Durkheim contended that unusually high suicide rates were best understood and predicted from a careful study of __________.

1. local government
2. economic status
3. prevailing social conditions
4. arrest rates

Which of Merton’s identifiable behavior patterns encompasses most members of our society?

1. retreatism
2. ritualism
3. conformity
4. innovation

Which of the following involves a rigid adherence to the culturally approved methods for getting ahead and making progress?

1. retreatism
2. ritualism
3. centralism
4. rebellion

1. abused children
2. middle class juveniles
3. average boys.
4. the behavior of lower class juveniles

Cloward and Ohlin presented three types of juvenile gangs. Which of the following was NOT one of those gangs?

1. conflict-oriented gang
2. rebellion-oriented gang
3. retreatist-oriented gang
4. crime-oriented gang

Thorsten Sellin, in explaining fluctuating crime rates in different parts of urban society, noted that values, customs, and standards of conduct were __________.

1. not identifiable
2. uniform throughout the population
3. really not that important
4. not uniform throughout the population

Shaw and McKay found that juvenile delinquents are not distributed uniformly over the city of Chicago, but tend to be concentrated __________.

1. in the rural outreaches of the city
2. in jail
3. in the suburbs
4. in areas adjacent to the central business district and to heavy industrial areas

The research findings regarding strain theories and U.S. boys and girls showed remarkable similarities to the strain theory findings on __________ boys and girls.

1. Cambodian
2. Japanese
3. Korean
4. Chinese

1. characterization
2. socialization
3. crystallization
4. politicization

According to the reasoning of Sutherland and Cressey, if the definitions favorable to law violation outweigh the definitions unfavorable to law violation, the balance scale is tipped and the youth __________.

1. will become a ward of the state
2. can never become a law-abiding citizen
3. slips into juvenile delinquency
4. loses interest in society

In the perspective of Glasser’s differential identification, the fantasized heroics and aggression of Rambo or the Terminator __________.

1. have no effect on juveniles
2. can become viable role models for some youngsters
3. are ignored by most youth
4. have no effect on females

Burgess and Akers said that people are motivated to behave in certain ways if __________.

1. they have been rewarded for doing so
2. they come from a wealthy background
3. come from a hard-working background
4. they have a strong religious background

When applying Reckless’ Containment theory to delinquency, the term “pull factors” might encompass such variables as __________.

1. pride and self-worth
2. membership in a street gang or participation in a criminal subculture
3. mental conflict and anxiety
4. alienation and frustration

Inner containment __________.

1. represents the ability of a person to resist temptations
2. applies only to juveniles
3. does not vary among individuals
4. cannot be applied to juveniles

1. appeal to higher loyalties
2. denial of harm
3. condemning the condemner
4. denial of responsibility

Matza presented a picture of the delinquent as __________.

1. an immoral person
2. unchanging
3. occasionally free to “drift”
4. locked into a particular situation

What did Hirschi say about delinquents?

1. They have a great deal of remorse
2. They have absolutely no social bonds
3. They have relatively weak social bonds and consequently feel little remorse for violations of generally accepted social standards
4. They have strong social bonds

Cohen and Short __________.

1. were not interested in delinquency
2. accepted the idea that delinquency is an inherent potentiality in all human beings
3. rejected the notion that delinquency is an inherent potentiality in all human beings
4. supported the social control theorists’ explanations of juvenile delinquency

Which of the following principles comprise the foundation for the labeling theory of deviant and delinquent behavior?

1. only social roles
2. social status, social roles, and social expectations
3. only social expectations
4. only social status

The concept of “Definition of the Situation” essentially means that __________.

1. situations can cause serious consequences
2. when people define a situation as real, it becomes real in its consequences
3. no situation is ever the same
4. situations are defined differently

Robert Merton’s idea of the self-fulfilling prophecy is that of __________.

