Midterm Exam

A  John Snow

B  Upton Sinclair

C  Henry David Thoreau

D  Walter Reed

A  Plasmodium malariae

B  Plasmodium ovale

C  Plasmodium falciparum

D  Plasmodium vivax

A  assessing variations in disease occurrence, the development of hypothesses, and describing the scope of health problems

B  the development of hypothesses

C  describing the scope of health problems

D  determining the risk of disease

E  assessing variations in disease occurrence

A  Socrates

B  Sir Percival Pott

C  Hippocrates

D  John Snow

E  K.J. Rothman

A  A spot map that records all cases of the disease in the past year

B  The prevalence for that disease during the past year

C  The number of deaths due to that disease during a given year

D  The case fatality rate (CFR) from that disease in the 0 to 4 age group

E  The incidence rate for that disease in a given period of time

A  (X/Y) x 100,000

B  (Z/Y) x 100,000

C  None of these is correct.

D  (Z/X) x 100,000

E  (X/Z) x 100,000

A  None of these is correct.

B  Study of cancer occurrence in populations

C  Treatment of a patient with lung cancer

D  Description of a single individual’s symptoms

E  Diagnosis of a disease in a sinlge individual

A  None of these is correct.

B  one cause of spurious or chance clustering

C  a description of disease according to person variables

D  a new insect pest that is invading the southwest.

E  a description of disease according to etiologic factors

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  Cross-sectional study

B  Cohort study

C  Case series study

D  Case-conrol study

A  Case-conrol studies

B  Cross-sectional studies

C  Ecologic studies

D  Case series study

A  Clustering

B  Randomizing

C  Grouping

D  Sampling

A  Mortality

B  Prevalence

C  Incidence

D  Morbidity

A  Plausibility

B  Coherence

C  Specificity

D  Temporality

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  Staphylococcus aureus

B  Escherichia coli

C  Clostridium botulinum

D  Salmonella typhi

A  Listeriosis

B  Trichinellosis

C  Salmonellosis

D  Botulism

A  Foodborne disease

B  Foodborne intoxication

C  Foodborne outbreak

D  Foodborne infection

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  Postexposure prophylaxis has prevented human rabies successfully.

B  Outside the United States, the most common vector is Gambian rats.

C  The disease has a low medium fatality rate.

A  wearing long clothing

B  use of mosquito-eating fish

C  removing standing water around the home

D  monitoring the presence of viruses in sentinel chickens and birds

E  All of these are correct

A  It is transmitted frequently by contact with wool

B  It is transmitted by “stealth” arthropods

C  It has animal reservoirs,especially birds and swine

D  None of these is correct.

E  The main reservoir is wild carnivores

A  also experienced comorbidity with monkeypox

B  was caused by Francisella tularensis

C  recovered without receiving intensive care

D  None of these is correct.

E  required an abortion in oder to survive

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  Zinc

B  Iron

C  Copper

D  Nickel

A  Beryllium

B  Mercury

C  Cadmium

D  Arsenic

A  Mercury

B  Cadmium

C  Beryllium

D  Arsenic

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

B  National Environmental Policy Act

C  Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act

D  Toxic Substances Control Act

A  Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR)

B  National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)

C  National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS)

D  Environmental Protection Aency (EPA)

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  Ecologic assessment

B  Dose-response assessment

C  Hazard assessment

D  Exposure assessment

A  Hazard assessment

B  Exposure assessment

C  Risk assessment

D  Dose-response assessment

A  Exposure dose

B  Effective dose

C  Internal dose

D  Absorbed dose

A  Poison

B  Teratogen

C  Toxin

D  Toxicant

A  Coalitive

B  Synergistic

C  Potentiation

D  Antagonism

A  Synergistic

B  Antagonistic

C  Additive

D  Coalitve

A  it was used to treat morning sickness during pregnancy

B  it was developed before the advent of rigorous clnical trials

C  it was associated with heart problems among adults

D  it was a potent teratogen

A  Experiments with volunteers who have had unintentional exposures

B  Experiments with normal volunteers

C  Dose-response assessments in human populations

D  Experiments with cells derived from human sources

E  Studies of animals exposed to toxins

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  argued for the creation of state health departments

