Midterm Exam

A  Designer consumerism

B  Conspicuous consumption

C  Credit card consumerism

D  Popular consumerism

A  meritocracy

B  stratification cognition

C  hegemony

D  false consciousness 

E  ideology

A  Contrary to assumptions about the culture of poverty, members of the lower class often save and take actions that might lead them to improve their situations. 

B  The values and norms of many Americans in all class groups include attitudes of resignation and fatalism. 

C  The poor often move into the middle class. 

D  Some people simply have a predisposition to making poor choices regarding finances. 

E  It tends to blame the victims of poverty for their own misfortunes, while ignoring structural causes of inequality. 

A  1 percent 

B  15 percent 

C  40 percent 

D  27 percent 

E  3 percent 

A  false consciousness 

B  social structure 

C  class consciousness 

D  ideology

E  cultural capital

A  social welfare  

B  ideology

C  education 

D  class consciousness 

E  cultural capital

A  the invisibility of poverty 

B  caste 

C  ideology

D  slavery 

E  social reproduction 

A  Weber did not believe that owning the means of production mattered in any way

B  Weber did not have a theory of social class. 

C  Weber believed that wealth was the only factor that mattered, regardless of how that wealth was acquired. 

D  Weber believed that wealth, power, and prestige could all affect a person’s social class. 

E  Weber believed that class status was inherited and was an extension of the old feudal system. 

A  10 percent 

B  47 percent 

C  99 percent 

D  90 percent 

E  53 percent 

A  deviance that is active and is openly embraced 

B  the form of acts that come with secondary deviance 

C  deviance that relates to a criminal record 

D  deviance that actively harms someone physically 

E  instances where a rule violation is, or seems to be, an admirable act that should be supported 

A  deviance avowal 

B  labeling theory

C  differential association theory 

D  structural functionalism 

E  structural strain theory 

A  The goal of success is shared by a majority of people, but not everyone has equal means for achieving that goal. 

B  American society is very lax in enforcing laws. 

C  Deviant behavior is glamorized in the media and therefore becomes increasingly attractive to young people. 

D  There are a lot of people with inborn antisocial tendencies. 

E  Deviant behavior has become so widespread that many people think of it as normal. 

A  symbolic interactionist 

B  conflict theory

C  retreatist 

D  structural functionalist 

E  pragmatic analytical 

A  The anger and public outcry helps to rehabilitate the offender so he won’t give in to the temptation to cheat in the future. 

B  It helps to deter politicians from cheating in the future. 

C  It helps to protect the family of the politician, who need scrutiny and media coverage in order to move on.

D  Being forced out of office prevents him from ever cheating again. 

E  It helps to clarify moral boundaries, reinforcing the idea that marital infidelity is wrong. 

A  inspire feelings of revulsion or disgust.

B  cause harm or injury to someone

C  be a deeply held belief

D  depart from a norm and generate a negative reaction.

E  violate a law

A  traditional leaders

B  expressive leaders

C  charismatic leaders

D  instrumental leaders

E  democratic leaders

A  It makes it much harder for the group to achieve goals.

B  It reduces the degree to which members are attracted to the group.

C  It can lead to groupthink, in which dissenting opinions are strongly discouraged.

D  It makes group members more susceptible to anomie, normlessness.

E  It leads to endless rounds of discussion that tend to preclude any real action.

A  the rise of hate groups.

B  anomie, or normlessness.

C  a need for new types of etiquette.

D  increasing reliance on technology.

E  unemployment.

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  when a role comes with contradictory expectations that lead to conflict within an individual

B  when an individual possesses a role that generates a great deal of controversy and conflict within her social circle

C  when an individual possesses a role she finds objectionable

D  when one individual has multiple roles that are in conflict

E  when an individual possesses a role that requires him to constantly challenge others, resulting in a great deal of conflict

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  punctuality, neatness, and discipline

B  math, reading, and science

C  literature

D  vandalism, truancy, and other forms of deviance

E  civics and the principles of American government

A  the existential dilemma

B  cooling the mark out

C  resocialization

D  peer socialization

E  impression management

A  In both football and society, there are winners and losers.

B  Both football and society use hegemonic power to maintain order.

C  Both football and society involve hierarchy and rules that help the elite maintain their status.

D  Football is one of the few games that allows individual agency.

E  In both football and society, individuals have to take into account the roles and points of view of everyone else. 

A  We develop a self-concept based on what we think others think of us.

B  We imagine others’ evaluations of us.

C  We imagine how we appear to those around us.

D  We determine whether or not our parents’ evaluations of us are similar to our grandparents’.

E  We modify our own behavior based on what we believe others think of us.

