Chapter 3 Marine Provinces

A  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

B  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

C  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

D  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

E  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

A  75%

B  65%

C  85%

D  95%

E  90%

A  Neither

B  Fracture zone

C  Transform fault

A  Transform fault

B  Neither

C  Fracture zone

A  Seaknolls

B  Transform fault

C  Fracture zone

D  Nemataths

E  Guyots

A  Transform fault

B  Fracture zone

C  Seaknolls

D  Nemataths

E  Guyots

A  Hydrothermal vent

B  Rift valley

C  Black smoker

D  Deep focus earthquake

E  White smoker

A  Rift valley

B  Seamounts

C  Pillow basalts

D  Trenches

E  Metal sulfide deposits

A  Oceanic rise

B  Seafloor spreading

C  Oceanic ridge

D  Abyssal hill

E  Rift valley

A  parallel to the rift valley.

B  associated with hydrothermal vents.

C  located in submarine canyons.

D  perpendicular to the ridge axis.

A  in the same direction as the ridge offset.

B  associated with turbidity currents.

C  influenced by underwater boundary currents.

D  in the same direction as the plates are spreading.

E  perpendicular to the direction of plate movement.

A  white smokers.

B  black smokers.

C  turbidity currents.

D  cold seeps.

E  abyssal hills.

A  transform faults.

B  fracture zones.

C  oceanic rises.

D  convergent plate boundaries.

E  deep-sea trenches.

A  oceanic ridges.

B  transform faults.

C  hydrothermal vents.

D  fracture zones.

E  deep-sea trenches.

A  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

B  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

C  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

D  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

E  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

A  The steep segment above sea level

B  The gentle slope above sea level

C  The shallowest slope below sea level

D  The steep deepest part below sea level

E  The long and flat part below sea level

A  The gentle slope above sea level

B  The shallowest slope below sea level

C  The steep segment above sea level

D  The long and flat part below sea level

E  The steep deepest part below sea level

A  The gentle slope above sea level

B  The shallowest slope below sea level

C  The steep deepest part below sea level

D  The long and flat part below sea level

E  The steep segment above sea level

A  collisional

B  sedimentary

C  metamorphic

D  erosional

E  volcanic

A  Melting icebergs

B  Suspension settling

C  Undersea streams

D  Precipitation

E  Turbidity currents

A  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

B  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

C  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

D  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

E  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

A  convergent and transform plate boundaries

B  convergent and divergent plate boundaries

C  convergent plate boundaries

D  transform plate boundaries

E  divergent plate boundaries

A  island arc

B  mid-ocean ridge

C  transform fault

D  deep sea trench

E  hotspot

A  hotspot

B  island arc

C  transform fault

D  deep sea trench

E  mid-ocean ridge

A  3 miles

B  5 miles

C  2 miles

D  1 mile

E  4 miles

A  granitic

B  rhyolitic

C  andesitic

D  basaltic

A  44%

B  23%

C  39%

D  33%

E  29%

A  60,000

B  55,000

C  40,000

D  46,000

E  50,000

A  65

B  85

C  60

D  50

E  75

A  Hydrogen sulfide

B  Nitrogen

C  Hydrogen sulfate

D  Oxygen

A  Below 86 degrees Fahrenheit

B  86 to 662 degrees Fahrenheit

C  Above 662 degrees Fahrenheit

A  86 to 662 degrees Fahrenheit

B  Above 662 degrees Fahrenheit

C  Below 86 degrees Fahrenheit

A  Mendocino Fracture

B  San Andreas Fault

C  Dead Sea Fault

D  Alpine Fault

A  Islands that are island arcs and associated with convergent plant boundaries (such as Japanese archipelago).

