All of the following are reasons that races don’t exist in humans EXCEPT

1. Race has become biological through inequality
2. Human variation is non-concordant. If we had races, we would have several distinct traits per race.
3. Human variation is continuous, there is no dividing line of a trait between “races.”
4. Humans have been interbreeding for thousands of years and are similar genetically.

All of the following produce dark skin EXCEPT

1. Large quantities of eumelanin
2. The numbers of melanocytes
3. Large quantities of pheomelanin
4. The amount of melanin

In Nina Jablonski’s article and film she identifies which of the following as most influential in explaining both light and dark skin

1. Protection from cancer
2. Regulation of vitamin D
3. Destruction of folate B
4. Need to regulate body temperature

According to “The Anthropological Perspective on Obesity,” which of the following best explains the natural selection of the retention of fat?

1. Fat helps to prevent the development of various cancers
2. People prefer heavier bodies for sex
3. Homo sapiens evolved in cold areas and needed to keep warm
4. Early foragers experienced consistent food shortages

According to “The Anthropological Perspective on Obesity,” which of the following best explains the sexual selection of the retention of fat?

1. Early foragers did not choose individuals who were heavier as partners, obesity today is the result of poor eating habits
2. A heavier body is a sign of fertility among women, so men would choose women who were heavier to procreate healthy children
3. Early foragers experienced consistent food shortages
4. Being heavier is biologically more attractive

According to “The Anthropological Perspective on Obesity,” which of the following is evidence that modernization increases obesity?

1. Urban populations see the highest rates of obesity
2. Most people in the world today are overweight
3. People in rural populations with minimal technology tend to be the heaviest
4. As smaller scale societies acculturate to more urban/modernized environments, their levels of obesity increase

According to “The Arrow of Disease,” all of the following are adaptations of the human body to fight infectious diseases EXCEPT

1. Our body lowers its internal temperature in order to “freeze out” microbes
2. Our body immobilizes the immune system to attack foreign microbes
3. Our immune system creates antibodies that create a memory of that microbe so our body can attack it more quickly in the future
4. Our body raises its internal temperature to kill of microbes

Herd immunity refers to

1. The ability of herds of animals to pass infections on to another species
2. When immunity grows naturally among a group of people since they come in contact with more of the disease
3. The ability of humans to gain immunity to diseases by living with herds of animals
4. When most individuals in a group are vaccinated, protecting those who are not

How much of the Homo sapien brain is developed at birth?

1. 25%
2. 15%
3. 50%
4. 75%

According to the readings and lecture, nutrition during pregnancy is vital for all of the following reasons EXCEPT

1. Poor nutrition in pregnancy helps a baby adapt to food shortages later in life
2. Malnourished babies are at risk for later neuropsychological problems including poor school achievement
3. during pregnancy, a malnourished mother can produce a child that is low birth weight and has a poor immune system
4. Since females develop their eggs in utero, a malnourished mother can cause damage to her grandchildren

 In the article “Early Arrival,” all of the following are considered causes for early sexual development in young girls EXCEPT

1. Stressful life events
2. Sexual activity
3. Estrogen mimicking chemicals call xenoestrogens
4. Increased amount of fat

Which of the following statements best reflects the evolution of sexual dimorphism in modern Homo sapiens?

1. Testosterone in men has influenced behaviors correlated with hunting, while estrogens in women have influenced behaviors correlated with childrearing and gathering techniques.
2. Women have evolved to be more muscular than men in order to carry their children around to protect them, while men have evolved to retain more body fat in order to survive long hunts.
3. Women have evolved levels of dominant behavior that help scare away predators from their children, while men have evolved levels of empathetic behavior in order to attract more females
4. Men have evolved a higher level of estrogen than women in order to create relationships with other males that will protect them on dangerous hunts, while women have evolved higher levels of testosterone to protect their children.

According to “Theories of Aging,” evolutionary theories of aging suggest that

1. Humans age because of our harsh environments
2. Humans decline rapidly after we are no longer able to reproduce and contribute to natural selection
3. Aging is due to the gradual decline of our immune system
4. Aging is caused by malfunctioning regulator genes

All of the following represent differences between the forager diet and the modern day diet EXCEPT

1. The modern diet does not utilize processed sugars and oils
2. The modern diet is high in grains and dairy
3. The foraging diet is high in fiber from fruits and vegetables
4. The forager diet is high in wild meats

In boys, what hormones are responsible for the start of puberty?

1. Estrogens
2. Oxytocin
3. Testosterone
4. Estroidials

According to your reading “Sex Differences in the Brain”: On average in the modern Homo sapien species, women tend to perform better at precision manual tasks while men tend to perform better on object directed tasks.

1. True
2. False

_______ is defined as is the process of deterioration with age.

1. Senescence
2. cellular aging
3. aging
4. differentiation