Final Exam

A  Humans have opposable big toes.

B  Apes have a complex material culture.

C  Humans use spoken language.

D  Apes have longitudinal arches in their feet.

A  speech.

B  bipedalism.

C  hunting.

D  tool use.

A  Orrorin

B  Gigantopithecus

C  Sahelanthropus

D  Paranthropus

A  opposable hallux

B  posterior position of the foramen magnum

C  femurs angled to produce valgus knees

D  a narrow pelvis

A  mesial bridge.

B  dental gap.

C  gingival space.

D  diastema.

A  more limited ways of making tools

B  more difficulty transporting children

C  more difficulty transporting food

D  more risk of developing arthritis and back injuries

A  longitudinal arch in the foot

B  dermal ridges on feet

C  opposable big toe

D  nails instead of claws

A  eosimians

B  chimpanzees

C  gorillas

D  hominins

A  protection from scavengers

B  an oxygen-filled environment

C  a long period of exposure

D  acidic soil

A  frameshift and transposable

B  point and synonymous

C  synonymous and nonsynonymous

D  spontaneous and induced

A  a precision grip.

B  opposable thumbs.

C  short digits.

D  an expanded reliance on sense of smell.

A  the type specimen of a species.

B  a marker species used to determine the age of a geological layer.

C  the ideal specimen of that species to which all later descriptions must refer.

D  a fossil found in a particular site.

A  the X chromosome determines sex.

B  sperm are more powerful than eggs.

C  the X chromosome originates only from females.

D  the Y chromosome is present in males only.

A  A heightened sense of smell was important for finding food in the forest.

B  Grasping hands and feet were necessary for living in trees.

C  Greater intelligence allowed primates to locomote on two feet.

D  Primates emerged because of adaptations to feeding fruit.

A  They show great behavioral differences but are identical in appearance.

B  They are a closely related species that have branched from one species.

C  They are no different from ancient species of finches.

D  They have moved to one area from ancient unrelated species of finches.

A  a subfield of anthropology focused on the physical aspects of primates.

B  known as biological anthropology in the Old World and cultural anthropology in the New World.

C  a subfield of cultural anthropology focused on primates’ social behavior.

D  sometimes part of anthropology, zoology, or biology, focusing on the relationships between primates’ social behaviors and reproductive fitness.

A  arises from the collection of individual behaviors to enhance reproductive success.

B  Arises to increase relationships between kin for the improvement of the society as a whole.

C  serves to increase the reproductive success of a group’s females at the expense of the males’ reproductive success,

D  emphasizes the care of the young above all else.

A  runs from the second month after birth to the end of lactation, usually by the end of the third year.

B  runs from three to seven years, generally postweaning.

C  is also called the “neonatal” period.

D  includes three months before birth and three months after birth.

A  bonding with the dominant male monogamously.

B  having twin births every year.

C  caring for young and ensuring access to food.

D  having one birth per year.

A  living humans and their ancestors dating to as far back as 6–8 million years ago.

B  any living or extinct primate that walks upright.

C  living humans only.

D  the earliest ancestors of humans, prior to 6–8 million years ago.

A  They originated in North America, according to fossil evidence.

B  They embody the idea of descent with modification.

C  They did not differ between populations.

D  They are found on every continent.

A  all of the New World primates

B  all of the primates of Madagascar

C  diurnal and nocturnal galagos

D  all of the African primates

A  An island population derived from a small group of castaways has an unusually high prevalence of a rare genetic disease.

B  A population of finches develops robust beaks in response to a change in food supply.

C  A rare mutant allele for a medicinally beneficial chemical is lost in a plant population residing in a tropical forest fragment.

D  The last black-footed ferret dies in captivity.

A  primarily refers to male and female social hierarchy.

B  refers to the mating rites of primates.

C  is the study of sexual intercourse between primates.

D  concerns differences in physical traits between males and females.

