Midterm Exam

A  John Snow

B  Upton Sinclair

C  Henry David Thoreau

D  Walter Reed

A  Plasmodium ovale

B  Plasmodium falciparum

C  Plasmodium malariae

D  Plasmodium vivax

A  determining the risk of disease

B  assessing variations in disease occurrence, the development of hypothesses, and describing the scope of health problems

C  describing the scope of health problems

D  the development of hypothesses

E  assessing variations in disease occurrence

A  Sir Percival Pott

B  Socrates

C  Hippocrates

D  John Snow

E  K.J. Rothman

A  The number of deaths due to that disease during a given year

B  A spot map that records all cases of the disease in the past year

C  The incidence rate for that disease in a given period of time

D  The prevalence for that disease during the past year

E  The case fatality rate (CFR) from that disease in the 0 to 4 age group

A  None of these is correct.

B  (X/Z) x 100,000

C  (Z/X) x 100,000

D  (X/Y) x 100,000

E  (Z/Y) x 100,000

A  Diagnosis of a disease in a sinlge individual

B  Treatment of a patient with lung cancer

C  Study of cancer occurrence in populations

D  None of these is correct.

E  Description of a single individual’s symptoms

A  a new insect pest that is invading the southwest.

B  a description of disease according to person variables

C  a description of disease according to etiologic factors

D  one cause of spurious or chance clustering

E  None of these is correct.

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  Case-conrol study

B  Cohort study

C  Case series study

D  Cross-sectional study

A  Case-conrol studies

B  Case series study

C  Ecologic studies

D  Cross-sectional studies

A  Sampling

B  Grouping

C  Randomizing

D  Clustering

A  Incidence

B  Prevalence

C  Morbidity

D  Mortality

A  Coherence

B  Plausibility

C  Temporality

D  Specificity

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  Clostridium botulinum

B  Staphylococcus aureus

C  Escherichia coli

D  Salmonella typhi

A  Trichinellosis

B  Botulism

C  Salmonellosis

D  Listeriosis

A  Foodborne disease

B  Foodborne intoxication

C  Foodborne infection

D  Foodborne outbreak

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  Outside the United States, the most common vector is Gambian rats.

B  The disease has a low medium fatality rate.

C  Postexposure prophylaxis has prevented human rabies successfully.

A  use of mosquito-eating fish

B  removing standing water around the home

C  All of these are correct

D  wearing long clothing

E  monitoring the presence of viruses in sentinel chickens and birds

A  It is transmitted frequently by contact with wool

B  It has animal reservoirs,especially birds and swine

C  The main reservoir is wild carnivores

D  It is transmitted by “stealth” arthropods

E  None of these is correct.

A  required an abortion in oder to survive

B  also experienced comorbidity with monkeypox

C  recovered without receiving intensive care

D  was caused by Francisella tularensis

E  None of these is correct.

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  Zinc

B  Nickel

C  Iron

D  Copper

A  Arsenic

B  Mercury

C  Cadmium

D  Beryllium

A  Arsenic

B  Mercury

C  Cadmium

D  Beryllium

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act

B  National Environmental Policy Act

C  Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

D  Toxic Substances Control Act

A  National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS)

B  Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR)

C  Environmental Protection Aency (EPA)

D  National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  Ecologic assessment

B  Dose-response assessment

C  Exposure assessment

D  Hazard assessment

A  Exposure assessment

B  Risk assessment

C  Dose-response assessment

D  Hazard assessment

A  Effective dose

B  Exposure dose

C  Internal dose

D  Absorbed dose

A  Toxicant

B  Toxin

C  Poison

D  Teratogen

A  Potentiation

B  Synergistic

C  Antagonism

D  Coalitive

A  Coalitve

B  Antagonistic

C  Synergistic

D  Additive

A  it was a potent teratogen

B  it was associated with heart problems among adults

C  it was developed before the advent of rigorous clnical trials

D  it was used to treat morning sickness during pregnancy

A  Experiments with normal volunteers

B  Experiments with volunteers who have had unintentional exposures

C  Studies of animals exposed to toxins

D  Experiments with cells derived from human sources

E  Dose-response assessments in human populations

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  argued for the creation of state health departments

