In terms of development of cities, what advantage did the Tigris-Euphrates flood plain have over the neighboring highlands?

1. More fertile land capable of sustaining larger populations
2. Large numbers of wild plants and animals suitable for domestication
3. Closer access to supplies of stone and metal
4. Higher rainfall and more abundant timber

Recent archaeological research on the origins of agriculture shows that

1. Domestication was first developed in the Near East and spread by diffusion from there to the rest of the world
2. Climatic changes at the end of the last Ice Age created conditions of adaptive stress to which the development of food production was a response
3. Broad spectrum foraging was a precondition for domestication

In eastern Asia, the staples brought under human control during the Neolithic revolution include

1. Maize and potatoes
2. Barley and wheat
3. Millet and rice
4. Sorghum and yams

The techniques associated with plant and animal domestication

1. Were discovered in several parts of the world early in the Holocene
2. Are the same everywhere
3. Were discovered at one time in one place and were diffused from that point
4. Probably were diffused into East Asia from centers to the west

The evolution of culture in the Old World and the New

1. Cannot be understood in terms of the same models and processes
2. Differs in that the first inhabitants of the New World were already farmers
3. Differs in that plants were not domesticated in the Old World
4. Show similar sequences of increasing social complexity

Urban civilization in ancient Mesopotamia was associated with

1. Transhumance
2. Pastoral nomadism
3. Irrigation based intensive agriculture
4. Mobility and foraging

What factors distinguish the emergence of food production in Mesoamerica from that in the ancient Near East?

1. Mesoamerica lacked large domesticated animals
2. Food production in Mesoamerica occurred earlier
3. Mesoamerica did not experience “Broad Spectrum Revolution”
4. Mesoamerican domesticates were inferior as a means of economic

Which of the following is the wild ancestor of maize (corn)?

1. Tepescuintle
2. Quinoe
3. Aspartame
4. Teosinte

One difference between the Neolithic Revolution in the Near East and Mesoamerica is that in the Near East

1. Sedentism was a consequence of farming, but not in Mesoamerica
2. It took longer to establish a full dependence on farming
3. Human populations increased sharply, but not in Mesoamerica
4. Animal domesticates were important, but not in Mesoamerica

What kind of society has a formal central government and a division of society into classes?

1. A band
2. A state
3. A cohort
4. A chiefdom
5. A tribe

Where is Mesopotamia?

1. The area between the Yellow and Yangtze rivers in China
2. The area between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in what is today Iraq and southwestern Iran
3. The area between Quito and Lima
4. The area along Indus River in Pakistan
5. The area between the Rio Suchiate and the Rio Narajo in Guatemala

How long have humans used domesticates as sources of food?

1. 10000 years
2. 5000 years
3. 250000 years
4. 2 million years

In Mesoamerica, domesticated maize was cultivated by

1. 3500 BC
2. 2000 BC
3. 7000 BC
4. 500 BC

Which of the following is not a characteristic of stratified societies?

1. Craft specialization and mass production
2. High population densities
3. A strong centralized government
4. Hunting and gathering economies
5. Intensified agricultural production

Which of the following food crops was domesticated in Africa?

1. Sorghum
2. Maize
3. Quinoa
4. Barley
5. Wheat

In the Natufian culture of the Near East, human beings lived by

1. Herding cattle
2. Scavenging from the kills of other predators
3. Hunting, fishing, and gathering
4. Hunting elephants and other big game
5. Cultivating beans and maize

State societies most often are associated with a subsistence base that is based upon

1. Hunting and gathering
2. Nomadic pastoralism
3. Intensified farming
4. Simple farming

Which of the following was domesticated in the highlands of South America?

1. Maize
2. Barley
3. Rice
4. Millet
5. Potatoes

Writing in Mesopotamia was first invented

1. In order to facilitate the recordings of economic transactions such as trade and tribute collection
2. During the Natufian period
3. At the beginning of the Neolithic Revolution

Increased dependence on farming is associated with

1. Increased fertility and population growth
2. The destabilization of the food supply
3. An increase in the food supply
4. Declining birth rates in human populations
5. The stabilization of the food supply

Which of the following was not an early center of plant domestication?

