Midterm

A  Popular consumerism

B  Credit card consumerism

C  Designer consumerism

D  Conspicuous consumption

A  hegemony

B  meritocracy

C  false consciousness 

D  stratification cognition

E  ideology

A  The poor often move into the middle class. 

B  It tends to blame the victims of poverty for their own misfortunes, while ignoring structural causes of inequality. 

C  Contrary to assumptions about the culture of poverty, members of the lower class often save and take actions that might lead them to improve their situations. 

D  The values and norms of many Americans in all class groups include attitudes of resignation and fatalism. 

E  Some people simply have a predisposition to making poor choices regarding finances. 

A  40 percent 

B  27 percent 

C  15 percent 

D  3 percent 

E  1 percent 

A  social structure 

B  ideology

C  cultural capital

D  class consciousness 

E  false consciousness 

A  social welfare  

B  ideology

C  cultural capital

D  education 

E  class consciousness 

A  social reproduction 

B  slavery 

C  ideology

D  the invisibility of poverty 

E  caste 

A  Weber did not have a theory of social class. 

B  Weber believed that wealth was the only factor that mattered, regardless of how that wealth was acquired. 

C  Weber did not believe that owning the means of production mattered in any way. 

D  Weber believed that wealth, power, and prestige could all affect a person’s social class. 

E  Weber believed that class status was inherited and was an extension of the old feudal system. 

A  99 percent 

B  10 percent 

C  53 percent 

D  47 percent 

E  90 percent 

A  deviance that actively harms someone physically 

B  deviance that is active and is openly embraced 

C  the form of acts that come with secondary deviance 

D  instances where a rule violation is, or seems to be, an admirable act that should be supported 

E  deviance that relates to a criminal record 

A  structural strain theory 

B  labeling theory

C  structural functionalism 

D  differential association theory 

E  deviance avowal 

A  Deviant behavior has become so widespread that many people think of it as normal. 

B  The goal of success is shared by a majority of people, but not everyone has equal means for achieving that goal. 

C  Deviant behavior is glamorized in the media and therefore becomes increasingly attractive to young people. 

D  American society is very lax in enforcing laws. 

E  There are a lot of people with inborn antisocial tendencies. 

A  structural functionalist 

B  symbolic interactionist 

C  retreatist 

D  conflict theory

E  pragmatic analytical 

A  It helps to deter politicians from cheating in the future. 

B  The anger and public outcry helps to rehabilitate the offender so he won’t give in to the temptation to cheat in the future. 

C  It helps to protect the family of the politician, who need scrutiny and media coverage in order to move on.

D  It helps to clarify moral boundaries, reinforcing the idea that marital infidelity is wrong. 

E  Being forced out of office prevents him from ever cheating again. 

A  depart from a norm and generate a negative reaction.

B  be a deeply held belief

C  cause harm or injury to someone

D  violate a law

E  inspire feelings of revulsion or disgust.

A  instrumental leaders

B  charismatic leaders

C  traditional leaders

D  democratic leaders

E  expressive leaders

A  It makes group members more susceptible to anomie, normlessness.

B  It can lead to groupthink, in which dissenting opinions are strongly discouraged.

C  It leads to endless rounds of discussion that tend to preclude any real action.

D  It makes it much harder for the group to achieve goals.

E  It reduces the degree to which members are attracted to the group.

A  increasing reliance on technology.

B  anomie, or normlessness.

C  a need for new types of etiquette.

D  unemployment.

E  the rise of hate groups.

A  True

B  False

A  False

B  True

A  when an individual possesses a role that generates a great deal of controversy and conflict within her social circle

B  when one individual has multiple roles that are in conflict

C  when an individual possesses a role that requires him to constantly challenge others, resulting in a great deal of conflict

D  when a role comes with contradictory expectations that lead to conflict within an individual

E  when an individual possesses a role she finds objectionable

A  True

B  False

A  literature

B  math, reading, and science

C  punctuality, neatness, and discipline

D  civics and the principles of American government

E  vandalism, truancy, and other forms of deviance

A  impression management

B  the existential dilemma

C  resocialization

D  peer socialization

E  cooling the mark out

A  Both football and society use hegemonic power to maintain order.

B  In both football and society, there are winners and losers.

C  Both football and society involve hierarchy and rules that help the elite maintain their status.

D  Football is one of the few games that allows individual agency.

E  In both football and society, individuals have to take into account the roles and points of view of everyone else. 

A  We imagine how we appear to those around us.

B  We imagine others’ evaluations of us.

C  We determine whether or not our parents’ evaluations of us are similar to our grandparents’.

D  We modify our own behavior based on what we believe others think of us.