B  Islands associated with volcanic activity along the mid-ocean ridge (such as Ascension Island along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge)

C  Islands that are parts of continents (such as British Isles)

D  Islands associated with hotspots (such as Hawaiian islands)

A  seismic fissure

B  hydrothermal vent

C  central rift valley

D  transform fault

E  fracture zone

A  volcanic in origin

B  formed at hotspots as lithospheric plates pass over mantle plumes

C  formed at high-standing areas of mid-ocean ridges

D  parts of continents separated from continents

E  parts of volcanic island arcs

A  5000-6000 m below sea level

B  4000-5000 m below sea level

C  0-1000 m above sea level

D  3000-4000 m below sea level

E  1000-2000 m above sea level

A  Geothermal heat pump

B  Hot springs

C  Warm-water vents

D  Black smoker

E  White smoker

A  Oceanic rise

B  Submarine canyon

C  Trench

D  Volcanic arc

E  Rift valley

A  The hypsographic curve shows that the volume of water in the oceans is greater than the volume of water in lakes and glaciers.
The hypsographic curve shows that the average depth of the ocean is about four times the average height of the continents.
The hypsographic curve shows the percentage of Earth’s surface area that is covered by ocean waters.
The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the exposed land is below 1 kilometer in elevation.

B  The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the ocean floor is more than 4 kilometers deep.
The hypsographic curve shows that the volume of water in the oceans is greater than the volume of water in lakes and glaciers.

C  The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the ocean floor is more than 4 kilometers deep.
The hypsographic curve shows that the average depth of the ocean is about four times the average height of the continents.
The hypsographic curve shows that the volume of water in the oceans is greater than the volume of water in lakes and glaciers.

D  The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the ocean floor is more than 4 kilometers deep.
The hypsographic curve shows that the average depth of the ocean is about four times the average height of the continents.
The hypsographic curve shows the percentage of Earth’s surface area that is covered by ocean waters.
The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the exposed land is below 1 kilometer in elevation.

A  A trench, a central rift valley, hydrothermal vents, and thick layers of sediment

B  Volcanoes and trench

C  Hydrothermal vents, a central rift valley, basalt volcanism and pillow lavas, and volcanoes

D  Thick layers of sediment, hydrothermal vents, a central rift valley, and a trench

A  Eurasian and North American

B  Arabian and African

C  Nazca and South American

D  The Dead Sea Fault is a fracture zone and therefore does not separate two plates.

E  African and Indian

A  California

B  Alaska

C  near Egypt

D  The Alps

E  New Zealand

A  Transform faults are perpendicular to the ridge axis, whereas fracture zones are parallel to the ridge axis.
Crust on both sides of a fracture zone moves in the same direction.
Earthquakes are common along transform faults and fracture zones.

B  Transform faults are perpendicular to the ridge axis, whereas fracture zones are parallel to the ridge axis.
Crust on both sides of a fracture zone moves in the same direction.

C  Earthquakes are common along transform faults and fracture zones.
A transform fault is a plate boundary, whereas a fracture zone is not.

D  The Dead Sea Fault is an example of a transform fault.
A transform fault is a plate boundary, whereas a fracture zone is not.
Crust on both sides of a fracture zone moves in the same direction.

A  Juan De Fuca

B  Mendocino

C  San Andreas Fault

D  Hawaii

E  Alpine Fault

A  along the ridge axis where two plates converge

B  along the mid-ocean ridge axis

C  along the fracture zones

D  along the ridge axis and along transform faults that offset the axis of the ridge

E  along the ridge axis and along any offsets, including fracture zone and transform fault segments

A  Offsets occur where two plates slide past each other.
Segments of a mid-ocean ridge are initially aligned.Transform faults form when different segments spread at different rates.
Offsets include both inactive and active segments.

B  Segments of a mid-ocean ridge are initially aligned.Transform faults form when different segments spread at different rates.
Offsets include both inactive and active segments.
Fracture zones occur where two plates are locally colliding

C  Offsets occur where two plates slide past each other.
Offsets include both inactive and active segments.
Transform faults run parallel to the mid-ocean ridge axis.

D  Offsets occur where two plates slide past each other.
Fracture zones occur where two plates are locally colliding.
Offsets include both inactive and active segments.

A  Sea currents circulate nutrients to the reef deeper than 45 meters and provide a rigid force to keep the coral reef at the surface.

B  The coral reef once formed around an active volcano.  The reef became a barrier reef, with hard skeletons of previous colonies acting as the scaffolding for new ones on top.  The volcano gradually sank into sea, moving with the plate it rested on, as the coral continued to grow upward, leaving the atoll as a ring structure at the top.

C  Corals deep in the ocean can survive because they are warmed by seamounts instead of the sun.  The atoll consists of layers of coral reef alive at the surface and near seamount vents.

