Exam 4

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Question #1

Which of the following is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors?

A a person’s height

B a person’s political opinions

C a person’s personality

D all of the above

Question #2

Which of the following is an issue with the heritability coefficient?

A It is straight-forward with how it clarifies which traits are entirely due to heritability.

B It matches our intuition on the nature-nurture influence on genes.

C It divides traits’ determinants into two portions: genes and environments.

D It is too easy to interpret when making judgments about genetics.

Question #3

Which of the following is a major problem with arriving at a conclusive scientific answer to the nature-nurture debate?

A Researchers cannot agree on definitions for “nature” and for “nurture.”

B Humans cannot easily be randomly assigned to different genetic and environmental conditions.

C Research results in this area do not replicate.

D It is unethical to study the genetic influences on behavior

Question #4

Which of the following sentences best describes current thinking on the nature-nurture debate?

A Most psychological traits have a genetic component but nature also has the ability to change even supposedly “fixed” traits such as height.

B Studies of identical twins who were raised in separate households prove that environment, and not genetics, is responsible for most psychological traits.

C The debate is over: most psychological traits are largely the product of genetic influence.

D The debate is over: most psychological traits are largely the product of environmental influence.

Question #5

If a baby were given up for adoption from an English-only speaking family and adopted by a Spanish speaking family, you would expect the baby to learn to speak Spanish. If this happened, it would offer insights into the _________ question of what leads to an individual’s behavior.

A genetic lottery

B nature-nurture question

C twin studies

D DNA

Question #6

Which of the following is the most accurate description of the methodological advantage of twin studies?

A Because twins share genetics and live in the same environment they provide information about both nature and nurture.

B Because there are two participants the findings always replicate.

C Twin studies use both self-report and peer report.

D Because twins share DNA it is possible to estimate the contribution of genetics to their personality and behavior.

Question #7

Recall tasks are easier for young adults compared to older adults. One explanation points to the fact that our ability to simultaneously store and use information becomes less efficient as we age. This is also known as our _________________.

A processing speed

B inhibitory functioning

C working memory

D heterogeneity effect

Question #8

Billy is having difficulty focusing on his medication instructions as he keeps thinking of what ingredients he needs next for the lunch he is making himself. Billy’s difficulty is likely due to deficiency in what?

A working memory

B inhibitory functioning

C recognition

D recall

Question #9

Hedonic well-being refers to the emotional component of well-being and includes measures such as:

A satisfaction or judgments of whether individuals are currently living the best life possible

B social support, personality, and health

C sadness, desire, and life’s remaining ambitions

D happiness, contentment, and stress

Question #10

Average life expectancy is calculated by taking the mean number of years that ____ percent of people in a specific birth cohort are expected to survive.

A 80

B 50

C 75

D 65

Question #11

After early adulthood, the gap between subjective age and actual age generally _________.

A stabilizes

B increases

C decreases

D becomes unpredictable

Question #12

During the preoperational stage, children struggle with ________ problems as they focus on one dimension and ignore changes in other dimensions. For example, laying out five candies close together versus spread out will likely lead a 2- to 7-year-old to state that the second layout has more candy (even though the actual number of candies is the same).

A conservation

B permanence

C management

D stationary

Question #13

According to Piaget, a child who is in the __________ stage of cognitive development would fail a task of object permanence.

A sensorimotor

B formal operational reasoning

C concrete operational reasoning

D preoperational reasoning

Question #14

Adam is upset that his twin brother Ryan has two pieces of pie while he only has one. His Mom rightly states that it’s the same amount of pie it’s just that Ryan’s piece fell apart into two pieces as it was transferred onto the plate. Still not satisfied, Adam begins to throw a temper tantrum. In a moment of desperation, Adam’s Mom cuts his piece in half saying: “There, Adam, now you have two pieces!” This worked. Adam is now happy. What Piagetian Stage is Adam in?

A concrete operational

B formal operational

C preoperational

D sensorimotor

Question #15

Which of the following is the most important aspect of a child’s ability to develop depth perception (demonstrated by the fact that the absence of this factor can lead to depth perception problems later in life)?

A the presence of nictitating membranes over the corneas

B receiving patterned light

C the firing of mirror neurons

D protection from teratogens during the fetal stage of prenatal development

Question #16

What do information processing theories focus on?

A development that occurs through a sequence of discontinuous stages: the sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational stages

B describing the cognitive processes that underlie thinking at any one age and cognitive growth over time

C emphasizing how other people and the attitudes, values, and beliefs of the surrounding culture influence children’s development

D describing development that occurs sequentially and discontinuously that allows for strict quantitative measures when observing changes

Question #17

Farrah is learning about _________. To track her progress, her teacher presents her with pairs of words and asks her which of them rhyme.

A linguistic relativity

B phonetic deconstruction

C phonemic awareness

D morphemic sensitivity

Question #18

Eight-month old Jonathan was left by his mother at the baby-sitter’s place. The minute his mother left and he could not see her, Jonathan started to cry. According to Piaget’s theory of cognitive development which concept would explain Jonathan’s behavior?

A transformation