E  We develop a self-concept based on what we think others think of us.

F    

A  interaction between different societies’ cultures.

B  process by which individuals come to know one another.

C  fact that human nature is essentially self-centered and must be unlearned.

D  lifelong process by which people learn the norms, values, and beliefs of their culture.

E  interaction between commodities and social institutions.

A  mixed culture

B  counterculture

C  subculture

D  dominant culture

E  subordinate culture

A  subdominant culture.

B  cultural spin-off.

C  social group.

D  counterculture.

E  subculture.

A  signs

B  folkways

C  multiculturalism

D  culture wars

E  sanctions 

A  all of these

B  taboos

C  folkways

D  mores

E  laws

A  They use their own culture as a standard of judgment.

B  They are practicing cultural relativism.

C  They are part of a counterculture.

D  Other cultures are extremely different from theirs.

E  They understand other values and beliefs within the proper cultural context.

A  Culture shapes and defines who we are.

B  Culture encompasses every aspect of social life.

C  all of these

D  Culture includes the habits and lifestyle choices of a group of people.

E  Culture includes customs and rituals, as well as tools and artifacts.

A  experimental data

B  existing sources

C  interview transcripts

D  statistical analysis

E  ethnographic fieldnotes

A  when they use experimental methods

B  when they use surveys

C  when they use historical research

D  when they use ethnographic methods

E  when they use interviews and participant observation

A  They allow respondents to opt out of a question if they don’t have an answer.

B  They allow respondents to answer in simple dichotomies, like true/false or yes/no.

C  They encourage respondents to include detailed responses.

D  They allow respondents to answer with their own opinions.

E  They allow respondents to answer along a continuum, from “strongly agree” to “strongly disagree.”

A  they have all read the prior literature on the subject area.

B  they all understand the nature of the study and what will be asked of them.

C  they all belong to the target population identified by the researcher.

D  they have all agreed to participate in the study for monetary compensation.

E  their confidentiality has been guaranteed.

A  Ethnography allows the researcher to gather abundant data on a small population.

B  Ethnography allows the researcher to hold on to rigid stereotypes about others.

C  Ethnography requires no training since it’s something we all do as human beings.   

D  Ethnography requires the researcher to spend little time gaining familiarity with the research subjects.

E  Ethnography is a quick and easy form of social science research.

A  hypothesis.

B  research proposal.

C  example of reactivity.

D  ethical issue.

E  paradigm shift.

A  psychoanalysis

B  symbolic interactionism

C  structural functionalism

D  conflict theory

E  postmodernism

A  a source of mechanical solidarity.

B  a manifest function of the border patrol.

C  a latent function of increased security.

D  a serious source of anomie.

E  a cause for repression and sublimation.

A  conflict theory

B  psychoanalysis

C  structural functionalism

D  postmodernism

E  symbolic interactionism

A  The conditions of modern life create a psychic prison that leaves most people discontent with civilization.

B  Increasingly, modern society has more laws and uses them to incarcerate more people in prison.

C  Most aspects of life are increasingly controlled through rigid rules and rationalization.

D  More and more people live under totalitarian dictators and so lose basic rights and freedoms.

E  Increasingly, we live and work in smaller and smaller physical locations, as if crammed in a cage.

A  when industrial production is perfected, so that most of the workers are unemployed

B  when a vanguard party leads a violent revolution

C  when the lower classes come to recognize how society works and challenge those in power

D  through the further development of false consciousness

E  through a religious awakening

A  the transfer of destructive urges to socially useful activities

B  a failure of the oppressed to recognize the source of their oppression

C  anger and disillusionment with progress

D  a kind of social solidarity based on interdependence

E  normlessness, or a loss of social connections

A  Microsociological—it explains how individuals shape and create large-scale social institutions.

B  Both are useful in different ways, because they each provide different types of information about the same object of study.

C  Macrosociological—it explains how large-scale social institutions influence individuals.

D  Macrosociological—it helps to understand how face-to-face interactions shape society.

A  Globalization

B  culture shock

C  Macrosociology

D  quantitative methods

E  the sociological imagination

A  We should consider the work ethic of the average citizen.

B  We should ask those who are unemployed how much they want to work.

C  We should teach people how to take better advantage of their opportunities.

D  We should worry about the intelligence level of the workers who have lost their jobs.

E  We should consider the economic and political structures of the society.

A  It will encourage growth in the field of microsociology.

B  It makes sociology classes more interesting.

C  It will help generate more jobs for sociologists.

D  It’s innately understood by nearly everyone, but rarely acknowledged.

E  Many people remain unaware of the intricate connections between the patterns of their own lives and the larger course of history.