Infant day care is of high quality if caregivers emphasize, among other things:                                   

1. a variety of caregivers every day.
2. sensorimotor exploration.
3. a regular nap and quiet time for all infants.
4. each infant having his or her own playpen.

According to Chomsky’s theory of language acquisition:                                               

1. language learning depends on specific structure in the brain.
2. children learn language through a complex process of imitation and reinforcement.
3. children have an inborn ability to learn language.
4. the inability to learn language is due to specific brain dysfunctions.

According to Jean Piaget, the two elements of adaptation are:

1. goal- directed behavior and habituation.
2. assimilation and accommodation.
3. object permanence and circular reactions.
4. mental combinations and trial and error.               

According to Piaget, the stage-five infant is like:                                              

1. mime who imitates behavior of all kind.
2. scientist who experiments to see.
3. child in terrible twos.
4. neurotic who cannot take no for an answer.

According to psychoanalytic theory, the prime focus of pleasure in early infancy is:

1. the stomach.
2. the mouth.
3. the anus.
4. the hands and feet.

An awareness of things—responding to people and objects                                                      

1. stage four of Piaget’s sensorimotor stage.
2. stage three of Piaget’s sensorimotor stage
3. stage two of Piaget’s sensorimotor stage.
4. stage one of Piaget’s sensorimotor stages.               

An increased level of cortisol is associated with an infant’s:          

1. secure attachment.
2. sadness.
3. anger.
4. well being.

Babbling:                                                                        

1. is found only in infants from the Western Hemisphere.
2. is universal.
3. occurs only if the infant can hear.
4. precedes cooing.

Brain weight triples in the first two years of life primarily because of the growth of:

1. dendrites
2. neurons
3. synapses
4. axons

Breast milk:                                                                   

1. provides more iron and vitamin C and A than cow’s milk.
2. is more likely than formula to produce allergies.  
3. upsets the baby’s digestive system more often than formulas.
4. is deficient in iron and vitamin C.

Children reach half their adult height by age:                                                                  

1. 2 years
2. 3 years
3. 4 years
4. 6 years

During the sensorimotor stage, the main task is to:

1. learn to use language to express sensations.
2. use senses and motor skills to understand the world.
3. think logically and critically.
4. think of past and future events.

Hugh enjoys playing with your keys. When you take them away and place them in your pocket, Hugh does not search for them. Piaget would say that Hugh does not understand:

1. affordances.
2. object permanence
3. egocentrism.
4. conservation.

If we place a dot of rouge on an 18 month old’s nose and stand the child in front of a mirror, she may then touch her nose.  This shows that the child has some:

1. self-awareness.
2. social referencing.
3. perceptual constancy.
4. dynamic perception.

In Erikson’s theory, the infant’s earliest task is described as that of:

1. learning trust or mistrust.
2. learning pain and pleasure.
3. controlling bodily functions.
4. obtaining oral gratification.

Jan’s mother calls him “high strung” because he is disturbed by even the slightest noise, is very hard to distract, and extremely fussy. The New York Longitudinal Study would call him:

1. slow to warm up.
2. difficult.
3. hard to classify.  
4. an extrovert.

Piaget called the active intellectual functioning of infants:

1. sensorimotor intelligence.
2. adaptation.
3. object awareness.
4. imitative learning.

Secure attachment makes a toddler:                                                                     

1. willing to explore.
2. self-centered.  
3. cling to the mother.
4. try to talk.

Sensation is demonstrated when a person:                                                                      

1. is able to hear someone whispering
2. solves a math problem correctly
3. understands what someone is telling him
4. believes that two pizzas are the same size, regardless of the number of slices

The area in the brain that plans, anticipates, and controls impulses is the last part of the brain mature. This area is

1. the striate cortex
2. the prefrontal cortex
3. the parietal cortex
4. the temporal cortex

The average child can walk well unassisted at about:

1. 1 year
2. 18 months
3. 2 years  
4. 6 months

The biological protection of the brain when malnutrition temporarily affects body growth is known as:          

1. head sparing
2. cephalo-sequential primary default
3. brain overrride
4. the blood brain barrier

The frontal areas of the cortex:                                                             

1. are responsible for visual functions
2. assist with self control
3. are well developed in newborns.
4. help us understand spoken words

The nerve cells of the brain are called:                                                               

1. neurons
2. dendrites
3. axon
4. the cortex

The Piagetian sensorimotor stage, new means through active experimentation is in:

1. stage five.
2. stage three.
3. stage four.
4. stage six.

The process by which underused neurons are inactivated is known as:    

1. pruning.
2. neuron deactivation.
3. transient exuberance.
4. plasticity.

The second “crisis of life,” according to Erikson, is:

1. trust vs. mistrust.
2. industry vs. inferiority.
3. the oral stage.
4. autonomy vs. shame and doubt.

The text indicates that one of the possible reasons that growing infants sleep as much as they do is that: 

1. more growth hormones are released during sleep than during wakefullnes
2. sleep is the only time when memories can be consolidated into permanency
3. their parasymphathetic nervous system develops with the help of sleep neurotransmitters
4. they are generating new leukocytes to fight infection during that time                                                                           

When a baby is upset because a caregiver is leaving, the baby is exhibiting:

1. solitary fear.
2. fear of isolation.
3. general anxiety.
4. separation anxiety.

When we revamp our old ways of thinking because of new information, Piaget calls this

1. accommodation
2. imitation.
3. historical context.
4. assimilation.

When nutrition is temporary inadequate, the body stops growing but the brain does not.  This is called:

1. wasting.
2. head-sparing.
3. stunting.
4. marasmus.

Anna’s pediatrician informs her parents that Anna’s one year old brain is exhibiting transient exuberance.  In response to this news, Anna’s parents;

1. smile, because they know their daughter’s brain is developing new neural connections.
2. worry, because this may indicate increased vulnerability to a later learning disability.
3. know that this process, in which axons become coated, is normal.
4. are alarmed, because this news indicates that the frontal lobe area of Anna’s cortex is immature.”

Three week old Nathan should have the least difficulty focusing on the sight of:                

1. his mother’s face as she holds him in her arms.
2. the checkerboard pattern in the wallpaper covering the ceiling of his room.
3. the family dog as it dashes into the nursery.
4. stuffed animals on a bookshelf across the room from his crib.

Most of the nerve cells a human brain will ever need are present:                                           

1. at conception.
2. at birth.
3. about one month following conception.
4. at age 5 or 6.

Six month old Sarah sucks harder on a nipple, evidences a change in heart rate, or stares longer at one image than at another when presented with a change of stimulus.  This indicates that she:

1. is both hungry and angry.
2. perceives some differences between stimuli.
3. has become habituated to the new stimulus.
4. is annoyed by the change.