1. Mesoamerica
2. Africa
3. Southeast Asia
4. Western Europe
5. South America

In China, which of the following was domesticated on southern China by about 9,000 to 11,000 years ago?

1. Rice
2. Potatoes
3. Wheat
4. Legumes
5. Maize

Food production in Western Europe originated as a result of

1. Diffusion from East Asia
2. Diffusion from the Near East
3. The local domestication of native Western European plants
4. Hunter-gatherer readaptations at the end of the last Ice Age

Of the traits listed below, the most important feature of the Neolithic Revolution is the

1. Invention of metallurgy
2. Addition of ground stone tools to the lithic industry
3. Invention of pottery
4. Domestication of plants and animals
5. First artistic productions

The end of the Paleolithic coincides with

1. A warming climate and the retreat of glacial sheets
2. The beginning of cave art
3. Change from stone to metal tools
4. Universal abandonment of hunting and gathering

In the Near East, subsistence strategies based on domesticates were fully established by

1. 15000 BC
2. 3500 BC
3. 7000 BC
4. 3900 BC

Which of the following statements about farming life as opposed to food foraging is correct?

1. Food foragers work harder to survive
2. Farmers eat choicer foods and a more varied diet
3. Late Pleistocene foragers enjoyed better health than early farmers
4. Food foragers are more likely to experience massive famine
5. Farmers have a more secure supply of food

Which of the following was not domesticated in the New World?

1. Rice
2. Manioc
3. Sweet Potato
4. Beans
5. Potato

The famous early hominid “Lucy” was a member of what species?

1. Homo habilis
2. Australopithecus afarensis
3. Australopithecus robustus
4. Australopithecus africanus
5. Australopithecus anamensis

The massive teeth, heavy jaw muscles and sagittal crest of Australopithecus (or Paranthropus) boisei indicate it was

1. Omnivorous
2. Vegetarian
3. Primarily a meat eater
4. Ancestral of Australopithecus afarensis

Some scholars believe that Australopithecus garhi made and used stone tools, but that view is not universally accepted. If A. garhi is excluded, which hominid was undeniably the first species to make and use stone tools?

1. Homo erectus
2. Homo habilis
3. Homo ergaster
4. Homo neandertalensis
5. Homo sapiens sapiens

New evidence shows that Ardipithecus ramidus lived in tropical forest environment. What does this fact indicates about bipedalism?

1. Ardipithecus ramidus could not have been bipedal
2. Bipedalism may have developed as an adaptation to moving in trees, as seen in orang-utans today.
3. Bipedalism developed in order to free up the hands for making tools
4. Bipedalism was not useful for arboreal apes.

Homo erectus co-existed for nearly one million years with which other hominin?

1. Australopithecus anamensis
2. Australopithecus boisei
3. Australopithecus afarensis
4. Australopithecus ramidus

In which of the following places are Homo erectus fossils not found?

1. Europe
2. North America
3. East Asia
4. Africa
5. Central Asia

The brain of Homo habilis differed from the Australopithecines in what way/s?

1. It was larger
2. The areas related to speech were more developed
3. It was cooled by blood flowing from the face and scalp
4. It shows that H. habilis suffered from ADHD

Which of the following species is classed as a “Robust” australopithecine (often called genus Paranthropus)? Choose all that apply.

1. Australopithecus ramidus
2. Australopithecus boisei
3. Australopithecus afarensis
4. Australopithecus robustus

What is the single characteristic that distinguishes hominids from other apes?

1. Hominids eat meat
2. Hominids use tools
3. Hominids are normally bipedal
4. Hominids hunt other animals

Homo erectus inhabited Europe as early as

1. 1.6 million years ago
2. 782,000 years ago
3. 50,000 years ago
4. 2.5 million years ago
5. 200,000 years ago

The tool industry typically used by Neanderthals is called

1. Aurignacion
2. Cro-magnon
3. Oldowan
4. Acheulean
5. Mousterian

Fossils of Homo sapiens sapiens first appear about:

1. 150000 years ago
2. 40000 or 50000 years ago
3. 5000000 years ago
4. 1500000 years ago
5. 10000000 years ago

Which of the following statements about Upper Paleolithic cave art are true?

