Exam 4 Chapter 13 and 14

A  None of these, flow rate is unchanged during an asthma attack.

B  ΔP is increased.

C  ΔP is decreased.

D  R is decreased.

E  R is increased.

A  Water is actively secreted into the descending loop of Henle.

B  The permeability of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle is modified by vasopressin.

C  Vasopressin inserts pumps in the collecting duct membrane that move water against its concentration gradient.

D  Water is filtered out of glomerular capillaries by bulk flow.

E  Water is actively reabsorbed from the proximal tubule, and Na+ follows down its diffusion gradient.

A  Bicarbonate ion

B  Urea

C  Plasma protein

D  Glucose

E  Sodium

A  Alveolar PO2 increases.

B  No change from sea level, as long as we breathe in the same volume of air.

C  Alveolar PO2 decreases.

A  Glucose

B  Ca2+

C  H+

D  HPO42-

E  K+

A  Cyanide poisoning is an example of hypoxic hypoxia.

B  Carbon monoxide poisoning is an example of hypoxic hypoxia.

C  Carbon monoxide poisoning is an example of ischemic hypoxia.

D  Exposure to high altitude is a form of hypoxic hypoxia.

E  “Anemic hypoxia” refers to the condition of lower than normal arterial PO2.

A  Increased [H+], increased PCO2, and increased [HCO3-]

B  Increased [H+], increased PCO2, and decreased [HCO3-]

C  Increased [H+], decreased PCO2, and decreased [HCO3-]

D  Decreased [H+], decreased PCO2, and decreased [HCO3-]

E  Decreased [H+], increased PCO2, and decreased [HCO3-]

A  H+ that binds to filtered bicarbonate in the tubular fluid is excreted in the urine.

B  The kidneys compensate for a metabolic alkalosis by increasing CO2 production.

C  Excretion in the urine of hydrogen bound to phosphate buffers decreases plasma bicarbonate concentration.

D  When hypoventilation occurs at the lungs, the kidneys compensate by reducing glutamine metabolism.

E  Increased metabolism of glutamine by renal tubular cells increases the plasma bicarbonate concentration.

A  respiratory alkalosis.

B  metabolic alkalosis.

C  respiratory acidosis.

D  metabolic acidosis.

A  In the lungs, chloride enters red blood cells in exchange for CO2.

B  In the lungs, chloride enters red blood cells in exchange for bicarbonate ions.

C  In the tissues, chloride enters red blood cells in exchange for bicarbonate ions.

D  In the tissues, chloride exits red blood cells in exchange for carbonic acid.

E  In the tissues, chloride enters red blood cells in exchange for CO2.

A  By increasing 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 formation, increasing tubular phosphate reabsorption, and increasing tubular Ca2+ reabsorption

B  By increasing renal secretion of parathyroid hormone and increasing bone resorption

C  By increasing 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 formation, decreasing tubular phosphate reabsorption, and increasing tubular Ca2+ reabsorption

D  Increasing 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 formation and increasing secretion of parathyroid hormone

E  By decreasing 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 formation, increasing tubular phosphate reabsorption, and increasing tubular Ca2+ reabsorption

A  They would be at risk of bacterial infections in the lungs.

B  They would be more likely to have coughing fits.

C  None of these would occur.

D  They would be at risk of alveolar collapse due to too much surface tension in the alveoli.

E  They would be at risk of autoimmune diseases with lung complications.

A  The efferent arteriole

B  The juxtaglomerular apparatus

C  The glomerular capillaries

D  The proximal tubule

E  The ascending limb of the loop of Henle

A  Environmental chemicals that stimulate β2-adrenergic receptors

B  Elevation of intrapleural pressure to equal atmospheric pressure

C  Loss of alveoli

D  Lack of pulmonary surfactant

E  Inflammation of the bronchioles

A  It is always the same as atmospheric pressure during a passive exhale.

B  It alternates between being less than, and greater than, atmospheric pressure.

C  It is lower than alveolar pressure.

D  It is between +5 and +10 mmHg above atmospheric pressure at functional residual capacity.

E  During a passive exhale, it increases to a value above atmospheric pressure.

A    

B  Lung volume decreases.

C  The diaphragm relaxes.

D  Intrapleural pressure becomes less negative.

E  Alveolar pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure.

F  Intrapleural pressure is greater than alveolar pressure.

