Text No. 2

A  Paleocene primates that may have been the first anthropoids.

B  Eocene primates that are the earliest anthropoids.

C  Eocene organisms that may have been the first primates

D  Paleocene organisms that may have been the first primates.

A  a 2-1-2-3 dental formula

B  bilophodont molars.

C  a Y-5 molar pattern.

D  a long canine tooth in males.

A  adaptive radiation of Euprimates.

B  development of Dryopithecus.

C  spread of Sivapithecus

D  extinction of many primate species.

A  a meteor impact.

B  a disease pandemic.

C  early humans hunting them for food.

D  climate change.

A  adapids.

B  dryopithecids

C  proconsulids.

D  proprimates.

A  gorilla

B  orangutan

C  chimpanzee

D  gibbon

A  better vision allowed for better access to fruits and small insects

B  predators had the ability to see primates better.

C  species could see predators from further away, thereby securing time to flee.

D  primate traits arose as adaptations to preying on insects and small animals

A  primate.

B  New World monkey.

C  anthropoid.

D  ape.

A  plesiadapiforms.

B  adapids.

C  proconsulids.

D  dryopithecids.

A  divisions in geologic time divided into periods and epochs.

B  any time periods in the past.

C  divisions of time based on cultural standards, as in “Stone Age

D  the time frames during which a certain fossil species existed.

A  electron spin resonance

B  biostratigraphy

C  dendrochronology

D  carbon 14

A  sea levels

B  weather

C  isotope ratios

D  temperature estimated using any of several methods

A  wooden objects

B  bones and teeth

C  ceramics

D  shells

A  More populations of species lived in these areas and nowhere else.

B  These areas provided better preservation.

C  Many villagers in these areas gather fossils to sell

D  Only these areas were conducive to sustaining life

A  carbon 13 and carbon 12.

B  radioisotopes

C  carbon 14.

D  index fossils.

A  shell

B  sedimentary rock

C  bone

D  igneous rock

A  superposition.

B  paleomagnetism.

C  geolayering.

D  fluorine analysis.

A  period.

B  chronological sequence.

C  phylogeny.

D  era.

A  avoiding violence against competitors for female access.

B  avoiding risk-taking behavior.

C  competition between males for access to reproductive-age females.

D  engaging in care of young

A  several species of primates coexist socially.

B  within any primate group, individuals representing different kinships, ranks, ages, and sexes often form alliances.

C  some primate societies are female only.

D  some primate societies are male only.

A  reproduction places different energy demands on males and females, resulting in different reproductive strategies.

B  males acquire resources to ensure the survival of their offspring

C  reproduction has similar energy demands for both sexes, so males and females respond accordingly.

D  primates do not vary in their abilities to respond to differing energy requirements.

A  determines male and female social hierarchy.

B  relates to sexual courtship rituals in primates.

C  is the study of sexual intercourse between primates.

D  tends to be lower than in groups where males disperse and compete with unrelated males.

A  the type of predator and the predator’s attack strategy.

B  emotional impulses produced randomly and involuntarily.

C  conditioning in the lab by primatologists.

D  individual factors, as in humans.

A  source, quantity, and safety.

B  cooperation, altruism, and quantity for sharing.

C  quality, distribution, and availability of food.

D  speed, agility, and strength.

A  habitat

B  niche competition

C  adaptive radiation

D  predation

A  is not a beneficial evolutionary adaptation.

B  is not an advantage of cooperation within a society.

C  is behavior that benefits others while causing a disadvantage to the individual.

D  occurs only between primates that are not relatives.

A  cladistic classifications of chimpanzees and humans, as this is most appropriate for their research.

B  None of the answers

C  anatomical classifications of chimpanzees and humans, as this is most appropriate when looking at adaptation and anatomy.

D  genetic classification of chimpanzees and humans, hence their use of the term hominid to describe human ancestors.

A  among the most endangered animals due to human exploitation of resources

B  not highly adaptable to changing environments but do well in zoos

C  among the most endangered animal species due to disease

D  a healthy population living in a subtropical environment.

A  an expanded reliance on sense of smell.

B  short digits.

C  opposable thumbs.

D  a precision grip.

A  adaptation to life in the trees.

B  the ability to move on four limbs.

C  adaptation to life in the savanna.

D  the ability to brachiate.

A  South America.

B  Madagascar.

C  Asia.

D  Africa.

A  present in catarrhine primates.

B  made strictly of muscle.

C  present in most primates.

D  present only in some platyrrhines.

A  2 / 1 / 2 / 3.

B  2 / 1 / 3 / 3

C  3 / 1 / 2 / 3.

D  1 / 1 / 2 / 3.

A  increased mobility, arboreal adaptation, and brachiation.

B  arboreal adaptation, parental investment, and the presence of dietary plasticity.

C  the presence of a rhinarium, forward-facing eyes, and increased parental care.

D  the presence of a rhinarium, increased mobility, and an opposable thumb.

A  an enlarged olfactory bulb and enlarged scent glands

B  smaller eye orbits.

C  a reduced number of teeth.

D  a larger brain.