Midterm Exam

A  John Snow

B  Walter Reed

C  Henry David Thoreau

D  Upton Sinclair

A  Plasmodium ovale

B  Plasmodium falciparum

C  Plasmodium vivax

D  Plasmodium malariae

A  determining the risk of disease

B  describing the scope of health problems

C  assessing variations in disease occurrence

D  assessing variations in disease occurrence, the development of hypothesses, and describing the scope of health problems

E  the development of hypothesses

A  John Snow

B  Socrates

C  Hippocrates

D  K.J. Rothman

E  Sir Percival Pott

A  The number of deaths due to that disease during a given year

B  The prevalence for that disease during the past year

C  The case fatality rate (CFR) from that disease in the 0 to 4 age group

D  The incidence rate for that disease in a given period of time

E  A spot map that records all cases of the disease in the past year

A  None of these is correct.

B  (X/Z) x 100,000

C  (X/Y) x 100,000

D  (Z/X) x 100,000

E  (Z/Y) x 100,000

A  None of these is correct.

B  Treatment of a patient with lung cancer

C  Diagnosis of a disease in a sinlge individual

D  Description of a single individual’s symptoms

E  Study of cancer occurrence in populations

A  None of these is correct.

B  a new insect pest that is invading the southwest.

C  one cause of spurious or chance clustering

D  a description of disease according to person variables

E  a description of disease according to etiologic factors

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  Case-conrol study

B  Cross-sectional study

C  Case series study

D  Cohort study

A  Cross-sectional studies

B  Case-conrol studies

C  Ecologic studies

D  Case series study

A  Grouping

B  Sampling

C  Clustering

D  Randomizing

A  Mortality

B  Incidence

C  Prevalence

D  Morbidity

A  Temporality

B  Coherence

C  Plausibility

D  Specificity

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  Escherichia coli

B  Salmonella typhi

C  Staphylococcus aureus

D  Clostridium botulinum

A  Listeriosis

B  Trichinellosis

C  Botulism

D  Salmonellosis

A  Foodborne outbreak

B  Foodborne infection

C  Foodborne disease

D  Foodborne intoxication

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  Postexposure prophylaxis has prevented human rabies successfully.

B  Outside the United States, the most common vector is Gambian rats.

C  The disease has a low medium fatality rate.

A  removing standing water around the home

B  All of these are correct

C  use of mosquito-eating fish

D  monitoring the presence of viruses in sentinel chickens and birds

E  wearing long clothing

A  The main reservoir is wild carnivores

B  None of these is correct.

C  It has animal reservoirs,especially birds and swine

D  It is transmitted frequently by contact with wool

E  It is transmitted by “stealth” arthropods

A  required an abortion in oder to survive

B  also experienced comorbidity with monkeypox

C  was caused by Francisella tularensis

D  None of these is correct.

E  recovered without receiving intensive care

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  Copper

B  Zinc

C  Nickel

D  Iron

A  Beryllium

B  Mercury

C  Cadmium

D  Arsenic

A  Mercury

B  Beryllium

C  Arsenic

D  Cadmium

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  National Environmental Policy Act

B  Toxic Substances Control Act

C  Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act

D  Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

A  National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)

B  Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR)

C  National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS)

D  Environmental Protection Aency (EPA)

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  Dose-response assessment

B  Hazard assessment

C  Exposure assessment

D  Ecologic assessment

A  Exposure assessment

B  Risk assessment

C  Dose-response assessment

D  Hazard assessment

A  Effective dose

B  Exposure dose

C  Absorbed dose

D  Internal dose

A  Toxicant

B  Teratogen

C  Poison

D  Toxin

A  Synergistic

B  Potentiation

C  Antagonism

D  Coalitive

A  Coalitve

B  Additive

C  Synergistic

D  Antagonistic

A  it was associated with heart problems among adults

B  it was a potent teratogen

C  it was used to treat morning sickness during pregnancy

D  it was developed before the advent of rigorous clnical trials

A  Experiments with normal volunteers

B  Dose-response assessments in human populations

C  Experiments with volunteers who have had unintentional exposures

D  Experiments with cells derived from human sources

E  Studies of animals exposed to toxins

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  were extremely innovative for their time