1. The artists of the Upper Paleolithic worked in caves without any kind of lamps or artificial
2. The art often depicts animals that were eaten
3. There are very few representations of people
4. The art is found at sites that may have served as seasonal aggregation camps

Homo sapiens Neanderthals was:

1. A species adapted to cold weather
2. The immediate ancestor of Homo sapiens sapiens
3. Hunted down and killed by Homo sapiens sapiens
4. Clearly differentiated from Homo sapiens sapiens in brain size, mode of locomotion, and posture

You are looking for hominid fossils in geological deposits known to have formed about 500,000 years ago. Which of the following species might you expect to find?

1. Australopithecus
2. Homo erectus
3. Dryopithecus
4. Homo sapiens

Fossil remains of Homo ___________ have been found in Australia.

1. Homo erectus
2. Homo sapiens nenderthalensis
3. Australopithecus
4. Homo sapiens sapiens
5. Homo habilis

Fossil remains of ___________ have been found in Americas.

1. Australopithecus
2. Homo sapiens sapiens
3. Homo erectus
4. Homo sapiens nenderthalensis
5. Homo habilis

The earliest evidence of anatomically modern humans (Homo sapiens sapiens) comes from what site?

1. Herto at 160,000 years ago
2. Swartkrans at about 50,000 years ago
3. Sima de los Huesos at about 780,000 years ago
4. Klasies River Mouth at about 110,000 years ago
5. Olduvai at about 250,000 years ago

Analysis of DNA from the original Neanderthal type fossil found that

1. The DNA strands were degraded and could not be analyzed
2. Neanderthals differed from one another by an average of 8 base pair differences
3. Modern Europeans differ from Africans by 28 base pair differences while Neanderthals differ from modern Europeans by only 8 base pairs.
4. Neanderthal DNA differs from modern humans by 28 base pair differences while modern people differ from one another by no more than 8 base pairs.

Compared to Neanderthals, Homo sapiens sapiens has:

1. A larger brain
2. More efficient bipedal locomotion
3. Smaller canine teeth in relation to the size of the molars
4. Less developed muscular strength

Which statement about the Inuit is true? Mark all that apply.

1. The Inuit have a similar body build to Neanderthals, with stocky bodies and shorter legs.
2. The Inuit are a cold-weather adapted populations
3. The Inuit have a body build similar to many tropical people
4. The Inuit are so well-adapted to the cold that they wear little clothing

According to the American Anthropological Association, “race” is

1. The product of natural selection occurring over thousands of years
2. A group of people defined statistically of linked genetic traits
3. A biological classification based on the presence or absence of specific genetic traits
4. A social classification that is often assumed to have a biological basis

Lactose tolerance in adults is

1. Universally present in all human groups
2. Due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors
3. A recessive allele
4. Determined purely by genetic traits

Intelligence tests

1. Are a reliable indicator of genetic differences in intelligence
2. Are culturally biased
3. Can discriminate between genetic and cultural factors in native intelligence
4. Show no significant differences in intelligence among human populations

The sickle-cell trait is

1. The results of genetic experiments gone awry
2. Always debilitating
3. Present in all people of West African descent
4. A genetic adaption to the malarial parasite

American racial categories are

1. Applied to endogamous breeding populations
2. Based on DNA testing
3. Culturally arbitrary, even though most people assume them to be based on biology
4. Based on genealogical records

Skin color is a result of (mark all that apply)

1. Reflected color from the blood vessels
2. The foods that you eat
3. The transparency or thickness of the skin
4. The pigments carotene and melanin

Clinal variation refers to

1. Subtle variations in skin color among racial groups
2. The genetically determined ability to sing on key
3. Genetic variation with the Cline family lineage
4. Gradual variation in genetic traits across geographic regions

Biological variation in human populations is

1. Correspond to the major continents
2. Easily sorted into 3 to 4 major groups
3. Show continuous clinal variation across space
4. Show that Europeans and Africans are easily distinguishable but Asians are hard to classify.

