According to Rakove, the easiest part of the Constitution process turned out to be ratification, but the hard part was

1. The struggle over states rights.
2. The interpretation of the Constitution.
3. Ratification of the Bill of Rights.
4. The impending crisis of slavery.

The role of the Supreme Court in determining constitutionality of laws is still debated today.

1. FALSE
2. TRUE

The Supreme Court has established the following for cases brought under the 14th Amendment:

1. All of these.
2. Three tiers of review for deciding whether citizenship was denied unconstitutionally.
3. Three tiers of review for deciding whether due process of law was denied.
4. Three tiers of review for deciding whether equal protection was denied.

Which republic was considered the best model in The Spirit of the Laws?

1. Venetian republic
2. Republic of Genoa
3. Roman republic
4. Athenian republic

Some Americans are so unhappy with the state of the immigration issue, they want to

1. Deport children born in the US to undocumented persons.
2. Deport people living in the US for decades.
3. Amend the 14the Amendment so that children born to the undocumented in the US can be deported.
4. All of these.

The US Supreme Court in a case called United States v. Winsor struck down

1. The federal Defense of Marriage Act.
2. Voter ID laws in Wisconsin.
3. Florida’s method of counting votes in the 2000 presidential election.
4. Segregation of private schools in North Carolina.

The Civil War Amendments were intended to protect the former slaves as they became citizens after the Civil War, but their protections have been extended to other groups such as women, Asians, gays, etc.

1. TRUE
2. FALSE

Justice Thurgood Marshall vigorously opposed the 14th Amendment.

1. TRUE
2. FALSE

Issues of civil rights and civil liberties include

1. An employer paying you less than somebody else who does the same job.
2. The NSA tapping your telephones.
3. A corporation suing another corporation for breech of contract.
4. A state refusing to give the right to vote to convicted felons.

Americans wanted more certainty in their governance, therefore,

1. They did not like the fact that there was not a written British Constitution that they could cite to protect their interests.
2. None of these.
3. They were fine with Parliament determining what was law, they just wanted their own representatives in London.
4. They liked the fact that Parliament could act quickly on matters, but they did not like the members of Parliament.

Fighting words that are not protected are

1. None of these.
2. Writing degrading words on the wall of a public bathroom.
3. A Naxi shouting hateful slogans but in a peaceful demonstration.
4. Calling a politician an “idiot” in a public forum.

The term “Framers,” or Framers of the Constitution, refers to

1. The men who framed the copy of the Declaration of Independence at the Smithsonian.
2. The men who set up a plan to discredit Thomas Jefferson.
3. The men who outlined, debated, and authored the Constitution of the United States.
4. The men who decided to amend the Articles of Confederation.

The ratification process of the Constitution took almost a decade.

1. FALSE
2. TRUE

The presidency

1. Was singularly responsible for his or her duties.
2. Relied on Congressional approval or backing for foreign affairs.
3. Was a uniquely powerful individual.
4. All of these

An example where states and communities might pose restrictions that seem to violate the rights of women but are acceptable under the 14th Amendment is weight-lifting requirements for firefighters.

1. FALSE
2. TRUE

Smaller states argued that keeping representation equal in Congress was justified because

1. The smaller states had more natural resources, and this economic advantage made up for the size difference.
2. Representatives reflected the attitudes of the state, so the number was irrelevant.
3. The smaller states had been settled longer and the citizens were better educated.
4. More of the Convention members were from their states.

Many people believed that the British Parliament had become too powerful after the decline of the monarchy in the 17th century.

1. FALSE
2. TRUE

The Massachusetts Declaration of Rights argued

1. That there were three rigidly separate forms of government.
2. All of these.
3. Liberty was best secured by keeping the branches as separate as possible.
4. No branch could impinge on the power of the others.

Madison believed that only people not states should have the vote.

1. TRUE
2. FALSE

The Three-Fifths Compromise provided that

1. Each slave would be counted as three-fifths of a constituent in the apportionment of representation for the House.
2. Three-fifths of women would be counted during the national census.
3. Three-fifths of the states had to ratify the Constitution.
4. Three-fifths of the Congress was a quorum.

The Supremacy Clause designates

1. The US Constitution supersedes state law.
2. All of these.
3. The US Constitution is the law of the land.
4. Any laws made that further the intent of the Constitution are protected by the clause.

Social movements that learn from previous movements’ successes and failures and then adapt themselves

1. Is a very common occurrence in the US, but fairly rare in other countries.
2. Is actually a fairly rare occurrence.
3. Has been a very common occurrence in civil rights movements but not much else in the US.
4. Is an example of spillover.

The idea of the judicial branch as the third branch, following the legislative and the executive, was originated by

1. Jefferson.
2. Locke.
3. Madison.
4. Montesquieu.

The most important thing that direct social actions, or protests in the streets, do is

1. Force the hand of Congress or state legislatures to pass laws.
2. Sway public opinion.
3. All of these.
4. Embarrass leaders and governments for a lack of action.

Which of the following statements is true concerning civil liberties?