A  cultural anthropology, linguistic anthropology, geology, and physical anthropology

B  archaeology, geology, geography, and biology

C  physical anthropology, biological anthropology, cultural anthropology, and linguistic anthropology

D  biological anthropology, archaeology, cultural anthropology, and linguistic anthropology

A  the retromolar space and heavy wearing on the teeth

B  stocky trunks and short limbs

C  the low-lying, elongated skull

D  thick bones and extra muscles

A  pronounced supraorbital tori.

B  reduced prognathism.

C  low-lying foreheads.

D  small brain cases.

A  large browridges, large nasal sinuses, and a large masticatory complex

B  a high vertical forehead, a round and tall skull, and small browridges

C  a large face, small teeth, and the lack of a projecting chin

D  thicker postcranial bones than archaic Homo sapiens

A  Upper Paleolithic

B  Solutrean

C  Magdalenian

D  Mousterian

A  long limbs

B  a tall, flat forehead

C  a narrow torso

D  a large nasal aperture

A  Mousterian

B  flake

C  blade

D  Acheulean

A  Back teeth became smaller because of increased use of material culture for processing food, while front teeth might have increased in size as an adaptation to using them as tools.

B  Front teeth increased in size because of changes in diet, and this forced back teeth to become smaller.

C  Hominins shifted from eating roots, which makes use of the back teeth, to fruit, which makes use of the front teeth.

D  The rise and increased use of language required this reconfiguration of the teeth.

A  narrow bodies

B  large, wide noses

C  long limbs

D  small, narrow noses

A  They and Neandertals became one population through gene flow.

B  They initially were found in one region of Africa before spreading to other African regions.

C  They spread from Africa and replaced all other populations with no gene flow.

D  They evolved in place in different regions through gene flow.

A  chopper

B  spear

C  harpoon

D  flake

A  modern

B  archaic

C  australopithecine

D  apelike

A  a long and low brain case.

B  large browridges and wide cheekbones.

C  flat cheekbones and small teeth.

D  a robust build of the postcranial skeleton.

A  Australopithecus garhi, because of its association with stone tools.

B  Australopithecus garhi, because of similarity in the face, jaws, and teeth.

C  Australopithecus afarensis, because it dates to 3.0-2.5 mya and they are found in the same area.

D  Australopithecus robustus, because of similarly large molars and a sagittal crest.

A  thin bones and small browridges.

B  thick bones and large browridges.

C  thin bones and large browridges.

D  thick bones and small browridges.

A  genetic comparisons linked African primates and living humans.

B  there was no known fossil record of hominins in Asia at the time.

C  he found hominin fossils in South Africa while traveling on the Beagle.

D  of the anatomical similarity of humans and African apes.

A  erectus.

B  habilis.

C  sapiens.

D  neanderthalensis.

A  violence among hominins was rampant.

B  meat eating started before Homo erectus but increased with more advanced technology.

C  meat eating started only with the appearance of Homo erectus and stone tools.

D  big-game hunting was the most common way early hominins obtained meat.

A  Tool-making was most likely less important to Homo habilis.

B  Homo habilis had a large chewing complex.

C  Homo habilis had a larger brain.

D  Homo habilis could walk on two legs.

A  increased protein in the diet, likely due to hunting.

B  increased intake of food, facilitated by larger teeth that permitted better food processing.

C  warmer climates, which changed the overall shape of the hominin body plan.

D  stone-tool use that facilitated root and tuber processing.

A  4.0–3.0 mya.

B  0.5 mya–present.

C  more than 4.0 mya.

D  2.5–1.0 mya.

A  a foramen magnum at the base of the skull.

B  long legs and opposable toes.

C  double arches of the feet and adducted big toes.

D  long arms.

A  shorter legs.

B  a bigger sagittal keel.

C  larger teeth.

D  a larger brain.

A  limited the expansion of hominins into certain environments, such as dry grasslands.

B  contributed to geographical expansion and increased food availability.

C  made the digestion of foods more difficult.

D  decreased the amount of food energy available in the hominin diet.