A  Converted to HCO3-

B  Dissolved in the cytosol of erythrocytes

C  Bound to hemoglobin

D  Dissolved in the plasma

E  Bound to myoglobin

A  The osmotic force due to plasma proteins favors filtration.

B  The glomerular filtration rate is limited by a transport maximum.

C  The hydrostatic pressure in Bowman’s space opposes filtration.

D  All of the plasma that enters the glomerular capillaries is filtered.

E  The hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries opposes filtration.

A  Collecting duct

B  Ascending loop of Henle

C  Distal convoluted tubule

D  Glomerulus

E  Proximal convoluted tubule

A  The collecting ducts

B  The distal convoluted tubule

C  The proximal tubule

D  The descending limb of the loop of Henle

E  The ascending limb of the loop of Henle

A  isosmotic; isosmotic; hypoosmotic; hypoosmotic

B  isosmotic; hyperosmotic; hyperosmotic; isosmotic

C  isosmotic; isosmotic; hypoosmotic; hyperosmotic

D  isosmotic; isosmotic; hyperosmotic; isosmotic

E  isosmotic; isosmotic; hyperosmotic; hypoosmotic

A  increase; increased; renin; increased; Na+

B  decrease; decreased; vasopressin; increased; water

C  decrease; increased; vasopressin; increased; water

D  decrease; increased; renin; decreased; Na+

E  increase; decreased; vasopressin; decreased; water

A  Efferent arterioles

B  Vasa recta

C  Cortical peritubular capillaries

D  Collecting ducts

E  Afferent arterioles

A  The atria of the heart

B  Kidneys

C  Liver

D  Adrenal glands

E  Systemic and pulmonary blood vessels

A  Prolonged shallow breathing

B  Respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn

C  Asthma

D  Emphysema

E  Cystic fibrosis

A  Reduced reabsorption of both water and Na+ in equal proportions

B  No change to reabsorption at this site

C  Reduced reabsorption of water, although as much reabsorption of Na+ as is typical

D  Reduced reabsorption of water, Na+, and glucose in the proximal tubules

E  Reduced reabsorption of all materials in the proximal tubules

A  Increased temperature of the blood

B  The presence of carbon monoxide

C  Decreased DPG levels in erythrocytes

D  Decreased concentration of H+ in the blood

E  Increased pH of the blood

A  The rate of tubular secretion of glucose becomes greater than the sum of glucose filtration and reabsorption.

B  The filtered load of glucose becomes greater than the tubular maximum for its reabsorption.

C  The plasma concentration of glucose becomes so high that it diffuses from peritubular capillaries into the proximal tubule, down its concentration gradient.

D  Without insulin, the glomerular filtration barrier becomes extremely leaky to glucose, which is not normally filterable.

E  Without the hormone insulin, glucose cannot enter proximal tubule epithelial cells.

A  Conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II in the blood

B  Secretion of ACTH by the anterior pituitary

C  Conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I in the blood

D  Secretion of angiotensinogen by the liver

E  Secretion of angiotensin II by the kidney

A  Secretion of mucus

B  Lining the pleural space

C  Phagocytizing bacteria and other foreign particles

D  Production of surfactant

E  Make up the majority of the epithelial wall of the alveoli

A  Metabolic alkalosis

B  Metabolic acidosis

C  Increased blood PCO2

D  Respiratory alkalosis

E  Respiratory acidosis

A  The hemoglobin molecules may denature as they pass by the gastrocnemius.

B  The hemoglobin molecules will have a higher affinity for oxygen as they pass by the biceps brachii compared to the gastrocnemius.

C  The hemoglobin molecules will have a higher affinity for oxygen as they pass by the gastrocnemius compared to the biceps brachii.

D  The hemoglobin molecules will have the same affinity for oxygen at both locations.

A  As H2CO3

B  As dissolved CO2

C  As carbonic anhydrase

D  Bound to hemoglobin

E  As dissolved HCO3-

A  A drug that decreases sympathetic stimulation of renal arterioles

B  A drug that is an agonist of atrial natriuretic factor

C  A drug that enhances the activity of angiotensin-converting enzyme

D  A drug that interferes with aldosterone synthesis

E  A drug that decreases liver production of angiotensinogen

A  Inhalation/inspiration

B  Emphysema

C  Pneumothorax

D  Exhalation/expiration

E  A collapsed lung

A  It stimulates the excretion of K+ in the urine.