B  described how environmental sanitation affected heatlh

C  argued for the creation of state health departments

D  ultimately were adopted by public health departments and are now in use

E  All of the above

A  emphasized the role of the environment in people’s health

B  identified an environmental cause of cancer

C  described the unsafe and hazardous working environment

D  described the toxic properties of sulfur and zinc

E  None of the above

A  brain damage

B  All of these are correct

C  impairment of physical and mental development

D  damage to internal organs

E  some forms of cancer

A  convulsions

B  Chronic illness effects

C  Vomiting and stomach pain

D  Sudden onset of headaches

E  All of the above

A  Copper

B  Iron

C  Mercury

D  Manganese

E  None of the above

A  None of them is necessary to sustain life

B  Their specific gravity exceeds that of water by five or more times

C  All of them are toxic even at trace levels

D  None of the above

E  All of the above

A  Skin contact with dusts

B  Inhalatin of dusts

C  Ingestion

D  Inhalation of metal fumes

E  All of the above

A  Berylium

B  Silver

C  Mercury

D  Chromium

E  Arsenic

A  Arsenic

B  Lead

C  Mercury

D  Cadmium

E  None of the above

A  Lead

B  Arsenic

C  Cadmium

D  Mercury

E  None of the above

A  virus

B  protozoa

C  prion

D  bacterium

E  rickettsial agent

A  rickettsial agent

B  prion

C  protozoa

D  bacterium

E  virus

A  discontinuance of DDT spraying

B  both discontinuance of DDT spraying and Mosquitoes’ development of resistance

C  mosquitoes’ development of resistance

D  evidence of increased person – to – person transmission

E  discontinuance of DDT spraying, mosquitoes’ development of resistance, and evidence of increased person to person transmission

A  P. malariae

B  P. vivax

C  P.falciparum

D  P. ovale

E  None of the above

A  Measles

B  Trichinellosis

C  Q-fever

D  The “black death”

E  None of the above

A  sand flies

B  rats and mice

C  ticks

D  mosquitoes

E  All of the above

A  contact with the skin

B  bite or scratch of an animal

C  ingestion of contaminated foods

D  direct inhalation

E  All of the above

A  An animal infected with zoonotic agentmaybe free from symptoms

B  Immunocompromised persons maybe at reduced risk for morbidity from zoonotic diseases

C  Children younger than 5 maybe at reduced risk for morbidity from zoonotic diseases

D  A zoonotic disease is always associated with transmission by a vector

E  None of the above

A  A polluter should bear the expense of carrying out pollution prevention and control measures

B  A strong, just, and wealthy society can be consistent with a clean environment

C  all people in society should receive equal treatment with respect to environmental laws and policies

D  Preventive measures should be taken when an activity raises threats of harm to the environment

E  None of the above

A  all people in society should receive equal treatment with respect to environmental laws and policies

B  A polluter should bear the expense of carrying out pollution prevention and control measures

C  Preventive measures should be taken when an activity raises threats of harm to the environment

D  A strong, just, and wealthy society can be consistent with a clean environment

E  None of the above

A  A polluter should bear the expense of carrying out pollution prevention and control measures

B  all people in society should receive equal treatment with respect to environmental laws and policies

C  A strong, just, and wealthy society can be consistent with a clean environment

D  Preventive measures should be taken when an activity raises threats of harm to the environment

E  None of the above

A  By encouraging the use of public transportation

B  By causing greater use of private automobiles

C  By colocating businesses and residences

D  By encouraging people to walk more

E  By encouraging the people to walk more, encouraging the use of public transporation, and colocating businesses and residences

