Midterm Exam

A  Popular consumerism

B  Designer consumerism

C  Credit card consumerism

D  Conspicuous consumption

A  meritocracy

B  false consciousness 

C  stratification cognition

D  ideology

E  hegemony

A  Some people simply have a predisposition to making poor choices regarding finances. 

B  It tends to blame the victims of poverty for their own misfortunes, while ignoring structural causes of inequality. 

C  Contrary to assumptions about the culture of poverty, members of the lower class often save and take actions that might lead them to improve their situations. 

D  The values and norms of many Americans in all class groups include attitudes of resignation and fatalism. 

E  The poor often move into the middle class. 

A  3 percent 

B  27 percent 

C  40 percent 

D  1 percent 

E  15 percent 

A  ideology

B  social structure 

C  class consciousness 

D  false consciousness 

E  cultural capital

A  class consciousness 

B  ideology

C  cultural capital

D  education 

E  social welfare  

A  the invisibility of poverty 

B  social reproduction 

C  caste 

D  ideology

E  slavery 

A  Weber believed that class status was inherited and was an extension of the old feudal system. 

B  Weber did not believe that owning the means of production mattered in any way

C  Weber believed that wealth, power, and prestige could all affect a person’s social class. 

D  Weber believed that wealth was the only factor that mattered, regardless of how that wealth was acquired. 

E  Weber did not have a theory of social class. 

A  47 percent 

B  10 percent 

C  90 percent 

D  99 percent 

E  53 percent 

A  deviance that relates to a criminal record 

B  instances where a rule violation is, or seems to be, an admirable act that should be supported 

C  the form of acts that come with secondary deviance 

D  deviance that is active and is openly embraced 

E  deviance that actively harms someone physically 

A  structural strain theory 

B  differential association theory 

C  structural functionalism 

D  labeling theory

E  deviance avowal 

A  There are a lot of people with inborn antisocial tendencies. 

B  Deviant behavior has become so widespread that many people think of it as normal. 

C  The goal of success is shared by a majority of people, but not everyone has equal means for achieving that goal. 

D  American society is very lax in enforcing laws. 

E  Deviant behavior is glamorized in the media and therefore becomes increasingly attractive to young people. 

A  retreatist 

B  symbolic interactionist 

C  conflict theory

D  structural functionalist 

E  pragmatic analytical 

A  The anger and public outcry helps to rehabilitate the offender so he won’t give in to the temptation to cheat in the future. 

B  It helps to protect the family of the politician, who need scrutiny and media coverage in order to move on.

C  It helps to clarify moral boundaries, reinforcing the idea that marital infidelity is wrong. 

D  Being forced out of office prevents him from ever cheating again. 

E  It helps to deter politicians from cheating in the future. 

A  violate a law

B  cause harm or injury to someone

C  inspire feelings of revulsion or disgust.

D  depart from a norm and generate a negative reaction.

E  be a deeply held belief

A  traditional leaders

B  charismatic leaders

C  instrumental leaders

D  democratic leaders

E  expressive leaders

A  It makes it much harder for the group to achieve goals.

B  It leads to endless rounds of discussion that tend to preclude any real action.

C  It can lead to groupthink, in which dissenting opinions are strongly discouraged.

D  It makes group members more susceptible to anomie, normlessness.

E  It reduces the degree to which members are attracted to the group.

A  a need for new types of etiquette.

B  unemployment.

C  anomie, or normlessness.

D  increasing reliance on technology.

E  the rise of hate groups.

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  when a role comes with contradictory expectations that lead to conflict within an individual

B  when an individual possesses a role she finds objectionable

C  when one individual has multiple roles that are in conflict

D  when an individual possesses a role that generates a great deal of controversy and conflict within her social circle

E  when an individual possesses a role that requires him to constantly challenge others, resulting in a great deal of conflict

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  vandalism, truancy, and other forms of deviance

B  math, reading, and science

C  civics and the principles of American government

D  punctuality, neatness, and discipline

E  literature

A  impression management

B  cooling the mark out

C  the existential dilemma

D  resocialization

E  peer socialization

A  In both football and society, there are winners and losers.

B  Football is one of the few games that allows individual agency.

C  In both football and society, individuals have to take into account the roles and points of view of everyone else. 

D  Both football and society involve hierarchy and rules that help the elite maintain their status.

E  Both football and society use hegemonic power to maintain order.

A  We develop a self-concept based on what we think others think of us.

B  We imagine how we appear to those around us.

C  We modify our own behavior based on what we believe others think of us.

D  We determine whether or not our parents’ evaluations of us are similar to our grandparents’.

E  We imagine others’ evaluations of us.