B  ultimately were adopted by public health departments and are now in use

C  described how environmental sanitation affected heatlh

D  were extremely innovative for their time

E  All of the above

A  emphasized the role of the environment in people’s health

B  identified an environmental cause of cancer

C  described the unsafe and hazardous working environment

D  described the toxic properties of sulfur and zinc

E  None of the above

A  damage to internal organs

B  All of these are correct

C  impairment of physical and mental development

D  brain damage

E  some forms of cancer

A  Sudden onset of headaches

B  Chronic illness effects

C  Vomiting and stomach pain

D  convulsions

E  All of the above

A  Manganese

B  Copper

C  Iron

D  Mercury

E  None of the above

A  All of them are toxic even at trace levels

B  Their specific gravity exceeds that of water by five or more times

C  None of them is necessary to sustain life

D  None of the above

E  All of the above

A  Inhalation of metal fumes

B  Inhalatin of dusts

C  Ingestion

D  Skin contact with dusts

E  All of the above

A  Mercury

B  Silver

C  Berylium

D  Arsenic

E  Chromium

A  Arsenic

B  Lead

C  Cadmium

D  Mercury

E  None of the above

A  Mercury

B  Lead

C  Cadmium

D  Arsenic

E  None of the above

A  rickettsial agent

B  protozoa

C  prion

D  virus

E  bacterium

A  protozoa

B  rickettsial agent

C  bacterium

D  virus

E  prion

A  mosquitoes’ development of resistance

B  discontinuance of DDT spraying

C  both discontinuance of DDT spraying and Mosquitoes’ development of resistance

D  discontinuance of DDT spraying, mosquitoes’ development of resistance, and evidence of increased person to person transmission

E  evidence of increased person – to – person transmission

A  P. ovale

B  P. malariae

C  P. vivax

D  P.falciparum

E  None of the above

A  The “black death”

B  Q-fever

C  Measles

D  Trichinellosis

E  None of the above

A  ticks

B  sand flies

C  mosquitoes

D  rats and mice

E  All of the above

A  ingestion of contaminated foods

B  bite or scratch of an animal

C  direct inhalation

D  contact with the skin

E  All of the above

A  An animal infected with zoonotic agentmaybe free from symptoms

B  Children younger than 5 maybe at reduced risk for morbidity from zoonotic diseases

C  A zoonotic disease is always associated with transmission by a vector

D  Immunocompromised persons maybe at reduced risk for morbidity from zoonotic diseases

E  None of the above

A  A strong, just, and wealthy society can be consistent with a clean environment

B  all people in society should receive equal treatment with respect to environmental laws and policies

C  A polluter should bear the expense of carrying out pollution prevention and control measures

D  Preventive measures should be taken when an activity raises threats of harm to the environment

E  None of the above

A  all people in society should receive equal treatment with respect to environmental laws and policies

B  A polluter should bear the expense of carrying out pollution prevention and control measures

C  Preventive measures should be taken when an activity raises threats of harm to the environment

D  A strong, just, and wealthy society can be consistent with a clean environment

E  None of the above

A  all people in society should receive equal treatment with respect to environmental laws and policies

B  A strong, just, and wealthy society can be consistent with a clean environment

C  Preventive measures should be taken when an activity raises threats of harm to the environment

D  A polluter should bear the expense of carrying out pollution prevention and control measures

E  None of the above

A  By encouraging the use of public transportation

B  By encouraging the people to walk more, encouraging the use of public transporation, and colocating businesses and residences

