Lecture Exam 3

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Question #1

Mechanoreceptors and chemoreceptors are found in the

A adventitia of the upper portion of the GI tract.

B mucosa and submucosa of the GI tract along its length.

C myenteric plexus of the mucosa of the intestine.

D muscularis interna of the entire length of the GI tract.

E epithelium of the inferior portion of the GI tract.

Question #2

The esophagus is part of the gastrointestinal tract.

A TRUE

B FALSE

Question #3

What is the correct order for the layers of the GI tract wall, from innermost (next to lumen) to outermost?

A Adventitia/serosa – muscularis – mucosa – submucosa

B Mucosa – submucosa – adventitia/serosa – muscularis

C Adventitia/serosa – mucosa – submucosa – muscularis

D Mucosa – submucosa – muscularis – adventitia/serosa

E Muscularis – mucosa – adventitia/serosa – submucosa

Question #4

The outer layer of the muscularis of the colon is discontinuous (does not entirely surround the colon), and forms the bundles of smooth muscles known as the teniae coli.

A FALSE

B TRUE

Question #5

If a fatty meal has been ingested, the liver and gallbladder need to be alerted about the need for bile. The receptors that are responsible for sensing the fat in the ingested food are referred to as

A mechanoreceptors.

B osmodetectors.

C bilireceptors.

D omental neurons

E chemoreceptors.

Question #6

“Segmentation” within the small intestine refers to the

A division of function between the different segments of the small intestine.

B propulsion of material between the segments of the GI tract.

C back-and-forth motion that mixes chyme with glandular secretions.

D gastroileal reflex that moves materials from the stomach to the large intestine.

Question #7

Which organ is retroperitoneal?

A Jejunum

B Stomach

C Cecum

D Pancreas

E Transverse colon

Question #8

The type of receptor within the GI tract wall that detects stretch is the

A chemoreceptor.

B retroperitoneal proprioceptor.

C steroid receptor.

D mechanoreceptor.

Question #9

Which is the layer of the serous membrane that directly covers the surface of internal organs?

A Parietal peritoneum

B Muscularis mucosa

C Omental layer

D Rectal peritoneum

E Visceral peritoneum

Question #10

The term “retroperitoneal” may be used to describe the location of certain abdominal organs. This means that such organs are located

A in the peritoneal cavity.

B between folds of the parietal peritoneum.

C posterior to the parietal peritoneum.

D deep to the visceral peritoneum.

E between the visceral and parietal layers of the peritoneum.

Question #11

Which duct transports bile to and from the gallbladder?

A Hepatopancreatic duct

B Hepatic duct

C Cystic duct

D Common bile duct

E Pancreatic duct

Question #12

Which bones form the hard palate?

A Ethmoid and sphenoid bones

B Maxillae and inferior nasal conchae

C Palatine bones and maxillae

D Maxillae and sphenoid

E Palatine bones

Question #13

Amylase from saliva digests

A glucose.

B starch.

C lipids.

D protein.

Question #14

Stenosis (constriction) of the hepatopancreatic ampulla would interfere with

A the secretion of mucus.

B salivary gland secretion.

C the passage of chyme into the small intestine.

D peristalsis.

E the transport of bile and pancreatic juice.

Question #15

For the majority of the GI tract, which layer(s) of the wall contain smooth muscle?

A Serosa only

B Submucosa and muscularis

C Mucosa and muscularis

D Muscularis only

E Mucosa and adventitia

Question #16

The inferior esophageal sphincter is also known as the

A cardiac sphincter.

B pharyngealgastric sphincter.

C pyloric sphincter.

D pharyngoesophageal sphincter.

E esophageal hiatus.

Question #17

The ________ are considered the opening from the oral cavity to the oropharynx.

A fossae

B choana

C glossus

D fauces

E conchae

Question #18

The accumulation of large amounts of adipose tissue in the ________ that extends from the inferolateral surface of the stomach can form what is commonly called a “beer belly.”

A falciform ligament

B mesentery proper

C mesocolon

D lesser omentum

E greater omentum

Question #19

An increased secretion of watery saliva will result when the

A salivary nuclei of the cerebrum activate sympathetic pathways to salivary glands.

B basal nuclei of the brainstem activate sympathetic pathways to salivary glands.

C basal nuclei of the cerebrum activate somatic pathways to salivary glands.

D salivary nuclei of the brainstem activate parasympathetic pathways to salivary glands.

E glossopharyngeal nuclei of the pons activate somatic and sympathetic pathways to the salivary glands.

Question #20

Which is (are) not found in the wall of the large intestine?

A Goblet cells

B Intestinal glands

C Simple columnar epithelium

D Lymphatic nodules

E Villi

Question #21

Lysozyme within saliva primarily functions to

A inhibit bacterial growth.

B wash materials off teeth.

C moisten and disperse food.

D initiate the chemical breakdown of starch.

Question #22

Protein digestion begins in the

A small intestine.

B large intestine.

C mouth.

D stomach.

E esophagus.

Question #23

An organ that helps break down food but is not part of the tube through which the foodstuffs pass is referred to as a(n)

A organ of mastication.

B diffuse ingestive structure.

C chemically digesting organ.

D accessory digestive organ.

E alimentary canal organ.

Question #24

The pancreas is located primarily on the ________ side of the body, and it produces an _______ juice that is rich in a variety of enzymes.

