Lecture Exam 3 (1)

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Question #1

“Segmentation” within the small intestine refers to the

A propulsion of material between the segments of the GI tract.

B back-and-forth motion that mixes chyme with glandular secretions.

C gastroileal reflex that moves materials from the stomach to the large intestine.

D division of function between the different segments of the small intestine.

Question #2

The outer layer of the muscularis of the colon is discontinuous (does not entirely surround the colon), and forms the bundles of smooth muscles known as the teniae coli.

A FALSE

B TRUE

Question #3

Which is not a lobe of the liver?

A Caudate lobe

B Round lobe

C Quadrate lobe

D Right lobe

E Left lobe

Question #4

The accumulation of large amounts of adipose tissue in the ________ that extends from the inferolateral surface of the stomach can form what is commonly called a “beer belly.”

A falciform ligament

B mesocolon

C lesser omentum

D greater omentum

E mesentery proper

Question #5

If a fatty meal has been ingested, the liver and gallbladder need to be alerted about the need for bile. The receptors that are responsible for sensing the fat in the ingested food are referred to as

A chemoreceptors.

B mechanoreceptors.

C omental neurons

D osmodetectors.

E bilireceptors.

Question #6

The projections on the superior surface of the tongue, some of which house taste buds, are the

A glossal spines.

B tonsils.

C rugae.

D cilia.

E papillae.

Question #7

An increased secretion of watery saliva will result when the

A basal nuclei of the cerebrum activate somatic pathways to salivary glands.

B salivary nuclei of the brainstem activate parasympathetic pathways to salivary glands.

C basal nuclei of the brainstem activate sympathetic pathways to salivary glands.

D salivary nuclei of the cerebrum activate sympathetic pathways to salivary glands.

E glossopharyngeal nuclei of the pons activate somatic and sympathetic pathways to the salivary glands.

Question #8

Which bones form the hard palate?

A Palatine bones

B Palatine bones and maxillae

C Maxillae and inferior nasal conchae

D Maxillae and sphenoid

E Ethmoid and sphenoid bones

Question #9

The ________ are considered the opening from the oral cavity to the oropharynx.

A conchae

B choana

C glossus

D fauces

E fossae

Question #10

Vitamin K and B vitamins produced by bacteria of the large intestine are absorbed into the blood.

A FALSE

B TRUE

Question #11

The term “canines” describes the teeth that

A bear dental cusps for cutting and grinding.

B are most anterior, used for slicing and cutting.

C are only found as permanent teeth.

D are lateral to the incisors, used for puncturing and tearing.

Question #12

Peristalsis

A involves back-and-forth movement for mixing.

B All of the choices are correct.

C is the alternating contraction of muscle layers in the GI tract wall that propels materials through the tract.

D is under voluntary control.

E involves the opening and closing of muscular sphincters.

Question #13

For the majority of the GI tract, which layer(s) of the wall contain smooth muscle?

A Mucosa and muscularis

B Muscularis only

C Submucosa and muscularis

D Mucosa and adventitia

E Serosa only

Question #14

Pepsinogen is an

A inactive precursor to a nonspecific enzyme that is synthesized in the pancreas and released in the small intestine.

B active enzyme that digests proteins within the small intestine.

C inactive precursor to the enzyme pepsin that digests proteins in the stomach.

D active enzyme that is released in the small intestine and digests carbohydrates.

Question #15

The pharynx is lined with a keratinized epithelium to protect against abrasion.

A TRUE

B FALSE

Question #16

Which organ is retroperitoneal?

A Transverse colon

B Jejunum

C Stomach

D Pancreas

E Cecum

Question #17

Amylase from saliva digests

A starch.

B lipids.

C glucose.

D protein.

Question #18

The gallbladder is part of the gastrointestinal tract.

A FALSE

B TRUE

Question #19

Which of the following is considered to be one of the primary digestive system hormones?

A Hydrochloric acid

B Gastrin

C Pancreatic amylase

D Bile

Question #20

What is the correct order for the layers of the GI tract wall, from innermost (next to lumen) to outermost?

A Mucosa – submucosa – muscularis – adventitia/serosa

B Adventitia/serosa – muscularis – mucosa – submucosa

C Adventitia/serosa – mucosa – submucosa – muscularis

D Mucosa – submucosa – adventitia/serosa – muscularis

E Muscularis – mucosa – adventitia/serosa – submucosa

Question #21

Which duct transports bile to and from the gallbladder?

A Hepatopancreatic duct

B Common bile duct

C Pancreatic duct

D Hepatic duct

E Cystic duct

Question #22

An organ that helps break down food but is not part of the tube through which the foodstuffs pass is referred to as a(n)

A diffuse ingestive structure.

B chemically digesting organ.

C organ of mastication.

D alimentary canal organ.

E accessory digestive organ.

Question #23

The inferior esophageal sphincter is also known as the

A esophageal hiatus.

B pharyngealgastric sphincter.

C cardiac sphincter.

D pharyngoesophageal sphincter.

E pyloric sphincter.

Question #24

Mastication is a process that facilitates

A swallowing of food, and it increases the surface area of the food for exposure to enzymes.

B propulsion of materials through the intestine, and it involves simultaneous secretion of enzymes.

C absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream, and it involves carrier proteins in the epithelium.

D mixing of food within the stomach, and it occurs with simultaneous hormone secretion there.

Question #25

The central cavity of a tooth is filled with

A cementum.

B enamel.

C pulp.

D calcium phosphate.

E dentin.