C  By colocating businesses and residences

D  By encouraging people to walk more

E  By causing greater use of private automobiles

A  Lack of government support

B  inability to coordinate and assess research information

C  Lack of sound scientific data

D  Lack of information on risk; lack of coordination

E  Poorly defined problems

A  Poorly defined problems

B  Lack of government support

C  Lack of sound scientific data

D  Lack of information on risk; lack of coordination

E  inability to coordinate and assess research information

A  inability to coordinate and assess research information

B  Lack of government support

C  Poorly defined problems

D  Lack of information on risk; lack of coordination

E  Lack of sound scientific data

A  Inability to coordinate and assess research information

B  Lack of sound scientific data

C  Lack of information on risk; lack of coordination

D  Poorly defined problems

E  Lack of government support

A  Lack of governmental support

B  Lack of information on risk; lack of coordination

C  Poorly defined problems

D  Lack of sound scientific data

E  Inability to coordinate and assess research information

A  They spend more time indoors

B  They may inadvertenly ingest toxic substances

C  They maybe exposed more often to toxins in outdoor air

D  Their immune system are still developing

E  They maybe exposed more often to toxins in the soil

A  TLV

B  LD50

C  VOCs

D  AQI

E  TFR

A  increased crop yields

B  development of herbicide resistance

C  increased nutritional value of foods

D  reduction in genetic diversity

E  increased resistance of food animals to disease

A  Demonstrated person to person transmission

B  Restriction of international travel

C  Intensive animal husbandry practices

D  Both restriction of international travel and demonstrated person to person transmission

E  All of the above

A  at lower levels for shorter time periods

B  at higher concentrations for much longer time periods

C  more likely to be associated with acute effects than long term effects

D  confined to a single time episode

E  None of the above

A  provide effective protection from microbial growth in storage

B  protect the nutritional quality of foods

C  keep certain products such as table salt from caking

D  make the food more attractive

E  keep food free from rodent filth

A  have been demonstrated to have carcinogenic properties by themselves

B  are a significant cause of carboxyhemoglobin

C  may react with other substances to form carcinogens

D  None of the above

E  All of the above

A  Toxic chemicals are not permitted in food in any amounts

B  The Food Additives Amendment allows low levels of substances that cause cancer in animals but not in human beings

C  Carcinogenic chemicals are not permitted in food in any amounts

D  The primary responsibility for safety of food additives rests with the local boards of health

E  None of the above

A  Greatly Researched Additives that are Safe

B  Generally Recognized as Safe Chemical Additives

C  Gently Resolved as Suitable Chemicals

D  Grossly Reported As Sanitary

E  None of the above

A  anthropogenic form of poison

B  poison caused by bacterial activity

C  toxicant

D  Toxin

E  None of the above

A  Chronic disease

B  Disability

C  Allergic responses

D  Acute conditions

E  All of the above

A  chemical additives are the most dangerous food associated health hazards at present

B  health hazards can be introduced at any point from harvest to consumption

C  food-associated illness is almost exclusively due to Salmonella

D  poor canning practices cause the greatest number of fod-related intoxications

E  None of the above

A  Minimum dosages needed to produce a biological effect

B  both causal association between a toxin and biological effects and minimum dosages needed to produce a biological effect

C  Causal association between a toxin and biological effects

D  Rate of accumulation of harmful effects

E  All of the above

A  monosodium glutamate

B  heavy metals

C  Mushroom toxins

D  marine toxins

E  All of the above

A  Reducing air toxic emissions to decrease the risk of adverse health effects

B  Reducing the number of days the AQI exceeds 100, weighted by population and AQI

C  Increasing the production of clean coal as an energy source

D  Increasing use of alternative modes of transportation for work

E  Reducing the number of days the AQI exceeds 100, weighted by population and AQI; increase the use of alternative modes of transportation for work; and reducing air toxic emissions to decrease the risk of adverse health effects

A  Chemicals from food wrappers

B  Residue from spraying crops

C  Insect parts

D  Stored DDT in tissues of cattle

E  Vitamins to improve nutrition

A  amount of a substance that is available to the internal organs of the body.

B  dose acquired by contact with contaminated environmental sources

C  quantity of a substance that is administered

D  quantity of a substance that is administered

E  portion of a substance that becomes internalized in the body

F  None of the above

A  Hepatitis A virus

B  Novovirus

C  Salmonella

D  Shigella

E  None of the above