A left, alkaline

B left, acidic

C right, acidic

D right, alkaline

Question #25

The gallbladder is part of the gastrointestinal tract.

A FALSE

B TRUE

Question #26

Bronchial arteries carry ________ blood to the tissues of the lung.

A oxygenated

B deoxygenated

Question #27

Which is not part of the respiratory membrane?

A Plasma membrane of Type II cell

B Capillary endothelium

C Plasma membrane of Type I cell

D Fused basement membrane

Question #28

Exposure to irritants causes mucus production to

A increase.

B decrease.

Question #29

These muscles extend from a superior rib inferomedially to the adjacent inferior rib. They elevate the ribs upon contraction, thereby increasing the transverse dimensions of the thoracic cavity during inhalation.

A Serratus posterior inferior

B Transversus thoracis

C External intercostals

D Scalenes

E Internal intercostals

Question #30

What changes in the blood levels of respiratory gases result from hyperventilation?

A Oxygen and carbon dioxide levels fall.

B If we have equal masses of ethane and oxygen, there is no limiting reactant.

C Oxygen levels rise and carbon dioxide levels fall.

D Oxygen and carbon dioxide levels rise.

E Oxygen levels do not change but carbon dioxide levels fall.

Question #31

Terminal bronchioles of the lower respiratory system are lined with

A pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.

B simple cuboidal epithelium.

C stratified columnar epithelium.

D nonkeratinized stratified squamous.

E keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.

Question #32

The amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled after a normal inspiration is the

A inspiratory capacity.

B functional residual capacity.

C inspiratory reserve volume.

D residual volume.

Question #33

Which do not belong to the respiratory zone of the respiratory system?

A Alveolar sacs

B Alveolar ducts

C Respiratory bronchioles

D Terminal bronchioles

E Pulmonary alveoli

Question #34

Which answer places the following events in proper order for pulmonary ventilation?
a: Thoracic cavity volume changes.
b: Brainstem nuclei stimulate skeletal muscles to contract.
c: Air flows down its pressure gradient.
d: Dimensional changes in the thorax lead to pressure changes within the lung.

A b, a, d, c

B c, a, d, b

C a, c, d, b

D b, d, c, a

E d, c, b, a

Question #35

Air flows out of the body during expiration because

A intrapleural pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure.

B atmospheric pressure is greater than intrapulmonary pressure.

C intrapleural pressure is greater than intrapulmonary pressure.

D intrapulmonary pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure.

Question #36

The expiratory reserve volume plus the residual volume equals the

A forced expiratory volume.

B functional residual capacity.

C vital capacity.

D tidal volume.

E inspiratory reserve volume.

Question #37

Airflow is ________ related to the pressure gradient and ________ related to resistance.

A directly; directly

B inversely; directly

C inversely; inversely

D directly; inversely

Question #38

What type of tissue lines the trachea?

A Stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium

B Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

C Stratified squamous keratinized epithelium

D Cuboidal epithelium

E Simple squamous epithelium

Question #39

When central chemoreceptors detect a drop in the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid,

A medullary respiratory centers trigger a decrease in rate and depth of breathing.

B pontine respiratory centers trigger a decrease in rate and depth of breathing.

C the vagus and phrenic nerves stimulate decreased production of the catalyst carbonic anhydrase.

D medullary respiratory centers trigger an increase in rate and depth of breathing.

Question #40

What structure connects the larynx to the primary bronchi?

A Trachea

B Pharynx

C Alveolar ducts

D Esophagus

E Bronchioles

Question #41

What structures are used by both the respiratory and digestive systems?

A Laryngopharynx and larynx

B Nasal cavity and nasopharynx

C Laryngopharynx and esophagus

D Oropharynx and laryngopharynx

E Paranasal sinuses

Question #42

Compared to its partial pressure in the atmosphere, oxygen’s partial pressure in the alveoli is

A higher.

B equivalent.

C lower.

Question #43

An air passage (valley) beneath a turbinate within the nasal cavity is referred to as a

A vibrissa.

B vestibule.

C meatus.

D concha.

Question #44

The most common cell making up the alveolar wall is the

A alveolar macrophage.

B alveolar type II cell.

C alveolar type I cell.

D septal cell.

E dust cell.

Question #45

An increase in the partial pressure of CO 2 causes bronchioles to

A constrict.

B dilate.

Question #46

Histamine release results in increased airway resistance and decreased airflow.

A TRUE

B FALSE

Question #47

Compared to its partial pressure at sea level, what would be the partial pressure of oxygen at an altitude with an atmospheric pressure of only 380 mmHg (recall that sea level atmospheric pressure is 760 mmHg)?

A Po2 would be half as much as it would be at sea level.

B Po2 would be three-quarters as much as it would be at sea level.

C Po2 would be one-fourth as much as it would be at sea level.

D Po2 would be twice as much as it would be at sea level.

Question #48

Which of the following has the highest partial pressure of carbon dioxide?

A The alveoli of the lungs

B The systemic cells

C The blood circulating in systemic arteries

Question #49

Approximately what percent of the oxygen in blood is transported by the hemoglobin of erythrocytes?

A 98%

B 75%

C 33%

D 50%

E 66%

Question #50

Hemoglobin is crucial for oxygen transport in the blood because oxygen has a ________ solubility coefficient in water.

A low

B high

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