Exam 4 Chapter 13 and 14 (2)

A  Parathyroid hormone directly stimulates Ca2+ absorption from the GI tract.

B  Parathyroid hormone directly stimulates Ca2+ reabsorption by the kidneys.

C  Vitamin D decreases the renal tubular reabsorption of Ca2+.

D  When plasma Ca2+ increases above normal, the secretion of parathyroid hormone increases.

E  In the absence of parathyroid hormone, plasma Ca2+ levels would be abnormally low, resulting in the hyperpolarization of nerve and muscle membranes.

A  They would be at risk of bacterial infections in the lungs.

B  None of these would occur.

C  They would be more likely to have coughing fits.

D  They would be at risk of autoimmune diseases with lung complications.

E  They would be at risk of alveolar collapse due to too much surface tension in the alveoli.

A  Distal convoluted tubule

B  Glomerulus

C  Ascending loop of Henle

D  Collecting duct

E  Proximal convoluted tubule

A  Exposure to high altitude is a form of hypoxic hypoxia.

B  Carbon monoxide poisoning is an example of ischemic hypoxia.

C  Cyanide poisoning is an example of hypoxic hypoxia.

D  “Anemic hypoxia” refers to the condition of lower than normal arterial PO2.

E  Carbon monoxide poisoning is an example of hypoxic hypoxia.

A  Intrapleural pressure becomes less negative.

B  Intrapleural pressure is greater than alveolar pressure.

C  Lung volume decreases.

D  The diaphragm relaxes.

E  Alveolar pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure.

A  By pumping NaCl and urea into the ascending limb of the loop of Henle, it raises the solute load, which turns into a concentrated urine once water is extracted from the collecting duct.

B  It transports urea from the medullary interstitial fluid into the collecting duct, which directly increases the osmolarity of the urine.

C  By concentrating NaCl in the renal medullary interstitial fluid, it allows water to be reabsorbed from the collecting ducts when vasopressin is present.

D  When anti-diuretic hormone is present, it stimulates the pumping of NaCl from the medullary interstitial fluid and water follows, concentrating the urine.

E  It transports NaCl from the medullary interstitial fluid into the collecting duct, which directly increases the osmolarity of the urine.

A  The hemoglobin molecules will have the same affinity for oxygen at both locations.

B  The hemoglobin molecules may denature as they pass by the gastrocnemius.

C  The hemoglobin molecules will have a higher affinity for oxygen as they pass by the biceps brachii compared to the gastrocnemius.

D  The hemoglobin molecules will have a higher affinity for oxygen as they pass by the gastrocnemius compared to the biceps brachii.

A  It is a peptide hormone released from the adrenal gland.

B  It stimulates the excretion of K+ in the urine.

C  It triggers insertion of aquaporins into the apical membranes of collecting duct cells.

D  It promotes the excretion of more water in the urine.

E  Its main function is to trigger the secretion of aldosterone.

A  Both systemic and pulmonary arterioles respond to a decrease in PO2 by dilating.

B  Changes in PO2 do not affect arteriolar smooth muscle in the pulmonary system.

C  Systemic arterioles respond to a decrease in PO2 by constricting, but pulmonary arterioles dilate in response to decreased PO2.

D  Systemic arterioles respond to a decrease in PO2 by dilating, but pulmonary arterioles constrict in response to decreased PO2.

E  Both systemic and pulmonary arterioles respond to a decrease in PO2 by constricting.

A  In the tissues, chloride enters red blood cells in exchange for bicarbonate ions.

B  In the tissues, chloride exits red blood cells in exchange for carbonic acid.

C  In the lungs, chloride enters red blood cells in exchange for CO2.

D  In the lungs, chloride enters red blood cells in exchange for bicarbonate ions.

E  In the tissues, chloride enters red blood cells in exchange for CO2.

A  The H+ concentration in the brain extracellular fluid, which is monitored by central chemoreceptors

B  The PO2 of the arterial blood, which is monitored by peripheral chemoreceptors

C  The H+ concentration in the arterial blood, which is monitored by central chemoreceptors

D  Stretch receptors in the lung

E  The PO2 of the arterial blood, which is monitored by central chemoreceptors

A  metabolic acidosis.

B  respiratory acidosis.

C  metabolic alkalosis.

D  respiratory alkalosis.

A  As carbonic anhydrase

B  As H2CO3

C  Bound to hemoglobin

D  As dissolved CO2

E  As dissolved HCO3-

A  the increase in pH has made your blood dangerously alkaline.

B  the increase in plasma H+.

