Exam 2

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Question #1

Which of the following is true regarding the relationship between gender and prosocial (helping) behavior in middle to late childhood?

A There are no significant differences in prosocial behavior between girls and boys.

B Boys are more likely to provide practical support (e.g., find solutions to problems), whereas girls are more likely to provide relational support (e.g., giving advice, listening to problems).

C Boys are more likely than girls to provide both practical and relational support.

D Girls are more likely to provide practical support, whereas boys are more likely to provide relational support.

Question #2

__________ refers to global evaluations of the self (e.g., “I am a good person”) and is also referred to as our self-worth or self-image, whereas _________ refers to domain-specific evaluations of the self (e.g., how we feel about ourselves with regard to particular areas like academics, athletics, and our appearance).

A Self-efficacy; self-esteem

B Self-concept; self-esteem

C Self-esteem; self-concept

D Self-concept; self-efficacy

Question #3

Which of the following is true regarding the relationship between gender and aggression in middle to late childhood?

A Boys are more likely than girls to engage in physical, verbal, and relational aggression.

B Girls are more likely than boys to engage in physical, verbal, and relational aggression.

C Boys are more likely than girls to engage in physical aggression. Girls are more likely than boys to engage in verbal and relational aggression.

D There are no significant differences in aggression between boys and girls.

Question #4

Girls are more likely than boys in middle to late childhood to deny that they experience certain emotions, such as sadness, shame, and guilt.

A FALSE

B TRUE

Question #5

Children of parents who divorce in early childhood will always have more negative long-term negative socioemotional consequences than children whose parents remained married despite conflict.

A FALSE

B TRUE

Question #6

What is a development change in emotion that occurs during middle/late childhood?

A There is increased understanding that more than one emotion can be experienced in a given situation.

B They have increased capacity for genuine empathy compared with younger children.

C Children are better able to self-regulate their own emotions, such as having increased ability to suppress or conceal negative emotions.

D All of the options are correct.

Question #7

Which of the following is true regarding bullying?

A Anxious and socially withdrawn children are less likely to be bullied than other children.

B Girls are more likely than boys to be bullied in middle school.

C Victims of bullies do not tend to suffer from physical symptoms (e.g., headaches, stomach problems) as a consequence of being bullied.

D Victims of bullies are more likely to be depressed and attempt suicide in middle school than children who are not bullied.

Question #8

During this course, we discussed studies that examine sociometric status. _________ children are those who are infrequently nominated as a best friend and are actively disliked by many. These children tend to have more serious social adjustment problems (e.g. more impulsive and emotionally reactive).

A Rejected

B Neglected

C Popular

D Average

Question #9

Which of the following is a developmental change in peer relationships during middle/late childhood?

A Peer interaction is less closely supervised than in early childhood.

B The amount of time spent in peer relationships tends to increase.

C Until about age 12, same-sex peer groups are preferred over mixed-sex peer groups.

D All of the options are correct

Question #10

________ refers to the belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes. Individuals who have high levels of this are more likely to try new learning tasks, especially those that are challenging, and are more likely to persist and be resilient.

A Self-regulation

B Self-concept

C Self-efficacy

D Self-esteem

Question #11

What is Erikson’s 4th stage of lifespan development, which he proposed takes place during middle/late childhood? In this particular stage, children must learn to develop a sense of competence for useful skills. If they do not develop this competency, they may be pessimistic and lack confidence in their own ability to complete tasks well.

A Trust vs. Mistrust

B Autonomy vs. Shame

C Initiative vs. Guilt

D Industry vs. Inferiority

Question #12

Convergent thinking involves the creative ability to produce many different answers to the same question.

A TRUE

B FALSE

Question #13

On the Stanford-Binet intelligence test, IQ scores fall within a normal distribution. A normal distribution means that ____________.

A All scores appear at the extremes of the possible range of scores.

B Most scores fall within the extremes and very few scores fall in the middle of the possible range of scores.

C Most scores fall within the middle range of possible scores and few scores appear at the extremes.

D All scores fall in the middle of the possible range of scores.

Question #14

The hostile attribution bias suggests that aggressive children ________ than nonaggressive children.

A are less likely to retaliate in response to ambiguous cues

B All of the options are correct.