B  ultimately were adopted by public health departments and are now in use

C  described how environmental sanitation affected heatlh

D  were extremely innovative for their time

E  All of the above

A  identified an environmental cause of cancer

B  described the unsafe and hazardous working environment

C  emphasized the role of the environment in people’s health

D  described the toxic properties of sulfur and zinc

E  None of the above

A  some forms of cancer

B  brain damage

C  All of these are correct

D  impairment of physical and mental development

E  damage to internal organs

A  convulsions

B  Chronic illness effects

C  Sudden onset of headaches

D  Vomiting and stomach pain

E  All of the above

A  Manganese

B  Iron

C  Mercury

D  Copper

E  None of the above

A  Their specific gravity exceeds that of water by five or more times

B  None of them is necessary to sustain life

C  All of them are toxic even at trace levels

D  None of the above

E  All of the above

A  Ingestion

B  Skin contact with dusts

C  Inhalation of metal fumes

D  Inhalatin of dusts

E  All of the above

A  Chromium

B  Berylium

C  Arsenic

D  Silver

E  Mercury

A  Lead

B  Mercury

C  Arsenic

D  Cadmium

E  None of the above

A  Mercury

B  Lead

C  Cadmium

D  Arsenic

E  None of the above

A  virus

B  bacterium

C  rickettsial agent

D  prion

E  protozoa

A  prion

B  protozoa

C  bacterium

D  rickettsial agent

E  virus

A  discontinuance of DDT spraying

B  both discontinuance of DDT spraying and Mosquitoes’ development of resistance

C  discontinuance of DDT spraying, mosquitoes’ development of resistance, and evidence of increased person to person transmission

D  evidence of increased person – to – person transmission

E  mosquitoes’ development of resistance

A  P.falciparum

B  P. malariae

C  P. ovale

D  P. vivax

E  None of the above

A  Measles

B  The “black death”

C  Trichinellosis

D  Q-fever

E  None of the above

A  mosquitoes

B  sand flies

C  rats and mice

D  ticks

E  All of the above

A  direct inhalation

B  bite or scratch of an animal

C  contact with the skin

D  ingestion of contaminated foods

E  All of the above

A  Children younger than 5 maybe at reduced risk for morbidity from zoonotic diseases

B  Immunocompromised persons maybe at reduced risk for morbidity from zoonotic diseases

C  A zoonotic disease is always associated with transmission by a vector

D  An animal infected with zoonotic agentmaybe free from symptoms

E  None of the above

A  A polluter should bear the expense of carrying out pollution prevention and control measures

B  all people in society should receive equal treatment with respect to environmental laws and policies

C  Preventive measures should be taken when an activity raises threats of harm to the environment

D  A strong, just, and wealthy society can be consistent with a clean environment

E  None of the above

A  Preventive measures should be taken when an activity raises threats of harm to the environment

B  A strong, just, and wealthy society can be consistent with a clean environment

C  A polluter should bear the expense of carrying out pollution prevention and control measures

D  all people in society should receive equal treatment with respect to environmental laws and policies

E  None of the above

A  all people in society should receive equal treatment with respect to environmental laws and policies

B  A strong, just, and wealthy society can be consistent with a clean environment

C  A polluter should bear the expense of carrying out pollution prevention and control measures

D  Preventive measures should be taken when an activity raises threats of harm to the environment

E  None of the above

A  By colocating businesses and residences

B  By encouraging people to walk more

C  By encouraging the use of public transportation

D  By causing greater use of private automobiles

E  By encouraging the people to walk more, encouraging the use of public transporation, and colocating businesses and residences

