Which of the following norms is a cultural universal?

1. personal space between two people
2. competition
3. individualism
4. prohibition against incest

Values are:

1. modes of behavior shared by all human cultures
2. concrete rules of behavior
3. abstract ideals about what is good and bad
4. laws that a society creates

A society is:

1. a set of concrete rules of behavior
2. an abstract ideal about what is good and bad
3. guidelines of behavior for interacting with people from different cultures
4. an enduring system of interrelationships that connects individuals

The idea that you should not cheat during this exam is an example of a:

1. material good
2. norm
3. value
4. cultural universal

The Sapir-Whorf linguistic relativity hypothesis is important in understanding how:

1. family members play a critical role in personality development
2. language shapes our perceptions and ways of thinking
3. world languages develop over time
4. children learn their gender roles in American society

For most of our existence as a species, humans have lived in what type of societies?

1. Hunting and gathering
2. agrarian
3. horticultural and pastoral
4. industrial

There was little difference among members of hunting and gathering societies, and differences in position or rank were based on the:

1. length of time in which a family resided with the community
2. size of the family
3. amount and type of food gathered during the growing season
4. gender and age of the community members

In which type of society do most people live and work on the land, growing crops for food and to sell?

1. horticultural and pastoral
2. industrial
3. agrarian
4. hunting and gathering

The emergence of machine production, based on the use of inanimate power sources, is known as:

1. industrialization
2. agriculture
3. pastoralism
4. civilization

Which type of society saw the advent of the nation-state?

1. agrarian
2. industrial
3. postindustrial
4. hunting and gathering

Smaller segments of a society with distinct values and norms and their own unique patterns of behavior are called:

1. multiculturalists
2. nonconformists
3. individualistic
4. subcultures

The salad bowl metaphor is used to describe:

1. Cultural relativism
2. assimilation
3. subcultures
4. multiculturalism

An Amish farmer tilling his fields with a horse and plow might be considered backward by some, and is an example of:

1. cultural relativism
2. cultural identity
3. ethnocentrism
4. culture shock

According to sociobiologists, what has led to female chastity and male promiscuity?

1. biological instinct
2. a reproductive strategy
3. genetic hegemony
4. the decline of cultural values

When we talk about the psychological, social, and cultural differences between women and men, what are we actually referring to?

1. gender
2. socialization
3. sex
4. sexuality

Variations in gender roles found in the many different societies studied by social scientists demonstrate that:

1. gender roles are culturally determined
2. gender roles are essentially the same everywhere with only minor variations
3. gender roles are biologically determined
4. social scientists are unable to understand gender roles in other societies

Both men and women of the !Kung of the Kalahari Desert are active participants in child care, and because they are so opposed to violent conflict, children learn that:

1. both men and women engage in aggressive behavior
2. aggressive behavior is not tolerated in either men or women
3. aggressive behavior is not tolerated in men
4. aggressive behavior is not tolerated in women

According to the functionalist sociologist Talcott Parsons, the family is most efficient when it operates with a clear sexual division of labor, with the males being the breadwinners and females providing care and security as well as emotional support, something he referred to as the:

1. gender role
2. expressive role
3. instrumental role
4. sex role

The assumption shared by all schools of feminist thought is:

1. that there is one feminist school of thought
2. a belief that the roots of gender inequality are biological
3. that women have an unequal position in society
4. a rejection of the idea that gender has an influence on social life

What are the two types of feminism that reject the idea that women have a unified identity and experiences?

1. postmodern and black
2. radical and liberal
3. postmodern and radical
4. black and liberal

When sociologists refer to a patriarchal society, they are describing a society:

1. that is dominated by radical feminists
2. in which chivalrous behavior from men is rewarded
3. in which men dominate economic and political institutions
4. that respects the traditional role of the male in society

When women are steered into poorly paid jobs with few prospects for career advancement, it promotes a form of:

1. oppression
2. masculinization
3. gender typing
4. patriarchy

Unwanted or repeated sexual advances, remarks, or behavior that is offensive to the recipient and causes discomfort or interference with job performance is usually interpreted as:

1. gender typing
2. sexual harassment
3. misogynistic attitude
4. quid pro quo

When sociologists refer to the “second shift” for working women, they mean the:

1. shift of women workers from industrial jobs to service jobs
2. fact that women are mothers from 3:00 P.M., when school is over, to 9:00 P.M., when the children go to sleep, followed by being a wife from 9:00 P.M. until the morning
3. fact that most women found it more acceptable to work from 5:00 P.M. to 1:00 A.M. rather than the first shift from 9:00 A.M. to 5:00 P.M.
4. burden of housework that awaits a woman when she returns home from work

Despite the Equal Pay Act of 1963, the gender gap in pay has not been eliminated but has been partially changed by the implementation of:

1. human capital policies
2. comparable worth policies
3. sex desegregation
4. minimum wage laws

Consensual sex should be something desired by both participants equally, but the realities of sexual violence would suggest that between consensual sex and rape lies:

1. the question of how to uniformly apply the definition of sexual harassment
2. a willingness on the part of men to use pressure, threats, coercion, and force to obtain sex
3. a culturally established overt pressure for women not to participate in any type of sex
4. a need to convince women to have more sex in order to avoid rape

Organic solidarity is:

1. when the institutions of society function together as a whole
2. how society operates naturally
3. when people disagree on basic values and customs but work together anyway
4. a source of social conflict in society

Which early theorist saw class conflict as the main source of social change?