Native Americans have a high frequency of ‘O’ allele in the A-B-O blood system, whereas the B allele has its highest frequency in Asia. This is an example of humans being

1. Polymorphic
2. Polytypic
3. Hereditarian
4. Climatic
5. Influenced by culture

The opposite of cultural relativism is

1. ethnocentrism
2. cultural realism
3. diffusion
4. secular humanism
5. universalism

Which of the following statements is INCORRECT

1. racial groups differ in their capacities for culture
2. all humans have the capacity for culture
3. culture is a major reason for human adaptability
4. cultural learning is uniquely elaborated in humans

Human culture arises out of the ability of humans to:

1. communicate with one another
2. hunt successfully
3. protect themselves against predators
4. make effective tools
5. form bonds of sexual attraction with fellow humans

Culture is

1. learned behavior
2. genetically inherited
3. instinctive behavior
4. transmitted biologically

Our extrasomatic means of adaptation include

1. industrial technology
2. bipedal locomotion
3. stereoscopic vision

Ethnocentrism is

1. the belief that cultures other than one’s own are inferior
2. an attitude found only in Western cultures
3. the belief that all humans are essentially similar and rational
4. pride in one’s own society and its customs
5. the belief that all cultures are equally worthy of respect

Which of the following statements about society and culture is INCORRECT?

1. Culture can exist without a society
2. A society can have multiple cultures
3. Although members of a society may share a culture, their behavior is not uniform
4. All human societies are cultural
5. A culture is shared by all members of a given society

A person who judges other cultures solely in terms of his own is

1. ethnocentric
2. ethnographic
3. scientific
4. egocentric

Only humans are capable of developing

1. an ideology
2. tools
3. a social structure
4. an ecological system
5. systems of communication

Learning is important in human evolution because

1. learning permits rapid and efficient adaptation to social and environmental change
2. genetic selection no longer occurs in the human species
3. humans are the only primates capable of learning new behaviors
4. cultural adaptations favor the survival of those who are competitive

When Washoe and Lucy tried to teach sign language to other chimpanzees, this was an example of

1. cultural transmission
2. displacement
3. call systems
4. estrus
5. productivity

Modern work with chimpanzees under controlled conditions shows that What does it show when modern work with chimpanzees under controlled conditions                                        

1. chimpanzees can be trained to communicate fluently using a human language
2. only humans can master symbols
3. chimpanzees can master grammatical concepts

Phonemes are  

1. the minimal sound contrasts that distinguish meaning in a language
2. syntactical structures that distinguish passive constructions from active ones.
3. regional differences in dialect
4. electromagnetic signals that carry messages between speakers in a phone conversation
5. the rules by which deep structure is translated into surface structure                                             

The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is concerned with   

1. the influence of language on thought
2. the influence of deep structure on semantic domains
3. the influence of culture on language
4. the influence of deep structure on surface structure

Eskimos have many words for snow, which occupies much of their territory. The Nuer of Sudan have an elaborate vocabulary to describe cattle, which are vital to their economy. These are two examples of

1. focal vocabulary
2. ethnosemantics
3. sociolinguistics
4. paralanguage
5. environmental determinism

The deeply rooted basis of human language is indicated by          

1. the universal cross-cultural schedule according to which children learn to speak
2. the successful linguistic performance of individuals suffering from gross mental deficiencies
3. the complexity of the human vocal apparatus

Children learn how to speak       

1. almost inevitably if they inhabit an environment in which they are answered when they speak
2. Even if they suffer from severe brain damage
3. even if they are not exposed to language

A complex system of language   

1. exists in every human society known
2. evolves as a result of the invention of writing.
3. has existed in few technologically primitive societies.
4. exists mainly in the advanced agricultural/industrial societies                                             

Language is so deeply engrained in modern human biology that 

1. a specialized vocal apparatus to facilitate speech has developed under pressure of natural selection
2. all known human languages use the same syntax
3. all humans speak mutually intelligible dialects

Native speakers of a language with two primary color terms have black and white vision.

1. False
2. True