A  process by which individuals come to know one another

B  interaction between commodities and social institutions.

C  fact that human nature is essentially self-centered and must be unlearned.

D  lifelong process by which people learn the norms, values, and beliefs of their culture.

E  interaction between different societies’ cultures.

A  dominant culture

B  mixed culture

C  subordinate culture

D  subculture

E  counterculture

A  social group.

B  cultural spin-off.

C  subculture.

D  subdominant culture.

E  counterculture.

A  multiculturalism

B  culture wars

C  sanctions 

D  signs

E  folkways

A  mores

B  laws

C  taboos

D  folkways

E  all of the above

A  They understand other values and beliefs within the proper cultural context.

B  They use their own culture as a standard of judgment.

C  They are part of a counterculture.

D  Other cultures are extremely different from theirs.

E  They are practicing cultural relativism.

A  Culture includes the habits and lifestyle choices of a group of people.

B  Culture shapes and defines who we are.

C  Culture includes customs and rituals, as well as tools and artifacts.

D  Culture encompasses every aspect of social life.

E  all of the above

A  interview transcripts

B  existing sources

C  statistical analysis

D  ethnographic fieldnotes

E  experimental data

A  when they use experimental methods

B  when they use interviews and participant observation

C  when they use ethnographic methods

D  when they use historical research

E  when they use surveys

A  They encourage respondents to include detailed responses.

B  They allow respondents to answer along a continuum, from “strongly agree” to “strongly disagree.”

C  They allow respondents to opt out of a question if they don’t have an answer.

D  They allow respondents to answer in simple dichotomies, like true/false or yes/no.

E  They allow respondents to answer with their own opinions.

A  they have all read the prior literature on the subject area.

B  they all belong to the target population identified by the researcher.

C  their confidentiality has been guaranteed.

D  they have all agreed to participate in the study for monetary compensation.

E  they all understand the nature of the study and what will be asked of them.

A  Ethnography allows the researcher to hold on to rigid stereotypes about others.

B  Ethnography requires no training since it’s something we all do as human beings.   

C  Ethnography allows the researcher to gather abundant data on a small population.

D  Ethnography requires the researcher to spend little time gaining familiarity with the research subjects.

E  Ethnography is a quick and easy form of social science research.

A  hypothesis.

B  research proposal.

C  ethical issue.

D  paradigm shift.

E  example of reactivity.

A  collect data, analyze data, form a hypothesis, predict outcomes, define variables

B  form a hypothesis, analyze data, make predictions, review the literature

C  form a hypothesis, review the literature, define variables, predict outcomes, collect data, analyze data, disseminate findings

D  form a hypothesis, predict outcomes, define variables, collect data, analyze data

E  analyze data, review the literature, collect data, form a hypothesis

A  symbolic interactionism

B  psychoanalysis

C  conflict theory

D  postmodernism

E  structural functionalism

A  a latent function of increased security.

B  a source of mechanical solidarity.

C  a manifest function of the border patrol.

D  a cause for repression and sublimation.

E  a serious source of anomie.

A  symbolic interactionism

B  psychoanalysis

C  structural functionalism

D  postmodernism

E  conflict theory

A  Most aspects of life are increasingly controlled through rigid rules and rationalization.

B  The conditions of modern life create a psychic prison that leaves most people discontent with civilization.

C  Increasingly, we live and work in smaller and smaller physical locations, as if crammed in a cage.

D  More and more people live under totalitarian dictators and so lose basic rights and freedoms.

E  Increasingly, modern society has more laws and uses them to incarcerate more people in prison.

A  through a religious awakening

B  through the further development of false consciousness

C  when a vanguard party leads a violent revolution

D  when the lower classes come to recognize how society works and challenge those in power

E  when industrial production is perfected, so that most of the workers are unemployed

A  normlessness, or a loss of social connections

B  anger and disillusionment with progress

C  a failure of the oppressed to recognize the source of their oppression

D  the transfer of destructive urges to socially useful activities

E  a kind of social solidarity based on interdependence

A  Microsociological—it explains how individuals shape and create large-scale social institutions.

B  Macrosociological—it helps to understand how face-to-face interactions shape society.

C  Both are useful in different ways, because they each provide different types of information about the same object of study.

D  Macrosociological—it explains how large-scale social institutions influence individuals.

A  Globalization

B  the sociological imagination

C  culture shock

D  Macrosociology

E  quantitative methods

A  We should ask those who are unemployed how much they want to work.

B  We should worry about the intelligence level of the workers who have lost their jobs.

C  We should consider the economic and political structures of the society.

D  We should consider the work ethic of the average citizen.

E  We should teach people how to take better advantage of their opportunities.