D  Pieces of coral from other reefs are carried farther out into the ocean, where they act like seeds and start new coral reefs.  These corals quickly grow up into the warmer parts of the ocean where they thrive and form round atolls as a means of trapping warmer water around them.

A  It is most likely a deep-ocean trench because they are common along the active continental margins.
The feature was most likely caused by one oceanic crust subducting under a leading edge of a continent.
It is most likely a rift valley.

B  Even though turbidite deposits are missing, it is most likely a submarine canyon because it runs parallel to the continental margin.
It is most likely a rift valley.
It is most likely a deep-ocean trench because they are common along the margins of the Pacific Ocean.

C  Even though turbidite deposits are missing, it is most likely a submarine canyon because it runs parallel to the continental margin.
It is most likely a rift valley.
The feature was most likely caused by one oceanic crust subducting under a leading edge of a continent.

D  It is most likely a deep-ocean trench because they are common along the active continental margins.
The feature was most likely caused by one oceanic crust subducting under a leading edge of a continent.
It is most likely a deep-ocean trench because they are common along the margins of the Pacific Ocean.

A  turbidity currents

B  Submarine canyons

C  Ring of Fire.

D  mid-ocean ridges.

A  continental volcanic arcs …volcanic island arcs …

B  Submarine canyons … turbidity currents…

C  Submarine canyons ….Ring of Fire

D  volcanic island arcs …mid-ocean ridges

A  Continental volcanic arcs …volcanic island arcs

B  Submarine canyons … turbidity currents…

C  volcanic island arcs….mid-ocean ridges

D  turbidity currents….Submarine canyons

A  Submarine canyons

B  mid-ocean ridges

C  Ring of Fire

D  continental volcanic arcs

A  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

B  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

C  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

D  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

E  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

A  At submarine canyons

B  At transform plate boundaries

C  At divergent plate boundaries

D  At the intraplate abyssal plains

E  At convergent plate boundaries

A  Arctic Ocean

B  Indian Ocean

C  Pacific Ocean

D  Southern Ocean

E  Atlantic Ocean

A  5,000 to 10,000

B  < 5,000

C  10,000 to 15,000

D  > 20,000

E  15,000 to 20,000

A  Black smokers

B  Melting icebergs

C  Undersea streams

D  Precipitation

E  Suspension settling

A  Atlantic Ocean

B  Arctic Ocean

C  Pacific Ocean

D  Indian Ocean

E  Southern Ocean

A  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

B  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

C  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

D  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

E  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

A  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

B  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

C  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

D  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

E  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

A  seaknoll

B  island

C  guyot

D  nematath

E  abyssal hill

A  guyots

B  islands

C  nemataths

D  seaknolls

E  seamounts

A  guyots

B  nemataths

C  seamounts

D  islands

E  seaknolls

A  seamounts

B  islands

C  guyots

D  nemataths

E  seaknolls

A  volcanic

B  sedimentary

C  metamorphic

D  erosional

E  seismic

A  erosional

B  metamorphic

C  seismic

D  volcanic

E  sedimentary

A  Continental arc

B  Island arc

C  Ocean trench

D  Volcanic arc

E  Passive margin

A  Seamount

B  Submarine canyon

C  Abyssal plain

D  Tablemount

E  Abyssal hill

A  fracture zones.

B  mid-ocean ridges.

C  spreading centers.

D  hydrothermal vents.

E  deep-sea trenches.

A  abyssal hills or seaknolls.

B  tablemounts.

C  seamounts.

D  oceanic trenches.

E  oceanic ridges.

A  tablemounts.

B  oceanic ridges.

C  oceanic trenches.

D  seamounts.

E  abyssal hills or seaknolls.

A  oceanic trenches.

B  oceanic ridges.

C  submarine canyons.

D  tablemounts.

E  seamounts.

A  the absence of convergent active margins.

B  the presence of convergent active margins.

C  its smaller size compared to other ocean basins.

D  All of the answers are correct.

E  the presence of seamounts.

A  continental slopes.

B  tablemounts.

C  continental shelves.

D  abyssal hills.

E  abyssal plains.