Question #26

Hemoglobin is crucial for oxygen transport in the blood because oxygen has a ________ solubility coefficient in water.

A low

B high

Question #27

The expiratory reserve volume plus the residual volume equals the

A functional residual capacity.

B inspiratory reserve volume.

C tidal volume.

D vital capacity.

E forced expiratory volume.

Question #28

The lungs remain inflated because

A intrapulmonary pressure is less than intrapleural pressure.

B intrapleural pressure is exactly equal to atmospheric pressure.

C intrapleural pressure is less than intrapulmonary pressure.

D intrapleural pressure is exactly equal to intrapulmonary pressure.

Question #29

The larynx is supported by nine pieces of cartilage. Which cartilages occur in pairs?

A Corniculate and cricoid

B Arytenoid and epiglottis

C Corniculate, cuneiform, and arytenoid

D Cricoid, corniculate, and arytenoid

E Thyroid and corniculate

Question #30

What structures are used by both the respiratory and digestive systems?

A Laryngopharynx and larynx

B Laryngopharynx and esophagus

C Nasal cavity and nasopharynx

D Paranasal sinuses

E Oropharynx and laryngopharynx

Question #31

An increase in the partial pressure of CO 2 causes bronchioles to

A dilate.

B constrict.

Question #32

At rest, a normal person breathes about ________ times per minute.

A 12

B 26

C 50

D 8

E 32

Question #33

What changes in the blood levels of respiratory gases result from hyperventilation?

A Oxygen levels rise and carbon dioxide levels fall.

B Oxygen levels do not change but carbon dioxide levels fall.

C Oxygen and carbon dioxide levels fall.

D Oxygen and carbon dioxide levels rise.

Question #34

On each side of the chest, the ________ pleura lines the internal thoracic wall, and the ________ pleura tightly covers the lung.

A respiratory; pleural

B fibrous; serous

C thoracic; pulmonary

D visceral; parietal

E parietal; visceral

Question #35

Bronchial arteries carry ________ blood to the tissues of the lung.

A deoxygenated

B oxygenated

Question #36

During expiration, relaxation of the diaphragm and external intercostals

A increases the pressure in the thoracic cavity.

B stimulates the phrenic nerve.

C increases the volume of the thoracic cavity.

D expands the rib cage.

E flattens the floor of the thoracic cavity.

Question #37

If all else remains equal, an increase in the difference between atmospheric and alveolar pressure results in an increase in airflow.

A TRUE

B FALSE

Question #38

The depth and rate of respiration influence blood levels of hydrogen ion.

A FALSE

B TRUE

Question #39

The most common cell making up the alveolar wall is the

A alveolar macrophage.

B alveolar type II cell.

C septal cell.

D alveolar type I cell.

E dust cell.

Question #40

An increase in dead space results in

A decreases in both alveolar and pulmonary ventilation.

B increases in both alveolar and pulmonary ventilation.

C a decrease in alveolar ventilation but an increase in pulmonary ventilation.

D an increase in alveolar ventilation but a decrease in pulmonary ventilation.

E a decrease in alveolar ventilation but no change in pulmonary ventilation.

F an increase in alveolar ventilation but no change in pulmonary ventilation.

Question #41

The hilum of the lung

A is the point of entrance for inhaled air.

B is the point of exit of exhaled air.

C is an elevated area through which the trachea, pulmonary vessels, and nerves pass.

D serves to anchor all pulmonary structures to the mediastinum.

E is an indented area through which the bronchi, pulmonary vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves pass.

Question #42

Compared to its partial pressure in the atmosphere, oxygen’s partial pressure in the alveoli is

A lower.

B equivalent.

C higher.

Question #43

Food is normally prevented from entering the nasopharynx by the

A depression of the hard palate.

B elevation of the epiglottis.

C elevation of the soft palate.

D closure of the nasal conchae.

E constriction of the esophagus.

Question #44

The anatomic features of the respiratory membrane that make alveolar gas exchange so efficient are

A its hearty thickness and the presence of oxygen transport pumps.

B its thinness, high water content, and scarcity of capillaries.

C the high degree of moisture and the large ratio of volume to surface area.

D its large surface area and minimal thickness.

Question #45

About 70% of the CO 2 that diffuses into systemic capillaries

A combines with water to form carbonic acid, which then dissociates into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions.

B binds to hemoglobin.

C directly dissolves in the plasma.

D forms carbonic anhydrase, which combines carbonic acid and water to solubilize the CO2.

Question #46

The bronchial circulation is a component of the pulmonary circulation.

A TRUE

B FALSE

Question #47

The chest wall is anatomically configured to contract inwardly, so that when the thorax is opened surgically its walls collapse.

A TRUE

B FALSE

Question #48

Terminal bronchioles of the lower respiratory system are lined with

A nonkeratinized stratified squamous.

B keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.

C stratified columnar epithelium.

D simple cuboidal epithelium.

E pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.

Question #49

Which answer places the following events in proper order for pulmonary ventilation?
a: Thoracic cavity volume changes.
b: Brainstem nuclei stimulate skeletal muscles to contract.
c: Air flows down its pressure gradient.
d: Dimensional changes in the thorax lead to pressure changes within the lung.

A b, d, c, a

B b, a, d, c

C d, c, b, a

D a, c, d, b

E c, a, d, b

Question #50

The involuntary, rhythmic activities that deliver and remove respiratory gases are regulated in the

A cerebellum.

B brainstem.

C cerebral nuclei.

D occipital lobe of the brain.

E midbrain.

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