C are less likely to view a joke as an intentional insult

D are more likely to view an accidental bump as an intentional shove, challenge, or threat

Question #15

Stern developed the concept of an Intelligence Quotient (IQ). If Kiera’s mental age (e.g., 10) is higher than their chronological age (e.g., 5), it means that ________.

A her IQ is average

B her IQ is lower than average

C her IQ is higher than average

D her IQ cannot be determined

Question #16

According to Carol Dweck, individuals who have a growth mindset __________.

A believe that talent alone creates success without effort

B believe that basic qualities (e.g., intelligence, skill) can be developed through dedication and hard work

C spend time documenting intelligence instead of developing it.

D believe that basic qualities (e.g., intelligence, skill) cannot be changed.

Question #17

Which of the following is an example of an effective memory strategy that improves during middle/late childhood?

A All of the options are correct.

B Elaborating on the material

C Using mental imagery

D Elaborating on the material

Question #18

Julio understands that although he is older than his brother, he is also younger than his sister. According to Piaget, Julio now understands the concept of __________.

A conservation

B egocentrism

C transitivity

D animism

Question #19

Scientific studies of bilingualism suggest that children __________ than children who are monolingual.

A have better grammar

B perform better on tests of cognitive control

C All of the options are correct.

D have better cognitive flexibility

Question #20

Sally was given a difficult math test and told that previous research has shown that “men tend to perform better on this test than women.” According to stereotype threat, how will Sally perform on the test?

A Sally will likely perform worse than she would have had she not been told about the gender difference

B Sally will likely perform as well as a man on the test.

C Sally will likely perform as well as she would have had she not told about the gender difference.

D Sally will rise to the occasion and perform better than she would have had she not been told about the gender difference.

Question #21

According to Piaget, children achieve all of the following except what in the concrete operational stage of development?

A seriation

B conservation

C classification

D abstract thinking

Question #22

Which of the following is a domain-specific theory of intelligence?

A Stern’s IQ

B Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory

C Wechsler’s scales

D Binet’s mental age

Question #23

Who of the following would have the easiest time learning a second language?

A a 7 year old

B a 30 year old

C An 18 year old

D a 52 year old

Question #24

Fuzzy trace theory suggests that _______.

A Verbatim memory traces are more accurate than gist memory traces .

B Children are never able to use either verbatim or gist memory traces.

C Children increasingly use gist memory traces as they age.

D Children increasingly use verbatim memory traces as they age.

Question #25

According to Gardner’s multiple intelligences, individuals who are skilled in the ability to understand oneself have high ___________ intelligence.

A spatial

B verbal (linguistic)

C intrapersonal

D interpesonal

Question #26

According to this theory of gender identity, children learn about gender by observing and imitating what others say and do. Children learn by receiving rewards and punishments for gender-appropriate and gender-inappropriate behavior (and observing others receive rewards and punishments).

A Gender segregation theory

B Social cognitive theory

C Social role theory

D Psychoanalytic theory (Freudian)

Question #27

Which parenting style tends to be associated with the best long-term developmental outcomes for children?

A authoritarian

B neglectful

C indulgent (permissive)

D authoritative

Question #28

What is Erikson’s 3rd stage of lifespan development, which he proposed takes place during early childhood? In this particular stage, children gain a new sense of purpose and are eager to try new tasks. If children do not gain this competency, they may have an overly strict conscience.

A Initiative vs. Guilt

B Industry vs. Inferiority

C Trust vs. Mistrust

D Autonomy vs. Shame

Question #29

According to Baumrind, parents who use this style tend to be very uninvolved in their children’s lives. They place few demands (expectations) on the child and do not provide much support (i.e., are unresponsive to their children’s needs). Children of parents who use this style tend to never learn to control their own behavior and tend to expect to get their way. This can lead to later aggression and immaturity.

A indulgent (permissive)

B authoritative

C neglectful

D authoritarian

Question #30

In general, correlational research shows that spanking is associated with _______.

A higher levels of childhood antisocial behavior

B All of the options are correct.

C more positive mental health outcomes (e.g., higher self-esteem)

D lower levels of aggression

Question #31

Research suggests that children who grow up in LGBT households (e.g., with lesbian mothers or gay fathers) have significantly worse developmental outcomes than children who have been parented with heterosexual parents.