A  Lack of government support

B  Lack of information on risk; lack of coordination

C  Poorly defined problems

D  inability to coordinate and assess research information

E  Lack of sound scientific data

A  Poorly defined problems

B  Lack of information on risk; lack of coordination

C  Lack of government support

D  inability to coordinate and assess research information

E  Lack of sound scientific data

A  inability to coordinate and assess research information

B  Lack of information on risk; lack of coordination

C  Poorly defined problems

D  Lack of government support

E  Lack of sound scientific data

A  Lack of information on risk; lack of coordination

B  Lack of government support

C  Inability to coordinate and assess research information

D  Poorly defined problems

E  Lack of sound scientific data

A  Lack of sound scientific data

B  Poorly defined problems

C  Inability to coordinate and assess research information

D  Lack of information on risk; lack of coordination

E  Lack of governmental support

A  They maybe exposed more often to toxins in outdoor air

B  They spend more time indoors

C  Their immune system are still developing

D  They may inadvertenly ingest toxic substances

E  They maybe exposed more often to toxins in the soil

A  LD50

B  VOCs

C  TFR

D  AQI

E  TLV

A  increased crop yields

B  increased nutritional value of foods

C  reduction in genetic diversity

D  development of herbicide resistance

E  increased resistance of food animals to disease

A  Restriction of international travel

B  Both restriction of international travel and demonstrated person to person transmission

C  Intensive animal husbandry practices

D  Demonstrated person to person transmission

E  All of the above

A  at lower levels for shorter time periods

B  confined to a single time episode

C  more likely to be associated with acute effects than long term effects

D  at higher concentrations for much longer time periods

E  None of the above

A  keep certain products such as table salt from caking

B  make the food more attractive

C  protect the nutritional quality of foods

D  keep food free from rodent filth

E  provide effective protection from microbial growth in storage

A  may react with other substances to form carcinogens

B  have been demonstrated to have carcinogenic properties by themselves

C  are a significant cause of carboxyhemoglobin

D  None of the above

E  All of the above

A  The Food Additives Amendment allows low levels of substances that cause cancer in animals but not in human beings

B  Toxic chemicals are not permitted in food in any amounts

C  Carcinogenic chemicals are not permitted in food in any amounts

D  The primary responsibility for safety of food additives rests with the local boards of health

E  None of the above

A  Gently Resolved as Suitable Chemicals

B  Greatly Researched Additives that are Safe

C  Generally Recognized as Safe Chemical Additives

D  Grossly Reported As Sanitary

E  None of the above

A  anthropogenic form of poison

B  toxicant

C  poison caused by bacterial activity

D  Toxin

E  None of the above

A  Allergic responses

B  Chronic disease

C  Disability

D  Acute conditions

E  All of the above

A  food-associated illness is almost exclusively due to Salmonella

B  health hazards can be introduced at any point from harvest to consumption

C  poor canning practices cause the greatest number of fod-related intoxications

D  chemical additives are the most dangerous food associated health hazards at present

E  None of the above

A  Rate of accumulation of harmful effects

B  Minimum dosages needed to produce a biological effect

C  both causal association between a toxin and biological effects and minimum dosages needed to produce a biological effect

D  Causal association between a toxin and biological effects

E  All of the above

A  Mushroom toxins

B  marine toxins

C  heavy metals

D  monosodium glutamate

E  All of the above

A  Reducing the number of days the AQI exceeds 100, weighted by population and AQI

B  Reducing air toxic emissions to decrease the risk of adverse health effects

C  Increasing the production of clean coal as an energy source

D  Reducing the number of days the AQI exceeds 100, weighted by population and AQI; increase the use of alternative modes of transportation for work; and reducing air toxic emissions to decrease the risk of adverse health effects

E  Increasing use of alternative modes of transportation for work

A  Vitamins to improve nutrition

B  Insect parts

C  Chemicals from food wrappers

D  Residue from spraying crops

E  Stored DDT in tissues of cattle

A  quantity of a substance that is administered

B  amount of a substance that is available to the internal organs of the body.

C  quantity of a substance that is administered

D  dose acquired by contact with contaminated environmental sources

E  portion of a substance that becomes internalized in the body

F  None of the above

A  Hepatitis A virus

B  Shigella

C  Novovirus

D  Salmonella

E  None of the above