A  fact that human nature is essentially self-centered and must be unlearned.

B  lifelong process by which people learn the norms, values, and beliefs of their culture.

C  interaction between commodities and social institutions.

D  process by which individuals come to know one another

E  interaction between different societies’ cultures.

A  subculture

B  subordinate culture

C  counterculture

D  mixed culture

E  dominant culture

A  social group.

B  counterculture.

C  cultural spin-off.

D  subculture.

E  subdominant culture.

A  signs

B  sanctions 

C  multiculturalism

D  culture wars

E  folkways

A  laws

B  folkways

C  taboos

D  mores

E  all of the above

A  They understand other values and beliefs within the proper cultural context.

B  They use their own culture as a standard of judgment.

C  They are part of a counterculture.

D  They are practicing cultural relativism.

E  Other cultures are extremely different from theirs.

A  Culture includes the habits and lifestyle choices of a group of people.

B  Culture shapes and defines who we are.

C  Culture encompasses every aspect of social life.

D  Culture includes customs and rituals, as well as tools and artifacts.

E  all of the above

A  statistical analysis

B  interview transcripts

C  ethnographic fieldnotes

D  experimental data

E  existing sources

A  when they use experimental methods

B  when they use interviews and participant observation

C  when they use ethnographic methods

D  when they use surveys

E  when they use historical research

A  They allow respondents to opt out of a question if they don’t have an answer.

B  They allow respondents to answer along a continuum, from “strongly agree” to “strongly disagree.”

C  They allow respondents to answer with their own opinions.

D  They encourage respondents to include detailed responses.

E  They allow respondents to answer in simple dichotomies, like true/false or yes/no.

A  they have all read the prior literature on the subject area.

B  their confidentiality has been guaranteed.

C  they all understand the nature of the study and what will be asked of them.

D  they have all agreed to participate in the study for monetary compensation.

E  they all belong to the target population identified by the researcher.

A  Ethnography requires the researcher to spend little time gaining familiarity with the research subjects.

B  Ethnography allows the researcher to gather abundant data on a small population.

C  Ethnography is a quick and easy form of social science research.

D  Ethnography requires no training since it’s something we all do as human beings.   

E  Ethnography allows the researcher to hold on to rigid stereotypes about others.

A  ethical issue.

B  research proposal.

C  example of reactivity.

D  hypothesis.

E  paradigm shift.

A  form a hypothesis, predict outcomes, define variables, collect data, analyze data

B  form a hypothesis, analyze data, make predictions, review the literature

C  form a hypothesis, review the literature, define variables, predict outcomes, collect data, analyze data, disseminate findings

D  collect data, analyze data, form a hypothesis, predict outcomes, define variables

E  analyze data, review the literature, collect data, form a hypothesis

A  conflict theory

B  structural functionalism

C  symbolic interactionism

D  psychoanalysis

E  postmodernism

A  a serious source of anomie.

B  a manifest function of the border patrol.

C  a latent function of increased security.

D  a cause for repression and sublimation.

E  a source of mechanical solidarity.

A  symbolic interactionism

B  postmodernism

C  conflict theory

D  psychoanalysis

E  structural functionalism

A  Most aspects of life are increasingly controlled through rigid rules and rationalization.

B  Increasingly, modern society has more laws and uses them to incarcerate more people in prison.

C  The conditions of modern life create a psychic prison that leaves most people discontent with civilization.

D  Increasingly, we live and work in smaller and smaller physical locations, as if crammed in a cage.

E  More and more people live under totalitarian dictators and so lose basic rights and freedoms.

A  when the lower classes come to recognize how society works and challenge those in power

B  through the further development of false consciousness

C  when industrial production is perfected, so that most of the workers are unemployed

D  when a vanguard party leads a violent revolution

E  through a religious awakening

A  anger and disillusionment with progress

B  the transfer of destructive urges to socially useful activities

C  a failure of the oppressed to recognize the source of their oppression

D  normlessness, or a loss of social connections

E  a kind of social solidarity based on interdependence

A  Both are useful in different ways, because they each provide different types of information about the same object of study.

B  Macrosociological—it helps to understand how face-to-face interactions shape society.

C  Microsociological—it explains how individuals shape and create large-scale social institutions.

D  Macrosociological—it explains how large-scale social institutions influence individuals.

A  Macrosociology

B  Globalization

C  the sociological imagination

D  culture shock

E  quantitative methods

A  We should consider the economic and political structures of the society.

B  We should ask those who are unemployed how much they want to work.

C  We should consider the work ethic of the average citizen.

D  We should worry about the intelligence level of the workers who have lost their jobs.

E  We should teach people how to take better advantage of their opportunities.