1. Max Weber
2. Émile Durkheim
3. Harriet Martineau
4. Karl Marx

Karl Marx differs from Émile Durkheim in that Marx:

1. argued that social change causes anomie
2. concentrated on postindustrial society as opposed to industrial society
3. argued that social change is caused by economic influences as opposed to values and ideas
4. argued for a social physics and scientific understanding

The economic system in which conflict is inevitable because it is in the interest of the ruling class to exploit the working class and in the interest of workers to overcome that exploitation is called:

1. socialism
2. Marxism
3. capitalism
4. communism

Which of the following was a focus of Max Weber’s research?

1. the influence of cultural ideas and values on social change and individual behavior
2. class struggles
3. the sense of aimlessness provoked by modern social life
4. the superiority of Western culture

Max Weber contended that a bureaucratic structure is the most efficient organizational type. Which of the following exemplifies a bureaucratic organization?

1. the college or university you attend
2. a block party in celebration of Independence Day
3. an introductory sociology class
4. the Beta chapter of Delta Gamma sorority

Who was the first sociologist to look at previously ignored issues, such as domestic life and race relations?

1. Emily Dickinson
2. Émile Durkheim
3. Jean Baudrillard
4. Harriet Martineau

According to W. E. B. Du Bois, African Americans’ sense of self and identity are greatly influenced by the experiences of slavery and, after emancipation, segregation. Du Bois labeled this experience:

1. rationalization
2. dialectical materialism
3. double consciousness
4. organic solidarity

What would a symbolic interactionist say is involved in nearly all social interactions?

1. a rational choice
2. an exchange of symbols
3. a conflict
4. an exchange of functions

What is the difference between the terms sex and gender?

1. Sex is a verb, while gender is a noun.
2. Sex refers to biological traits, while gender refers to social traits.
3. Sex refers to aggressive behavior, while gender refers to expressive behavior.
4. Sex refers to men, while gender refers to women.

The significance of a sociological imagination is that:

1. sociology should be considered a philosophy rather than a science
2. sociologists are primarily interested in predicting the future
3. sociology attempts to connect individual experiences to a conception of a larger social structure
4. sociology is not concerned with empirical verification of theories

What does the term social structure refer to?

1. the random events or actions that occur within a building or concrete structure
2. any building constructed by more than one person
3. the mental state or personality of an individual
4. a regularity or pattern in people’s behavior and relationships

A child’s father is likely to tell the child to “say thank-you” when the child receives a gift. This is an example of:

1. rationalization
2. social structure
3. socialization
4. social construction

Which sociologist showed that social factors exert a fundamental influence on suicidal behavior?

1. Émile Durkheim
2. Anthony Giddens
3. Robert K. Merton
4. George Herbert Mead

As a sociological concept, race refers to:

1. a set of distinct physical characteristics that are the basis for a scientific classification of human beings
2. the four clearly defined groups into which humans are categorized based on physical phenotype
3. physical variations in human beings singled out by members of a community or society as socially significant
4. cultural practices and outlooks, including language, history, ancestry, religion, and styles of dress or adornment that tend to set people apart

When ethnic groups have achieved a distinct but equal status, the society is said to exhibit:

1. pluralism
2. segregation
3. assimilation
4. multiculturalism

The National Immigration Forum has estimated that immigrant workers contribute significantly to the national economy. They estimate that the dollar amount of gross domestic product without them would be:

1. $1 trillion less
2. far more, but actual statistics are difficult to verify
3. about the same
4. far less, but actual statistics are difficult to verify

Preconceived opinions or attitudes held by members of one group toward another are defined as:

1. prejudice
2. discrimination
3. antiracism
4. racism

As a sociological concept, ethnicity refers to:

1. physical variations in human beings singled out by members of a community or society as socially significant
2. a set of distinct physical characteristics that is the basis for a scientific classification of human beings
3. the four clearly defined groups into which humans are categorized based on physical phenotype
4. cultural practices and outlooks, including language, history, ancestry, religion, and styles of dress or adornment that tend to set people apart

Racism is increasingly based on cultural differences as opposed to “scientific” racism. Which of the following examples illustrates “new racism,” or cultural racism?

1. Many Native American tribes in the United States who exercise their sovereignty through gaming and other enterprises
2. many Chicanos and Chicanas who incorporate certain indigenous practices into their religion
3. African Americans who do not value family because of the high rates of single-parent households
4. the Hmong people’s extended family structure that allows for their elders to play a significant role in decision making

The ethnic group in the United States that was forcibly removed to “relocation centers” in World    War II is:

1. Chinese American
2. Japanese American
3. Italian American
4. German American

The unemployment rate of black and Hispanic men has shrunk since the 1960s, so it is now about the same as the unemployment rate for white men.

1. True
2. False

Women are so often the targets of sexual violence because:

1. they have learned to accept forced sex as a means of self-preservation
2. they rarely fight back in an attempt to minimize the experience
3. they frequently dress in revealing clothing that excites men
4. men are socialized to feel sexual entitlement and insensitive to the difference between consensual and nonconsensual sex

One of the main reasons that rape is difficult to track statistically is because:

1. there is a large difference between men’s and women’s definitions of forced sex
2. few women know their rapists, making it very difficult to arrest and prosecute them
3. not all rapists are sexual predators that can be tracked in the government’s sexual predator database
4. of the increasingly sexual environment in which we live