A FALSE

B TRUE

Question #32

Emotion-coaching parents monitor their child’s emotions, view their children’s negative emotions as opportunities for teaching, and coach children by teaching the how to label and deal effectively with emotions. This type of parenting approach tends to be associated with more positive developmental outcomes.

A TRUE

B FALSE

Question #33

Let’s pretend that we ask a young child which scenario is worse: (a) breaking 12 cups on accident or (b) breaking 1 cup on purpose. According to Piaget, a child approximately aged 4-7 will have a heteronomous morality and will likely answer ______________.

A that they do not understand the problem and cannot answer it.

B sometimes that breaking 12 cups accidentally is worse and sometimes answer that breaking 1 cup intentionally is worse

C that breaking 1 cup intentionally is worse.

D that breaking 12 cups accidentally is worse.

Question #34

Children in early childhood are more likely to play in mixed-sexed groups (i.e., boys and girls together) than same-sexed groups (i.e., groups that are composed of only boys or girls).

A FALSE

B TRUE

Question #35

Conflict between siblings tends to increase in early childhood.

A FALSE

B TRUE

Question #36

What function(s) does play serve?

A All of the options are correct.

B Play satisfies our basic exploratory drives.

C Play helps to advance cognitive development.

D Play can help children master anxieties and resolve conflict.

Question #37

Which of the following is an alternative to spanking that has shown beneficial results on children’s development?

A the use of time outs

B reasoning with the child and explaining what they did wrong and how to correct it in the future

C All of the options are correct.

D loss of privileges

Question #38

A young child who bumps into a tree may say, “Ouch! That tree hit me!” This illustrates that young children may believe that inanimate objects have thoughts, feelings, and desires, and that they are capable of action. This is referred to as _______.

A centration

B egocentrism

C conservation

D animism

Question #39

A child watches Sally put a ball in a red box in front of Anne. Sally then goes away and Anne moves the ball to a blue box. The child is then asked, “Where will Sally look for her ball?” A child who says that Sally will look in the blue box has not yet developed ________, that is the ability to understand another person’s mental state and take on another person’s perspective. When children have achieved this, they understand that sometimes people can have false beliefs about the world.

A animism

B abstract thinking

C centration

D theory of mind

Question #40

A child who is in what Piaget described as the preoperational stage of development has not yet developed ____________, that is the idea that just because an object changes its appearance does not mean that its basic properties have changed.
This means that the child in the picture would likely say that the taller glass contains more liquid than the shorter glass even though she previously saw that there was a similar amount of liquid when it was displayed in two short glasses.

A animism

B egocentrism

C conservation

D theory of mind

Question #41

Four-year-old Isabella mistakenly believes that her mother would like to receive a toy doll as a Christmas present. She has a problem distinguishing between distinguishing between her own perspective and desires and someone else’s. This best illustrates Piaget’s concept of _______.

A animism

B egocentrism

C object permanence

D conservation

Question #42

Compared with older children and adults, preschool aged children _______.

A tend to provide less detailed, complete, and consistent reports

B are less likely to forget information over time

C Show no differences in the quality or quantity of their memory reports

D are less susceptible to suggestion (i.e., they are less likely to incorporate wrong information they are exposed to into their own memory reports)

Question #43

There are rapid increases in the __________ during early childhood, which is the area responsible for planning, judgment, decision-making, impulse control, and attention.

A temporal lobe

B prefrontal cortex

C motor cortex

D visual cortex

Question #44

According to information processing approaches, which of the following is true regarding changes in attention during early childhood?

A Focused and sustained attention improves during this time.

B Younger children tend to be less efficient at planning attention and are less systematic in their decision- making than older children.

C All of the options are correct.

D Children in this age group tend to pay more attention to stimuli that standout and are salient even when that information is not relevant.

Question #45

Which of the following is true regarding handedness?

A Handedness is not influenced by genetics.

B Historically, left handed and right handed people have been treated similarly. That is, there are no significant differences in discrimination based on handedness.

C Lefthanders are more likely to show superior math and spatial skills compared with right handers.

D All of the options are correct.

Question #46

Children’s use of ___________, the appropriate use of language in different contexts, increases during early childhood. This results in children learning conversational rules and how to adapt their speech in different settings.

A pragmatics

B phonology

C syntax

D morphology

Question #47

An impaired theory of mind is most closely associated with __________.

A Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

B Autism Spectrum Disorders