1. relative unimportance
2. having no effect on future behavior
3. causing a variety of activities
4. a catalyst for eliciting future behavior of the prescribed kind

What did Frank Tannenbaum emphasize?

1. the type of prison used to incarcerate convicted felons
2. the privileges given to incarcerated individuals
3. the type of treatment used to incarcerate those convicted of misdemeanors
4. the treatment of the offender that makes a hardened criminal out of the accidental or occasional one

“Tagging” is associated with the view that __________.

1. special privileges should be given to special prisoners
2. the greater evil lies in the societal treatment, not in the original act
3. solitary confinement
4. inadequate medical care in prison

When does primary deviation occur?

1. when a deviant act is instigated by the parent
2. when an individual’s self-concept is altered and the deviant role is personally assumed
3. when an individual may commit a deviant act (or several deviant acts but does not internalize the deviant self-concept and continues to occupy the role of conformist
4. when the deviant act is committed by a person under the age of ten

What view did Howard Becker propound in this book, The Outsiders?

1. deviance, like beauty, exists in the eyes of the beholder
2. deviance is the same to all
3. deviance cannot be seen
4. deviance really does not exist

Perhaps Howard Becker’s major contribution to labeling theory was his __________.

1. view that delinquents eventually outgrow their deviancy and conform to the values of society
2. suggestion that there is a difference between a deviant identity and deviant career
3. notion of a developmental process that precedes the attainment of a deviant or delinquent identity and career
4. idea that people from the same environment are motivated by different factors

Radical Theory __________.

1. is accepted by all sociologists as a valid explanation of delinquency
2. departs from more established and accepted criminological theories
3. is no longer important
4. conforms to the more accepted criminological theories

According to Herman and Julia Schwendinger, what is the best predictor of delinquency?

1. personal health
2. level of educational attainment
3. the youth’s relative position among other teenagers
4. religiosity

Television programming aimed at young adults show patterns of __________.

1. portraying delinquents as dangerous threats to social order
2. real-life delinquent activities as fun and entertaining
3. children who are overly anxious about crime
4. programs that are focused on education

Life-Course offenders are best defined by those who engage in __________.

1. antisocial behaviors at an early age and persist through their entire life
2. criminal behaviors due to mental illness not detected in infancy
3. criminal behaviors throughout their adult years but were never delinquent as teens
4. delinquency during adolescence but do not go on to commit more crimes as adults

Rational Choice Theory contends that law-violating behavior occurs when an offender decides to take a chance violating the law, therefore __________.

1. the responsibility and accountability is directly on him/her
2. the responsibility of such choices can be blamed on society
3. the responsibility for such choices can never be fully understood
4. the responsibility is on both the individual and society

Specific deterrence is best described as discouraging __________.

1. individuals who are still in school from committing delinquent acts
2. all of the above apply
3. an individual from committing similar acts in the future
4. others from committing similar acts

The general public likes this “get tough” attitude delinquent theory.

1. deterrence theory
2. Both a and b
3. rational choice theory
4. feminist theory

In her book “Odd Girl Out,” Simmons pointed out that the culture’s socialization of girls as caretakers teaches them to be valued for __________.

1. their athletic abilities
2. their academic abilities
3. their appearance
4. their relations with others

Which type of aggression was categorized by the intent to damage another person’s self-esteem or social status, within a group?

1. indirect aggression
2. social aggression
3. relational aggression
4. physical aggression

Freda Adler’s hypothesis as to why women have been historically underrepresented in crime and delinquency is called __________.

1. maturation hypothesis
2. frustration hypothesis
3. gender gap hypothesis
4. liberation hypothesis

The chivalry factor in delinquency is best explained by __________.

1. females being suspected less for criminal behavior
2. Both b and c
3. male police officer who are respectful of delinquent women
4. females being treated with more leniency by police

Increases in interdisciplinary approaches to deviant behavior has included the role of __________.

1. heredity
2. Both b and c
3. sociobiology
4. the media