Some sensory receptors are modifications of the peripheral endings of efferent neurons.

E  All sensory information that reaches the brain can be experienced as a conscious sensation.

A  are part of the blood-brain barrier.

B  produce myelin

C  physically support neurons.

D  are important in the repair of brain injuries and in neural scar formation.

E  produce the CSF

F  can take up excess neurotransmitters

A  It requires ions to be distributed unevenly across the plasma membrane of a cell.

B  It is oriented so that the cell’s interior is negative with respect to the extracellular fluid.

C  in neurons, it is created mainly by potassium ion leakage

D  It has the same value in all cells.

E  It is not altered by changing concentration gradients of permeating ions.

F  Only nerve and muscle cells have a potential difference across the membrane at rest.

A  norepinephrine

B  serotonin

C  acetylcholine

D  histamine

A  dopamine

B  histamine

C  serotonin

D  acetylcholine

A  serotonin

B  acetylcholine

C  histamine

D  norepinephrine

A  dopamine

B  norepinephrine

C  acetylcholine

D  histamine

A  dopamine

B  norepinephrine

C  serotonin

D  acetylcholine

A  Sound

B  Proprioception

C  Cold and warmth

D  pain

E  Vision

F  Pressure

A  their activity is influenced by upper motor neurons

B  they are also known as somatic motor neurons

C  they secrete dopamine

D  they exit from the anterior gray horn

E  they can excite or inhibit skeletal muscles

F  they are part of the final common pathway

A  Na+ leak channels

B  Na+/K+ pumps.

C  Na+ voltage-gated channels.

D  K+ leak channels.

A  Presbyopia is a condition in which the lens cannot accommodate adequately for near vision.

B  The cornea refracts light rays more strongly than the lens.

C  Cataract is an increase in opacity (clouding) of the lens.

D  The image of an object that is focused on the retina is upside down relative to the object’s actual position in space.

E  Myopia is a condition in which the lens focuses light from distant objects behind the retina.

A  An action potential generates a new action potential in an adjacent area of membrane.

B  An action potential generates a local current that depolarizes adjacent membrane to threshold potential.

C  Action potentials travel in both directions along the axon.

D  Action potentials are usually initiated at the axon hillock of a neuron.

E  An action potential generated by a threshold stimulus is the same size as one generated by a supra-threshold stimulus.

A  cingulate gyrus

B  putamen

C  globus pallidus

D  caudate nucleus

E  mammilary body

F  substantia nigra

A  occurs in unmyelinated nerve fibers.

B  is comprised of lower motor neurons controlled by local circuit neurons

C  is comprised of lower motor neurons controlled by local circuit neurons and upper motor neurons arising from the cerebellum

D  always results in muscle contraction

E  is comprised of lower motor neurons controlled by upper motor neurons arising from the motor cortex

A    

B  control of breathing, circulation, and digestion.

C  personality traits.

D  final sensory perception

E  language ability

F  voluntary initiation of movement.

A  delta motor neurons

B  lower motor neurons

C  gamma motor neurons

D  nictonic motor neurons

E  upper motor neurons

A  White, Gray

B  Gray, White

C  Brown, Gray

D  Black, White

A  are replaced by cells known as basal cells.

B  bind chemicals called odorants

C  are specialized endings of afferent neurons called chemoreceptors

D  when stimulated send impulses both to the limbic system and to the cortex for perception of smell.

A  cataract.

B  hyperopia.

C  glaucoma.

D  myopia.

E  presbyopia.

A  bind with norepinephrine released from sympathetic postganglionic fibers.

B  are found primarily in the heart.

C  bind acetylcholine released from both sympathetic and parasympathetic postganglionic fibers.

D  bind acetylcholine released from parasympathetic preganglionic fibers.

E  bind acetylcholine released from both sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic fibers.

A  They can be graded and vary with stimulus strength.

B  They are action potentials.

C  They propagate without decrement.

D  They generally occur at the axon hillock of afferent neurons.

E  They always trigger action potentials.

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  Photoreceptors

B  Mechanoreceptors

C  Chemoreceptors

D  Nociceptors

E  Proprioceptors

A  adrenergic

B  nicotinic

C  muscarinic

A  dilation of the pupil.

B  activation of the sympathetic nervous system.

C  increased rounding of the cornea.

D  contraction of the ciliary muscles.

E  flatteningof the lens.

A  The concentration of cyclic GMP inside cells increases.

B  The chromophore retinal undergoes a change of shape.

C  The photoreceptor cells are stimulated and fireaction potentials.

D  The photoreceptor cell membranebecomes depolarized.

E  There is an increase in neurotransmitter release from photoreceptor cells.

A  frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex

B  somatosensory cortex

C  limbic system

D  occipital lobes of the cerebral cortex

E  temporal lobes of the cerebral cortex

A  The plasma membrane is completely impermeable to sodium ions.

B  The permeability of the plasma membrane to potassium ions is much greater than its permeability to sodium ions.

C  The plasma membrane is most permeable to sodium ions.

D  The concentration of sodium ion is greater inside the cell than outside.

E  The plasma membrane is completely impermeable to potassium ions.

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  Both near and distance vision are compromised

B  Near vision (e.g., reading a book)

C  No light will enter the eye and blindness will result

D  Both near and distance vision are fine, but changing back and forth between them becomes difficult

E  Distance vision (e.g., reading a street sign)

A  1,4,8,7,3,2,5,6,9,10

B  1,3,2,6,5,9,10,4,8,7

C  1,4,7,8,3,2,6,5,9,10

D  1,3,2,5,7,6,8,4,9,10

A  Terminal ganglia lie in a chain located along either side of the spinal cord.

B  the otic ganglia are found near the parotid gland

C  Terminal ganglia are the final common pathway for the autonomic nervous system.

D  Terminal ganglia give rise to sympathetic neurons

E  The terminal ganglia contain muscarinic receptors.

F  Long parasympathetic preganglionic fibers end at the terminal ganglia, which lie in or near the effector organ.

A  5, 4, 3, 1, 2

B  3, 1, 4, 5, 2

C  1, 4, 3, 2, 5

D  2, 1, 5, 4, 3

E  1, 2, 3, 5, 4