A  Lack of government support

B  Lack of sound scientific data

C  Poorly defined problems

D  inability to coordinate and assess research information

E  Lack of information on risk; lack of coordination

A  Lack of information on risk; lack of coordination

B  Lack of government support

C  inability to coordinate and assess research information

D  Lack of sound scientific data

E  Poorly defined problems

A  Poorly defined problems

B  Lack of sound scientific data

C  inability to coordinate and assess research information

D  Lack of government support

E  Lack of information on risk; lack of coordination

A  Inability to coordinate and assess research information

B  Poorly defined problems

C  Lack of government support

D  Lack of information on risk; lack of coordination

E  Lack of sound scientific data

A  Poorly defined problems

B  Lack of sound scientific data

C  Lack of governmental support

D  Inability to coordinate and assess research information

E  Lack of information on risk; lack of coordination

A  They spend more time indoors

B  They maybe exposed more often to toxins in outdoor air

C  They maybe exposed more often to toxins in the soil

D  They may inadvertenly ingest toxic substances

E  Their immune system are still developing

A  AQI

B  LD50

C  TFR

D  VOCs

E  TLV

A  increased crop yields

B  increased resistance of food animals to disease

C  increased nutritional value of foods

D  reduction in genetic diversity

E  development of herbicide resistance

A  Both restriction of international travel and demonstrated person to person transmission

B  Intensive animal husbandry practices

C  Demonstrated person to person transmission

D  Restriction of international travel

E  All of the above

A  at higher concentrations for much longer time periods

B  at lower levels for shorter time periods

C  confined to a single time episode

D  more likely to be associated with acute effects than long term effects

E  None of the above

A  keep certain products such as table salt from caking

B  protect the nutritional quality of foods

C  keep food free from rodent filth

D  make the food more attractive

E  provide effective protection from microbial growth in storage

A  have been demonstrated to have carcinogenic properties by themselves

B  may react with other substances to form carcinogens

C  are a significant cause of carboxyhemoglobin

D  None of the above

E  All of the above

A  Toxic chemicals are not permitted in food in any amounts

B  The primary responsibility for safety of food additives rests with the local boards of health

C  The Food Additives Amendment allows low levels of substances that cause cancer in animals but not in human beings

D  Carcinogenic chemicals are not permitted in food in any amounts

E  None of the above

A  Gently Resolved as Suitable Chemicals

B  Grossly Reported As Sanitary

C  Greatly Researched Additives that are Safe

D  Generally Recognized as Safe Chemical Additives

E  None of the above

A  anthropogenic form of poison

B  poison caused by bacterial activity

C  Toxin

D  toxicant

E  None of the above

A  Disability

B  Acute conditions

C  Allergic responses

D  Chronic disease

E  All of the above

A  chemical additives are the most dangerous food associated health hazards at present

B  poor canning practices cause the greatest number of fod-related intoxications

C  food-associated illness is almost exclusively due to Salmonella

D  health hazards can be introduced at any point from harvest to consumption

E  None of the above

A  Minimum dosages needed to produce a biological effect

B  both causal association between a toxin and biological effects and minimum dosages needed to produce a biological effect

C  Rate of accumulation of harmful effects

D  Causal association between a toxin and biological effects

E  All of the above

A  heavy metals

B  monosodium glutamate

C  marine toxins

D  Mushroom toxins

E  All of the above

A  Increasing use of alternative modes of transportation for work

B  Reducing the number of days the AQI exceeds 100, weighted by population and AQI; increase the use of alternative modes of transportation for work; and reducing air toxic emissions to decrease the risk of adverse health effects

C  Reducing the number of days the AQI exceeds 100, weighted by population and AQI

D  Reducing air toxic emissions to decrease the risk of adverse health effects

E  Increasing the production of clean coal as an energy source

A  Vitamins to improve nutrition

B  Residue from spraying crops

C  Insect parts

D  Chemicals from food wrappers

E  Stored DDT in tissues of cattle

A  quantity of a substance that is administered

B  dose acquired by contact with contaminated environmental sources

C  amount of a substance that is available to the internal organs of the body.

D  portion of a substance that becomes internalized in the body

E  quantity of a substance that is administered

F  None of the above

A  Salmonella

B  Novovirus

C  Shigella

D  Hepatitis A virus

E  None of the above