A  mid-ocean ridge

B  transform fault

C  island arc

D  hotspot

E  rift valley

A  rift valley

B  island arc

C  hotspot

D  transform fault

E  mid-ocean ridge

A  Pacific Ocean

B  Southern Ocean

C  Indian Ocean

D  Atlantic Ocean

A  one-quarter

B  one-fifth

C  one-half

D  one-third

A  Rise

B  Slope

C  Abyssal plain

D  Shelf

A  Seaknobs

B  Seahills

C  Seamounds

D  Seaknolls

A  Pacific Ocean

B  Southern Ocean

C  Arctic Ocean

D  Atlantic Ocean

E  Indian Ocean

A  Seamount

B  Abyssal hill

C  Tablemount

A  Atlantic Ocean

B  Arctic Ocean

C  Southern Ocean

D  Indian Ocean

E  Pacific Ocean

A  Middle America

B  Peru-Chile

C  Mariana

D  Aleutian

E  Kuril

A  Aleutian

B  Kuril

C  Peru-Chile

D  Middle America

E  Mariana

A  Southern

B  Atlantic

C  Arctic

D  Pacific

E  Indian

A  abyssal plains

B  submarine fans

C  shallow islands in tropical seas

D  the continental shelf

E  the continental slope and rise

A  the numerous volcanoes of the Pacific rim and islands prevent normal sedimentation

B  sediment is trapped within the trenches of the convergent plate boundaries ringing the Pacific

C  turbidity currents are rare in the Pacific, so little sediment is carried down the continental slopes

D  the Pacific Ocean is too large for those features to form

E  rivers do not carry much sediment into the Pacific

A  continental slope

B  continental shelf

C  abyssal plain

D  continental rise

E  continental borderland

A  Trenches are formed by erosive currents. Submarine canyons are drowned, ancient river valleys.

B  Trenches occur only in the Pacific Ocean. Submarine canyons occur in all oceans.

C  Trenches descend deep beyond the abyssal plains. Submarine canyons are part of the shallower continental margins.

D  Trenches are only located along active margins. Submarine canyons are only located along passive margins.

A  the Pacific Ring of Fire, very deep-ocean water depths, and the mid-ocean ridge

B  the mid-ocean ridge, the Pacific Ring of Fire, and narrow or no continental shelves

C  the Pacific Ring of Fire, narrow or no continental shelves, volcanic arcs and active continental margins, subduction zones and associated faults, and very deep-ocean water depths

D  subduction zones and associated faults, and very deep-ocean water depths

E  volcanic arcs and active continental margins and the mid-ocean ridge

A  Graded Bedding

B  Nonconformities

C  Turbidity Currents

D  Suspension Deposits

E  Sandstone Layering

A  Turbid water that kills coral and other photosynthesizing creatures by blocking light

B  Underwater avalanches of muddy water mixed with rocks and other debris

C  Rift-valley sediments found within the depression at mid-ocean ridges

D  Metal-rich deposits that form on the flanks of submarine volcanoes

E  Muddy water brought to the ocean by rivers and streams to form a delta

A  Abyssal plain

B  Shoreline

C  Continental shelf

D  Continental slope

E  Continental rise

A  Continental slope

B  Continental shelf

C  Shoreline

D  Continental rise

E  Abyssal plain

A  The continental slope

B  An Olympic toboggan track

C  A beginners ski hill

D  A large parking lot

E  A soap box derby course

A  two to five degrees

B  one-half to one degree

C  one to two degrees

D  a tenth of a degree

E  greater than five degrees

A  Hot spot volcanism forming a chain of islands and seamounts

B  Transform faulting along a continental margin or a mid-ocean ridge

C  Subduction of oceanic crust and submarine volcanic activity

D  The closing of an ancient sea to form a salt rich lake

E  Continental rifting and continued sea floor spreading

A  Southern Coast of Alaska

B  West Coast of Chile

C  East Coast of Japan

D  West Coast of Mexico

E  East Coast of the United States

A  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

B  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

C  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

D  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

E  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

A  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

B  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

C  The assertion is correct but the reason is incorrect.

D  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

E  The assertion is incorrect but the reason is correct.

A  Continental rise

B  Abyssal plain

C  Continental slope

D  Continental shelf

E  Continental flood basalt

A  Graded bedding

B  Turbidite deposits

C  Deep-sea fans

D  Abyssal plains

E  Turbidity currents

A  Shelf break

B  Continental slope

C  Abyssal hill

D  Continental rise

E  Continental shelf

A  Active margin

B  Continental margin

C  Convergent active margin

D  Transform active margin

E  Rift valley

A  erosion by major rivers in the past.

