Text No. 2

A  Eocene organisms that may have been the first primates

B  Paleocene primates that may have been the first anthropoids.

C  Eocene primates that are the earliest anthropoids.

D  Paleocene organisms that may have been the first primates.

A  a 2-1-2-3 dental formula

B  bilophodont molars.

C  a long canine tooth in males.

D  a Y-5 molar pattern.

A  development of Dryopithecus.

B  adaptive radiation of Euprimates.

C  spread of Sivapithecus

D  extinction of many primate species.

A  climate change.

B  a disease pandemic.

C  early humans hunting them for food.

D  a meteor impact.

A  dryopithecids

B  adapids.

C  proprimates.

D  proconsulids.

A  orangutan

B  gibbon

C  gorilla

D  chimpanzee

A  species could see predators from further away, thereby securing time to flee.

B  better vision allowed for better access to fruits and small insects

C  predators had the ability to see primates better.

D  primate traits arose as adaptations to preying on insects and small animals

A  ape.

B  New World monkey.

C  primate.

D  anthropoid.

A  proconsulids.

B  plesiadapiforms.

C  adapids.

D  dryopithecids.

A  divisions in geologic time divided into periods and epochs.

B  the time frames during which a certain fossil species existed.

C  any time periods in the past.

D  divisions of time based on cultural standards, as in “Stone Age

A  carbon 14

B  electron spin resonance

C  dendrochronology

D  biostratigraphy

A  sea levels

B  temperature estimated using any of several methods

C  weather

D  isotope ratios

A  ceramics

B  bones and teeth

C  wooden objects

D  shells

A  More populations of species lived in these areas and nowhere else.

B  Many villagers in these areas gather fossils to sell

C  Only these areas were conducive to sustaining life

D  These areas provided better preservation.

A  index fossils.

B  radioisotopes

C  carbon 14.

D  carbon 13 and carbon 12.

A  shell

B  sedimentary rock

C  bone

D  igneous rock

A  fluorine analysis.

B  paleomagnetism.

C  geolayering.

D  superposition.

A  chronological sequence.

B  phylogeny.

C  period.

D  era.

A  engaging in care of young

B  competition between males for access to reproductive-age females.

C  avoiding violence against competitors for female access.

D  avoiding risk-taking behavior.

A  within any primate group, individuals representing different kinships, ranks, ages, and sexes often form alliances.

B  some primate societies are female only.

C  several species of primates coexist socially.

D  some primate societies are male only.

A  reproduction places different energy demands on males and females, resulting in different reproductive strategies.

B  males acquire resources to ensure the survival of their offspring

C  primates do not vary in their abilities to respond to differing energy requirements.

D  reproduction has similar energy demands for both sexes, so males and females respond accordingly.

A  is the study of sexual intercourse between primates.

B  tends to be lower than in groups where males disperse and compete with unrelated males.

C  relates to sexual courtship rituals in primates.

D  determines male and female social hierarchy.

A  the type of predator and the predator’s attack strategy.

B  conditioning in the lab by primatologists.

C  emotional impulses produced randomly and involuntarily.

D  individual factors, as in humans.

A  speed, agility, and strength.

B  source, quantity, and safety.

C  cooperation, altruism, and quantity for sharing.

D  quality, distribution, and availability of food.

A  predation

B  niche competition

C  adaptive radiation

D  habitat

A  occurs only between primates that are not relatives.

B  is not an advantage of cooperation within a society.

C  is not a beneficial evolutionary adaptation.

D  is behavior that benefits others while causing a disadvantage to the individual.

A  None of the answers

B  anatomical classifications of chimpanzees and humans, as this is most appropriate when looking at adaptation and anatomy.

C  genetic classification of chimpanzees and humans, hence their use of the term hominid to describe human ancestors.

D  cladistic classifications of chimpanzees and humans, as this is most appropriate for their research.

A  among the most endangered animal species due to disease

B  not highly adaptable to changing environments but do well in zoos

C  among the most endangered animals due to human exploitation of resources

D  a healthy population living in a subtropical environment.

A  a precision grip.

B  short digits.

C  an expanded reliance on sense of smell.

D  opposable thumbs.

A  the ability to brachiate.

B  the ability to move on four limbs.

C  adaptation to life in the trees.

D  adaptation to life in the savanna.

A  Madagascar.

B  South America.

C  Asia.

D  Africa.

A  made strictly of muscle.

B  present in catarrhine primates.

C  present in most primates.

D  present only in some platyrrhines.

A  1 / 1 / 2 / 3.

B  2 / 1 / 3 / 3

C  3 / 1 / 2 / 3.

D  2 / 1 / 2 / 3.

A  the presence of a rhinarium, forward-facing eyes, and increased parental care.

B  the presence of a rhinarium, increased mobility, and an opposable thumb.

C  increased mobility, arboreal adaptation, and brachiation.

D  arboreal adaptation, parental investment, and the presence of dietary plasticity.

A  an enlarged olfactory bulb and enlarged scent glands

B  a larger brain.

C  a reduced number of teeth.

D  smaller eye orbits.