Text No. 2

A  Paleocene organisms that may have been the first primates.

B  Paleocene primates that may have been the first anthropoids.

C  Eocene organisms that may have been the first primates

D  Eocene primates that are the earliest anthropoids.

A  a Y-5 molar pattern.

B  a 2-1-2-3 dental formula

C  bilophodont molars.

D  a long canine tooth in males.

A  adaptive radiation of Euprimates.

B  spread of Sivapithecus

C  extinction of many primate species.

D  development of Dryopithecus.

A  early humans hunting them for food.

B  a disease pandemic.

C  climate change.

D  a meteor impact.

A  dryopithecids

B  proprimates.

C  proconsulids.

D  adapids.

A  chimpanzee

B  gorilla

C  gibbon

D  orangutan

A  species could see predators from further away, thereby securing time to flee.

B  predators had the ability to see primates better.

C  better vision allowed for better access to fruits and small insects

D  primate traits arose as adaptations to preying on insects and small animals

A  anthropoid.

B  New World monkey.

C  ape.

D  primate.

A  proconsulids.

B  dryopithecids.

C  adapids.

D  plesiadapiforms.

A  any time periods in the past.

B  the time frames during which a certain fossil species existed.

C  divisions of time based on cultural standards, as in “Stone Age

D  divisions in geologic time divided into periods and epochs.

A  biostratigraphy

B  electron spin resonance

C  carbon 14

D  dendrochronology

A  sea levels

B  isotope ratios

C  temperature estimated using any of several methods

D  weather

A  wooden objects

B  bones and teeth

C  shells

D  ceramics

A  Only these areas were conducive to sustaining life

B  More populations of species lived in these areas and nowhere else.

C  Many villagers in these areas gather fossils to sell

D  These areas provided better preservation.

A  index fossils.

B  radioisotopes

C  carbon 14.

D  carbon 13 and carbon 12.

A  igneous rock

B  shell

C  bone

D  sedimentary rock

A  superposition.

B  geolayering.

C  fluorine analysis.

D  paleomagnetism.

A  era.

B  period.

C  chronological sequence.

D  phylogeny.

A  engaging in care of young

B  avoiding violence against competitors for female access.

C  avoiding risk-taking behavior.

D  competition between males for access to reproductive-age females.

A  some primate societies are male only.

B  some primate societies are female only.

C  several species of primates coexist socially.

D  within any primate group, individuals representing different kinships, ranks, ages, and sexes often form alliances.

A  reproduction places different energy demands on males and females, resulting in different reproductive strategies.

B  males acquire resources to ensure the survival of their offspring

C  primates do not vary in their abilities to respond to differing energy requirements.

D  reproduction has similar energy demands for both sexes, so males and females respond accordingly.

A  is the study of sexual intercourse between primates.

B  tends to be lower than in groups where males disperse and compete with unrelated males.

C  relates to sexual courtship rituals in primates.

D  determines male and female social hierarchy.

A  the type of predator and the predator’s attack strategy.

B  emotional impulses produced randomly and involuntarily.

C  individual factors, as in humans.

D  conditioning in the lab by primatologists.

A  source, quantity, and safety.

B  speed, agility, and strength.

C  quality, distribution, and availability of food.

D  cooperation, altruism, and quantity for sharing.

A  niche competition

B  predation

C  habitat

D  adaptive radiation

A  is behavior that benefits others while causing a disadvantage to the individual.

B  is not an advantage of cooperation within a society.

C  occurs only between primates that are not relatives.

D  is not a beneficial evolutionary adaptation.

A  genetic classification of chimpanzees and humans, hence their use of the term hominid to describe human ancestors.

B  None of the answers

C  cladistic classifications of chimpanzees and humans, as this is most appropriate for their research.

D  anatomical classifications of chimpanzees and humans, as this is most appropriate when looking at adaptation and anatomy.

A  among the most endangered animals due to human exploitation of resources

B  among the most endangered animal species due to disease

C  a healthy population living in a subtropical environment.

D  not highly adaptable to changing environments but do well in zoos

A  short digits.

B  a precision grip.

C  opposable thumbs.

D  an expanded reliance on sense of smell.

A  the ability to brachiate.

B  adaptation to life in the savanna.

C  the ability to move on four limbs.

D  adaptation to life in the trees.

A  South America.

B  Asia.

C  Madagascar.

D  Africa.

A  present in most primates.

B  present only in some platyrrhines.

C  present in catarrhine primates.

D  made strictly of muscle.

A  2 / 1 / 3 / 3

B  1 / 1 / 2 / 3.

C  2 / 1 / 2 / 3.

D  3 / 1 / 2 / 3.

A  increased mobility, arboreal adaptation, and brachiation.

B  the presence of a rhinarium, increased mobility, and an opposable thumb.

C  the presence of a rhinarium, forward-facing eyes, and increased parental care.

D  arboreal adaptation, parental investment, and the presence of dietary plasticity.

A  an enlarged olfactory bulb and enlarged scent glands

B  a larger brain.

C  smaller eye orbits.

D  a reduced number of teeth.