B  deposition of terrestrial sediment.

C  erosion by turbidity currents.

D  scouring by glaciers during the last ice age.

E  earthquake activity.

A  graded bedding.

B  deep sea fans.

C  turbidite deposits.

D  white smokers.

E  turbidity currents.

A  continental rise.

B  mid-ocean ridge.

C  abyssal plain.

D  trench.

E  continental slope.

A  Continental slope

B  Submarine canyon

C  Continental rise

D  Fracture zone

E  Continental shelf

A  Thin sediment accumulation

B  Volcanic and earthquake activity

C  Deep-sea trenches

D  Chains of islands

E  Broad continental shelves

A  No sediment accumulation

B  Deep-sea trenches

C  Broad continental shelves

D  Sparse earthquake activity

E  Shallow coastal waters

A  abyssal plain, shelf, slope, rise.

B  abyssal plain, rise, slope, shelf.

C  slope, rise, shelf, abyssal plain.

D  rise, abyssal plain, slope, shelf.

E  shelf, slope, rise, abyssal plain.

A  Deep-ocean basin

B  Continental margins

C  Mid-ocean ridge

A  Continental-continental convergent

B  Oceanic-oceanic divergent

C  Oceanic-oceanic convergent

D  Oceanic-continental convergent

A  Transform

B  Convergent

C  Divergent

A  Rhyolite

B  Granite

C  Basalt

D  Peridotite

A  20

B  60

C  40

D  80

E  100

A  20

B  5

C  15

D  25

E  10

A  T

B  Y

C  L

D  U

E  V

A  no change

B  downward

C  sideways

D  upward

A  Continental shelf

B  Tablemountas

C  Continental slope

D  Continental rise

E  Abyssal plains

A  Himalayan

B  Andes

C  Chilean

D  Cascades

A  Shelf

B  Slope

C  Abyssal plain

D  Rise

A  turbidity currents carry large particles farther than smaller, lighter particles

B  large, heavy particles settle out first as current velocity decreases

C  glaciers deposited sediments on continental shelves

D  turbidity currents are triggered by earthquakes

E  submarine canyons were cut by streams during ice ages when the continental shelves were above sea level

A  seismically active

B  a continental borderland

C  far from an oceanic ridge

D  near an offshore fault

E  lacking a continental rise

A  Turbidity currents move sediment down the continental shelf and the continental slope to be deposited on the continental rise.
Turbidity currents are composed of low-density water that sinks and follows the shape of the sea floor.

B  Turbidity currents are composed of low-density water that sinks and follows the shape of the sea floor.
Turbidity currents are highly erosive and carve submarine canyons.
The material carried by turbidity currents is what builds deep-sea fans.

C  Turbidity currents are highly erosive and carve submarine canyons.
Turbidity currents move sediment down the continental shelf and the continental slope to be deposited on the continental rise.
Turbidity currents are episodic events (they don’t occur all the time, but only every so often, like a flash flood).
The material carried by turbidity currents is what builds deep-sea fans.

D  Turbidity currents are episodic events (they don’t occur all the time, but only every so often, like a flash flood).
Turbidity currents are composed of low-density water that sinks and follows the shape of the sea floor.
The material carried by turbidity currents is what builds deep-sea fans.

A  A continental rise and a wide continental shelf

B  An abundance of earthquake activity and a wide continental shelf

C  An abundance of earthquake activity and volcanic eruptions and pillow lavas

D  A deep-ocean trench and an abundance of earthquake activity

A  Major climate changes, such as ice ages
Trench formation at convergent boundaries
Tectonic activity produced by offshore faults
Large fluctuations in sea level over geologic time

B  Tectonic activity produced by offshore faults.
The creation of pillow lavas along the mid-ocean ridge.
Trench formation at convergent boundaries

C  The creation of pillow lavas along the mid-ocean ridge.
Large fluctuations in sea level over geologic time.
Tectonic activity produced by offshore faults

D  Major climate changes, such as ice ages.
Trench formation at convergent boundaries.
The creation of pillow lavas along the mid-ocean ridge

A  Deep-sea fans are composed of numerous layers of turbidite deposits that can reach thicknesses of 2 kilometers or more (1.2 miles or more).
Submarine canyons cut into the continental slope of passive and active continental margins.