C  the autorhymthic cells in your diaphragm contracting.

D  the decrease in O2 available to the cells of the body.

A  The proximal tubule

B  The juxtaglomerular apparatus

C  The ascending limb of the loop of Henle

D  The glomerular capillaries

E  The efferent arteriole

A  A reduction in urine volume

B  Very concentrated urine

C  The excretion of glucose in the urine increased

D  An increase in blood pressure

E  High volume of dilute urine

A  Exhalation/expiration

B  Emphysema

C  A collapsed lung

D  Pneumothorax

E  Inhalation/inspiration

A  Environmental chemicals that stimulate β2-adrenergic receptors

B  Elevation of intrapleural pressure to equal atmospheric pressure

C  Inflammation of the bronchioles

D  Loss of alveoli

E  Lack of pulmonary surfactant

A  At normal resting systemic arterial PO2, hemoglobin is almost 100% saturated with oxygen.

B  At normal resting systemic venous PO2, only about 75% of the hemoglobin is in the form of deoxyhemoglobin.

C  More additional oxygen binds to hemoglobin when going from a PO2 of 60 to 100 mmHg, than is added when going from a PO2 of 40 to 60 mmHg.

D  The greater the PO2 of the blood, the greater the dissociation of O2 from hemoglobin.

E  As PO2 increases, the saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen increases linearly.

A  The descending limb of the loop of Henle

B  The proximal tubule

C  The collecting ducts

D  The distal convoluted tubule

E  The ascending limb of the loop of Henle

A  Increasing 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 formation and increasing secretion of parathyroid hormone

B  By decreasing 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 formation, increasing tubular phosphate reabsorption, and increasing tubular Ca2+ reabsorption

C  By increasing 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 formation, increasing tubular phosphate reabsorption, and increasing tubular Ca2+ reabsorption

D  By increasing 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 formation, decreasing tubular phosphate reabsorption, and increasing tubular Ca2+ reabsorption

E  By increasing renal secretion of parathyroid hormone and increasing bone resorption

A  Pulmonary surfactant

B  Histamine

C  A β2-adrenergic agonist

D  A muscarinic agonist

E  A β2-adrenergic antagonist

A  Decreased DPG levels in erythrocytes

B  Increased temperature of the blood

C  Decreased concentration of H+ in the blood

D  The presence of carbon monoxide

E  Increased pH of the blood

A  reabsorbed; secreted; filtered

B  filtered; secreted; reabsorbed

C  reabsorbed; filtered; secreted

D  secreted; reabsorbed; filtered

E  filtered; reabsorbed; secreted

A  Na+ is actively transported in all segments of the tubule.

B  Na+ is actively secreted into the nephron lumen by cells in the cortical collecting ducts.

C  Na+ is actively transported across the luminal membrane of proximal tubule cells in exchange for K+, by Na+/K+ ATPase pumps.

D  Most of the Na+ transport occurs in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts.

E  Primary active transport of Na+ allows for secondary active transport of glucose and H+ in the proximal tubule.

A  Converted to HCO3-

B  Bound to hemoglobin

C  Bound to myoglobin

D  Dissolved in the plasma

E  Dissolved in the cytosol of erythrocytes

A  Alveolar PO2 increases.

B  Alveolar PO2 decreases.

C  No change from sea level, as long as we breathe in the same volume of air.

A  pH will increase.

B  pH will decrease.

C  It is impossible to predict the effect on pH without first understanding why metabolism decreased.

D  No change to pH is expected in this circumstance.

A  Sodium

B  Plasma protein

C  Bicarbonate ion

D  Glucose

E  Urea

A    

B  Descending limb of the loop of Henle

C  Macula densa

D  Distal convoluted tubule

E  Cortical collecting duct

F  Proximal tubule

A  Efferent arterioles

B    

C  Cortical peritubular capillaries

D  Afferent arterioles

E  Vasa recta

F  Collecting ducts

A  K+

B  HPO42-

C  Water

D  Na+

E  Glucose

A  Vasopressin inserts pumps in the collecting duct membrane that move water against its concentration gradient.

B  Water is actively reabsorbed from the proximal tubule, and Na+ follows down its diffusion gradient.

C  The permeability of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle is modified by vasopressin.

D  Water is actively secreted into the descending loop of Henle.

E  Water is filtered out of glomerular capillaries by bulk flow.