1. There are four overarching civil liberties that are the subject of ongoing debate and court cases.
2. All of these.
3. They are tightly connected to the Americans’ reaction to dominating British colonial rule.
4. Those that come from the Bill of Rights are considered as freedoms that the government cannot easily violate.

An overwhelming majority of speech is protected by the 1st Amendment.

1. TRUE
2. FALSE

James Madison thought it would be easy to keep the powers of the branches of government separate from one another.

1. TRUE
2. FALSE

During the Revolutionary War, most of the states that wrote constitutions did so with the popular approval of their citizens.

1. FALSE
2. TRUE

The 5th Amendment covers what right of a defendant?

1. Against double jeopardy, or being tried twice for the same crime
2. Jury trial.
3. All of these.
4. Protection against self-incrimination.

Madison’s personal experiences of abuse of power in legislatures came from

1. His time as a professor at the University of Virginia.
2. His time as governor of Virginia.
3. None of these.
4. His time as a member of the Virginia Assembly.

The Framers chose an Electoral College to elect the president because they felt that electors would be better informed about the character and qualifications of those seeking office.

1. FALSE
2. TRUE

Even though the British and Americans had many disputes over governance, they had in common a long and historical belief in representative government.

1. TRUE
2. FALSE

In the famous landmark case, Miller v. California, the US Supreme Court defined obscenity as having what feature(s)?

1. The average person would find the material as appealing to a “prurient” interest.
2. All of these.
3. The material describes sexual conduct in an offensive way.
4. The material lacks serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value.

James Madison’s argument concerning Montesquieu’s theory about the size of republics was that

1. Montesquieu’s theory about the size of republics was correct but that the American republic could overcome the problem with adequate funds.
2. Montesquieu was correct that the most successful republic was a small one.
3. Montesquieu’s theory applied only to Italy.
4. The large and diverse population of America was an advantage, as it would bring ideological balance in a republican government.

The purpose of Alexander Hamilton’s The Federalist was to

1. Designate Boston as the location for the next federal convention.
2. Persuade George Washington to become the president.
3. Persuade the citizens of New York to ratify the Constitution.
4. Convince Americans that they should NOT accept federalism.

Madison argued that, since strict separation of powers was not possible, it was best to create checks and balances between the branches of the government.

1. TRUE
2. FALSE

What is a civil liberty?

1. A privilege described in the articles of the US Constitution.
2. A right guaranteed to groups by the 13th Amendment.
3. A state injunction against the federal government.
4. A liberty guaranteed to individuals by the Bill of Rights.

A major problem regarding the Continental Congress was that small states had the same vote as large states.

1. FALSE
2. TRUE

Under a federal system, local governments are

1. An entirely separate level of government that is protected from encroachments or interference from state or federal governments
2. All of these.
3. Subject to the jurisdiction of the federal government with no separate powers.
4. Subject to the jurisdiction of state government with no separate powers.

Dual federalism is no longer typical of American federalism, replaced by shared federalism in the 20th century.

1. TRUE
2. FALSE

According to Hancock, federalism actually helps to protect the civil liberties of individual citizens.

1. FALSE
2. TRUE

Anti-federalists were against a strong federal government because they felt that it

1. Was in direct conflict with Madison’s proposals.
2. Would weaken the executive branch.
3. Would be divisive and favor federal interests over state interests.
4. Reminded them of the New Jersey Plan.

What are religious privileges that would be covered under freedom of religion, according to Hancock?

1. An atheist eating a meal without praying.
2. All of these.
3. A Muslim woman wearing a head scarf.
4. A Christian praying at work or school.

Which of the following statements about dual federalism is NOT true?

         1. Dual federalism was the predominant format of government in the US from 1789-1901.

         2. There was little collaboration between the national and state governments in 1789-1901.

           3. None of these

            4.  The national and state governments maintain mutually exclusive spheres of influence.

Why did James Madison believe that a system of federalism based on voluntary compliance would always fail?

1. All of these.
2. Each state legislature contained “courtiers of popularity” who would actively oppose particular policies.
3. Experience proved that states would never uniformly comply with national requests.
4. Each state’s doubts about the others’ commitment to policies would slow down and clog the federal system.

The Arab Spring refers to

1. The monsoon season in the Middle East.
2. The ouster of Hosni Mubarak in Egypt.
3. A period right after WWII in which many Arab governments threw off monarchies for republics.
4. A series of liberal social movements in dictatorships across the Arab world in 2010-11.

According to Hancock, the genius of bifurcated, or two-part, federal government is

1. It creates a very decentralized legal structure.
2. It creates centralized federal components and localized state components of government.
3. It creates a very centralized legal structure.
4. It is easier to make law.

According to Hancock, the reason we consider the four overarching civil liberties “overarching” is because they are

1. Rarely disputed.
2. Fundamental rights that affect our daily lives a lot.
3. Not subject to interpretation.
4. So similar.

“Imperium in imperio” described

1. A “monster in politics.”
2. All of these.
3. A state having two sovereigns.
4. A “state within a state.”

British constitutional authority

1. All of these
2. Was based on long legal practices that were not necessarily written down.
3. Rested on several historical documents.
4. Was altered by each Parliament’s decisions about the interpretation of documents and practices.