B  Submarine canyons cut into the continental slope of passive and active continental margins.
Submarine canyons cut into the continenal margin parallel to the coastline.

C  Submarine canyons cut into the continenal margin parallel to the coastline.
Turbidity currents occur at regular intervals.

D  Submarine canyons cut into the continenal margin parallel to the coastline.
Turbidity currents are slow, gently moving currents of water and sediment.

A  continental shelf

B  abyssal plain

C  deep-sea fans

D  along the upper walls of a submarine canyon

E  delta

A  Transform active margins will have a trench, whereas passive margins will not.

B  Convergent active margins will have a steep continental slope, whereas passive margins will have a more gradual slope.

C  Convergent active margins have continental borderlands associated with basins and islands along the coast, whereas passive margins have a flat continental shelf.

D  Passive margins have narrower continental shelves.

E  Convergent active margins have a more extensive continental rise.

A  narrow continental shelf and trench

B  narrow continental shelf, trench, and continental rise

C  ridge and continental rise

D  continental rise and Flat coastal terrain

A  west coast of Africa and east coast of Brazil

B  east coast of Brazil and east coast of the United States

C  west coast of Africa, east coast of Brazil and east coast of the United States

D  west coast of Chile and west coast of the United States

A  The Abyssal Plain is the name of the Great Plains region of the United States.

B  The Abyssal Plain, located in central Asia, is the largest land surface plain in the world.

C  The Abyssal Plain is the highest elevated plain on Earth.

D  The Abyssal Plain is the vast, deep, generally flat surface that covers most of the ocean floor.

E  The Abyssal Plain is an underwater landmass that extends from a continent.

A  The largest canyon on the planet is the Hudson Canyon.

B  The largest canyon on the planet is the Grand Canyon.

C  The largest canyon on the planet is the Agadir Canyon.

D  The largest canyon on the planet is called the Zhemchug Canyon.

E  The largest canyon on the planet is Copper Canyon.

A  The continental shelf is one of the most valuable places on Earth because of gold and silver deposits.

B  The continental shelf is one of the most valuable places on Earth because of oil.

C  The continental shelf is one of the most valuable places on Earth because of methane hydrates.

D  The continental shelf is one of the most valuable places on Earth because of agriculture.

E  The continental shelf is one of the most valuable places on Earth because of its fishing grounds.

A  Canada

B  United States

C  France

D  Iceland

E  Ireland

A  rip current

B  grand layering

C  velocity profile

D  layered stratum

E  graded bedding

A  density stratification

B  slosh speed

C  shaking speed

D  wave size

E  settling velocity

A  Turbidity currents make the continental slope less steep.

B  Turbidity currents are rather small, so they essentially have no effect on the continental slope.

C  Turbidity currents are erosive to the continental slope and, as a result, carve out submarine canyons.

D  Turbidity currents transport liquid oil reserves to the continental slope.

E  Turbidity currents heat up the surrounding seawater above the continental slope.

A  brown algae

B  air bubbles

C  microscopic floating marine life

D  water currents

E  suspended sediment

A  a candle

B  a large jar filled with water and sediment

C  a balloon

D  Silly Putty

E  a can of soda

A  repeated sequences of lateral bedding containing mostly fine material mixed with coarse material

B  repeated sequences of graded bedding that begin as coarse material and become finer upward

C  repeated sequences of lateral bedding containing mostly coarse material mixed with fine material

D  repeated sequences of graded bedding that begin as fine material and become coarser upward

A  lateral bedding containing mostly fine material mixed with coarse material

B  graded bedding that begins as fine material and becomes coarser upward

C  graded bedding that begins as coarse material and becomes finer upward

D  lateral bedding containing mostly coarse material mixed with fine material

A  very frequently

B  infrequently

C  somewhat frequently

A  Turbidity currents deposit material in canyons as currents move downslope.

B  Turbidity currents erode material from canyons as currents move downslope.

C  Turbidity currents deposit material in canyons as currents move upslope.

D  Turbidity currents erode material from canyons as currents move upslope.