A  Phagocytizing bacteria and other foreign particles

B  Lining the pleural space

C  Make up the majority of the epithelial wall of the alveoli

D  Production of surfactant

E  Secretion of mucus

A  Decreased [H+], increased PCO2, and decreased [HCO3-]

B  Increased [H+], increased PCO2, and decreased [HCO3-]

C  Increased [H+], increased PCO2, and increased [HCO3-]

D  Decreased [H+], decreased PCO2, and decreased [HCO3-]

E  Increased [H+], decreased PCO2, and decreased [HCO3-]

A  Toxic substances are removed from the body by reabsorption from peritubular capillaries into the proximal tubule.

B  Reabsorption of glucose saturates at a maximum transport rate.

C  Reabsorption of Na+ from the proximal tubule occurs as a result of water reabsorption.

D  Urea reabsorption cannot occur at any point along the nephron.

E  Reabsorption of Na+ only occurs from nephron regions that come after the descending limb of the loop of Henle.

A  Conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II in the blood

B  Conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I in the blood

C  Secretion of angiotensinogen by the liver

D  Secretion of angiotensin II by the kidney

E  Secretion of ACTH by the anterior pituitary

A  H+

B  Glucose

C  K+

D  HPO42-

E  Ca2+

A  Decreasing secretion of H+ and increasing production of new HCO3-

B  Increasing secretion of H+ and decreasing reabsorption of HCO3-

C  Decreasing secretion of H+ and decreasing reabsorption of HCO3-

D  Increasing excretion of CO2

E  Increasing secretion of H+ and increasing production of new HCO3-

A  The distal convoluted tubule

B  The glomerulus

C  The collecting duct

D  The loop of Henle

E  The proximal convoluted tubule

A  It is always the same as atmospheric pressure during a passive exhale.

B  It is between +5 and +10 mmHg above atmospheric pressure at functional residual capacity.

C  During a passive exhale, it increases to a value above atmospheric pressure.

D  It is lower than alveolar pressure.

E  It alternates between being less than, and greater than, atmospheric pressure.

A  decrease; increased; vasopressin; increased; water

B  decrease; decreased; vasopressin; increased; water

C  increase; increased; renin; increased; Na+

D  decrease; increased; renin; decreased; Na+

E  increase; decreased; vasopressin; decreased; water

A  CO2 and O2

B  H+ and HCO3-

C  H2O and CO2

D  H2O and O2

E  H2O and CO

A  isosmotic; hyperosmotic; hyperosmotic; isosmotic

B  isosmotic; isosmotic; hyperosmotic; hypoosmotic

C  isosmotic; isosmotic; hyperosmotic; isosmotic

D  isosmotic; isosmotic; hypoosmotic; hyperosmotic

E  isosmotic; isosmotic; hypoosmotic; hypoosmotic

A  afferent arterioles; glomerular capillaries

B  renal vein; peritubular capillaries

C  efferent arterioles; glomerular capillaries

D  efferent arterioles; Bowman’s capsule

E  efferent arterioles; proximal convoluted tubules

A  The hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries opposes filtration.

B  The hydrostatic pressure in Bowman’s space opposes filtration.

C  The osmotic force due to plasma proteins favors filtration.

D  The glomerular filtration rate is limited by a transport maximum.

E  All of the plasma that enters the glomerular capillaries is filtered.

A  The kidneys compensate for a metabolic alkalosis by increasing CO2 production.

B  Excretion in the urine of hydrogen bound to phosphate buffers decreases plasma bicarbonate concentration.

C  H+ that binds to filtered bicarbonate in the tubular fluid is excreted in the urine.

D  When hypoventilation occurs at the lungs, the kidneys compensate by reducing glutamine metabolism.

E  Increased metabolism of glutamine by renal tubular cells increases the plasma bicarbonate concentration.

A  A drug that decreases liver production of angiotensinogen

B  A drug that decreases sympathetic stimulation of renal arterioles

C  A drug that interferes with aldosterone synthesis

D  A drug that is an agonist of atrial natriuretic factor

E  A drug that enhances the activity of angiotensin-converting enzyme

A  Without insulin, the glomerular filtration barrier becomes extremely leaky to glucose, which is not normally filterable.

B  The plasma concentration of glucose becomes so high that it diffuses from peritubular capillaries into the proximal tubule, down its concentration gradient.

C  Without the hormone insulin, glucose cannot enter proximal tubule epithelial cells.

D  The rate of tubular secretion of glucose becomes greater than the sum of glucose filtration and reabsorption.

E  The filtered load of glucose becomes greater than the tubular maximum for its reabsorption.

A  Adrenal glands

B  The atria of the heart

C  Kidneys

D  Liver

E  Systemic and pulmonary blood vessels