B  Its main function is to trigger the secretion of aldosterone.

C  It promotes the excretion of more water in the urine.

D  It is a peptide hormone released from the adrenal gland.

E  It triggers insertion of aquaporins into the apical membranes of collecting duct cells.

A  Proximal tubule

B  Macula densa

C  Cortical collecting duct

D  Descending limb of the loop of Henle

E  Distal convoluted tubule

A  Aldosterone increases Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion in the cortical collecting ducts.

B  Aldosterone increases Na+ secretion and K+ reabsorption in the proximal tubule.

C  Aldosterone increases Na+ secretion and K+ reabsorption in the cortical collecting ducts.

D  Aldosterone decreases Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion in the cortical collecting ducts.

E  Aldosterone increases Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion in the proximal tubule.

A  At normal resting systemic arterial PO2, hemoglobin is almost 100% saturated with oxygen.

B  As PO2 increases, the saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen increases linearly.

C  At normal resting systemic venous PO2, only about 75% of the hemoglobin is in the form of deoxyhemoglobin.

D  More additional oxygen binds to hemoglobin when going from a PO2 of 60 to 100 mmHg, than is added when going from a PO2 of 40 to 60 mmHg.

E  The greater the PO2 of the blood, the greater the dissociation of O2 from hemoglobin.

A  efferent arterioles; glomerular capillaries

B  renal vein; peritubular capillaries

C  afferent arterioles; glomerular capillaries

D  efferent arterioles; Bowman’s capsule

E  efferent arterioles; proximal convoluted tubules

A  K+

B  Glucose

C  Na+

D  Water

E  HPO42-

A  A β2-adrenergic antagonist

B  A β2-adrenergic agonist

C  A muscarinic agonist

D  Pulmonary surfactant

E  Histamine

A  reabsorbed; filtered; secreted

B  filtered; secreted; reabsorbed

C  reabsorbed; secreted; filtered

D  secreted; reabsorbed; filtered

E  filtered; reabsorbed; secreted

A  By pumping NaCl and urea into the ascending limb of the loop of Henle, it raises the solute load, which turns into a concentrated urine once water is extracted from the collecting duct.

B  By concentrating NaCl in the renal medullary interstitial fluid, it allows water to be reabsorbed from the collecting ducts when vasopressin is present.

C  It transports NaCl from the medullary interstitial fluid into the collecting duct, which directly increases the osmolarity of the urine.

D  When anti-diuretic hormone is present, it stimulates the pumping of NaCl from the medullary interstitial fluid and water follows, concentrating the urine.

E  It transports urea from the medullary interstitial fluid into the collecting duct, which directly increases the osmolarity of the urine.

A  The proximal convoluted tubule

B  The loop of Henle

C  The glomerulus

D  The collecting duct

E  The distal convoluted tubule

A  the increase in pH has made your blood dangerously alkaline.

B  the increase in plasma H+.

C  the decrease in O2 available to the cells of the body.

D  the autorhymthic cells in your diaphragm contracting.

A  Stretch receptors in the lung

B  The PO2 of the arterial blood, which is monitored by central chemoreceptors

C  The H+ concentration in the arterial blood, which is monitored by central chemoreceptors

D  The PO2 of the arterial blood, which is monitored by peripheral chemoreceptors

E  The H+ concentration in the brain extracellular fluid, which is monitored by central chemoreceptors

A  H2O and CO

B  H2O and CO2

C  H2O and O2

D  CO2 and O2

E  H+ and HCO3-

A  Toxic substances are removed from the body by reabsorption from peritubular capillaries into the proximal tubule.

B  Reabsorption of Na+ only occurs from nephron regions that come after the descending limb of the loop of Henle.

C  Urea reabsorption cannot occur at any point along the nephron.

D  Reabsorption of glucose saturates at a maximum transport rate.

E  Reabsorption of Na+ from the proximal tubule occurs as a result of water reabsorption.

A  Most of the Na+ transport occurs in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts.

B  Na+ is actively transported across the luminal membrane of proximal tubule cells in exchange for K+, by Na+/K+ ATPase pumps.

C  Na+ is actively secreted into the nephron lumen by cells in the cortical collecting ducts.

D  Na+ is actively transported in all segments of the tubule.

E  Primary active transport of Na+ allows for secondary active transport of glucose and H+ in the proximal tubule.