A  dense mixtures of sand, mud, and other debris that move at low speeds up submarine canyons

B  dense mixtures of sand, mud, and other debris that move at high speeds up submarine canyons

C  dense mixtures of sand, mud, and other debris that move at low speeds down submarine canyons

D  dense mixtures of sand, mud, and other debris that move at high speeds down submarine canyons

A  It would take 2.15 s.

B  It would take 0.46 s.

C  It would take 700 s.

D  It would take 0.93 s.

E  It would take 0.23 s.

A  The ocean depth is 18,084 m.

B  The ocean depth is 1507 m.

C  The ocean depth is 6 m.

D  The ocean depth is 9042 m.

E  The ocean depth is 4521 m.

A  basin and trench

B  mid-ocean ridge and deep-sea fan

C  tablemount and basin

D  tablemount and deep-sea fan

A  mid-ocean ridge and abyssal hill

B  trench and basin

C  mid-ocean ridge, abyssal hill and seamount

D  seamount and mid-ocean ridge

A  by dividing the return time of the radar pulse from the sea surface to the satellite by the speed of light

B  by dividing the return time of the radar pulse from the sea surface to the satellite by the speed of sound in water

C  by multiplying the return time of the radar pulse from the sea surface to the satellite by the speed of light

D  by multiplying the return time of the radar pulse from the sea floor to the satellite by the speed of light

E  by multiplying the return time of the radar pulse from the sea surface to the satellite by the speed of sound in water

A  seawater temperature, gravity and ocean circulation

B  biological productivity, seawater salinity and gravity

C  ocean circulation and seawater salinity

D  biological productivity and seawater salinity

A  location of faults on the ocean floor

B  depth to the ocean floor

C  height of the sea surface

D  depth of seafloor sediments

E  seafloor age

A  Seismic Reflection

B  Side-scan Sonar

C  Multibeam Sonar

D  Magnetometer

E  Sounding

A  Fathom

B  Meter

C  Mile

D  League

E  Foot

A  Sounding

B  Multibeam Sonar

C  Side-scan Sonar

D  Magnetometer

E  Seismic Reflection

A  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

B  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

C  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

D  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

E  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

A  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

B  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

C  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

D  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

E  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

A  meters

B  millimeters

C  decimeters

D  centimeters

E  kilometers

A  GLORIA

B  Precision depth recorder (PDR)

C  Global positioning system (GPS)

D  Sea MARC

E  SeaBeam

A  continental mountains and mid-ocean ridges.

B  some interior continental areas/coastal plains and mid-ocean ridges.

C  continental slopes and deep-sea trenches.

D  continental mountains and abyssal plains.

E  some interior continental areas/coastal plains and abyssal plains on the ocean floor.

A  they can’t cover areas where ships have not produced surveys

B  they can only “see” small areas of the seafloor at one time

C  they are affected by surface weather

D  the shape of the ocean surface reflects large features on the seafloor

E  they are inexpensive to build and launch

A  satellite observation.

B  direct observation.

C  sound waves (specifically seismic reflecting profiling).

D  drilling.

E  light waves.

A  Comet

B  Odyssey

C  Meteor

D  HMS Challenger

A  7

B  4

C  6

D  5

E  3

A  Mediterranean Sea

B  Atlantic Ocean

C  Red Sea

D  Pacific Ocean

A  Challenger

B  Odyssey

C  Comet

D  Meteor

A  1970s

B  1950s

C  1980s

D  1960s

A  4,970 feet per second

B  4,925 feet per second

C  5,000 feet per second

D  4,945 feet per second

A  salinity

B  temperature and pressure

C  salinity, temperature and pressure

D  pressure and salinity

A  Chirp

B  Beep

C  Ping

D  Echo

A  TOPEX

B  CryoSat-2

C  Jason-1

D  Geosat

E  Jason-2

A  precision-depth recorder (PDR)

B  SeaMARC

C  Seabeam

D  SeaWiFS

E  GLORIA

A  water temperature, which is higher in areas of shallow ocean waters and can easily be detected by satellites

B  the amount of time it takes for a radar pulse to travel from the satellite to the sea floor

C  calculations of how much water versus rock there is at any ocean location

D  density differences of ocean waters

E  sea surface elevation, which varies depending on the shape of the underlying sea floor

A  extreme pressure at depth

B  biological activity

C  erosion and weathering

D  ocean currents

E  plate tectonic processes

A  5550 meters

B  11,100 meters

C  3000 meters

D  7400 meters

E  4550 meters

A  cartography

B  hydrology

C  bathymetry

D  tomography

E  navigation

A  Satellite altimetry

B  Precision depth recorder

C  Multibeam echo sounder

D  Side-scan sonar

E  Seismic reflection

A  Nearly 80% of the ocean floor has been accurately mapped using sonar from ships.
Satellites can be used to determine the structure and composition of the sea floor.

B  Nearly 80% of the ocean floor has been accurately mapped using sonar from ships.
Only about 20% of the sea floor has been accurately mapped in detail.

C  Only about 20% of the sea floor has been accurately mapped in detail.
Measurements of sea surface elevation by satellites are used to produce maps of the sea floor.
Multibeam surveys from ships produce very detailed maps of the sea floor.

D  Satellites can be used to determine the structure and composition of the sea floor.
Multibeam surveys from ships produce very detailed maps of the sea floor.

A  Measuring seawater clarity, Sending sound through water (sonar), and Direct visitation of the sea floor

B  Sending sound through water (sonar), Direct visitation of the sea floor, Using satellites to measure the sea surface and Recording many depths using a long cable

C  Using satellites to measure the sea surface and Measuring seawater clarity

A  seamount and transform fault on land

B  transform fault on land and tablemount

C  ridge axis, shipwreck, seamount and tablemount

A  Coastal water depths surrounding Greenland have not yet been well documented and deep ocean currents cause coastal glaciers to melt.

B  Coastal water depth determines how many icebergs form and deep-ocean currents cause coastal glaciers to grow.

C  Scientists are looking for shipping lanes to get to the Arctic Ocean and deep-ocean currents cause coastal glaciers to grow.

A  more detailed and provides a swath of measurements with each sweep of the seafloor

B  less expensive and more accurate

C  more accurate, provides information about seafloor composition, more detailed and provides a swath of measurements with each sweep of the seafloor

D  less expensive and more detailed

A  3767.5 meters (12,360.5 feet)

B  3014 meters (9888.5 feet)

C  5 meters (16.4 feet)

D  7535 meters (24,721 feet)

E  1507 meters (4944 feet)

A  the study of ocean productivity

B  the study of the temperature of the ocean

C  the study of ocean currents

D  the study of the depth of the ocean

E  the study of marine mammals

A  Ocean ridges are unique to the Pacific Ocean.

B  The oceanic ridges have a broad, flat top very much resembling a table top.

C  Ocean ridges abruptly stop after a few hundred kilometers and then start again after a few hundred more.

D  They discovered a chain of very tall volcanoes in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean that do not rise higher than the sea surface.

E  The oceanic ridges have a cleft, or rift, in the middle rather than a peak.

A  Data could not be collected for parts of the ocean that were greater than 10,000 feet deep.

B  The data they used came from tracks of ships that overlapped each other.

C  They were given only a small portion of the depth data by the Navy. The rest was classified.

D  They were limited by the mapping technology of the time.

E  There were gaps in the data that were used to make the map because the tracks of the ships collecting the data were widely spaced.

A  Ocean basins are very flat features.

B  Ocean floors and continental areas are morphologically very similar to each other.

C  There are ridges near the edges of the oceans, a few hundred miles from the edges of each of the continents.

D  There are ridges in the middle of the ocean basin floors.

A  Lidar

B  Satellites

C  Radar

D  Aerial photography

E  Echo sounder

A  The creation of NASA

B  The importance of submarine warfare during World War II

C  Conflicts over maritime (ocean) territorial claims during the 1970s

D  The sinking of the Titanic

E  The laying of undersea telegraph lines between the United States and Europe

A  identification of the organisms found in a mud sample collected from the sea floor

B  navigation to determine the position of the ship

C  vertical analysis of water chemistry (such as determination of seawater oxygen, pH, and temperature)

D  DNA analysis of marine organisms

E  identification of bottom-dwelling marine organisms caught in an otter trawl net as part of a long-term study about changes in populations over time

A  research vessel

B  repair vessel

C  rocking vehicle

D  recumbent vehicle

E  rolling violently