Exam 2 Chapters 7 – 11

A  Resigned before losing their positions

B  Lost their jobs

C  Had a positive effect in corrections

D  Provided inaccurate information, to the detriment of the organization

A  The media construction of crime will define what acts are regarded as criminal

B  The media construction of crime will identify what policies of crime control should be adopted

C  The media construction of crime will define what are thought to be the causes of crime

D  The media construction of crime will reduce the seriousness of the crime

A  A decrease in treatment programs

B  Increase in recidivism

C  Additional treatment and re-entry programs

D  The imposition of additional behavioral controls

A  When a journalist makes an attempt in hard news to persuade using emotional rhetoric rather than fact

B  Any intentional and successful influence of a person by noncoercively altering the actual choices available to the person or by non-persuasively altering the perceptions by others of those choices.

C  Using persuasive interviewing techniques to influence others to disclose material they would normally not disclose

D  When a journalist relies on an unsubstantiated argument without noting its weaknesses to produce a desired conclusion

A  Theft of new televisions from the prison loading dock

B  Accepting gratuities to protect illicit activity

C  Soliciting a fee from an inmate for finding him a job

D  Extortion through mistreatment or harassment

A  Do not lug (smuggle) drugs in to inmates

B  Do not rat (inform on other guards)

C  Assist inmates in getting rehabilitated

D  Always support fellow officers against inmate claims/allegations

A  A humane correctional system is impossible given the dominant theory and practice of retribution

B  Prisons have cultures where guards are corrupted and prisoners are denied their humanity

C  Officer training emphasizes emotional detachment and degrading treatment

D  Guards are increasingly using more excessive force

A  Rape is the most likely crime to be reported

B  Homicides are considered more newsworthy when the victim is white

C  Victims who are perpetrated against by a stranger are considered more newsworthy than a victim who knows the perpetrator

D  Crimes against children are considered more newsworthy than crimes against the adults

A  Assassination is an immoral act and a form of politically motivated murder outside the bounds of the conventions of war and morality.

B  All of the other answers

C  Assassination violates U.S. values and principles because it is done in secret and is a display of the exercise of overbearing state power against individuals.

D  Targeted killing calls into question the morality of U.S. foreign policy, which stresses human rights and democracy.

A  It gives the executive the leverage to demand almost any resources in the furtherance of winning the war

B  All of the other answers

C  It permits the employment of warlike measures concurrently with law enforcement measures

D  It enables the executive branch of government to exercise wide powers under the authority of the president as commander-in-chief

A  Canada

B  Australia

C  United States

D  United Kingdom

A  Retributive

B  Empathetic

C  Sympathetic

D  Callous

A  When an individual legislator or policy maker over-reacts to a problem

B  When a small group of legislators panic and force through unethical legislation

C  An irrational and exaggerated response by the public to a perceived problem

D  A public over-reaction caused by outdated public morals

A  The court

B  The prosecution process

C  A criminal conviction

D  A life sentence

A  Compliance

B  Legalistic

C  Rewards

D  Personal

A  Do no harm

B  Reasonable standard of care

C  Moral blame

D  Morality

A  Whites never have been engaged in drugs as much as blacks, a fact often reported in the media

B  Whites comprise almost 3/4 of illegal drug users and blacks 13%, a fact not usually incorporated in media accounts

C  The War on Drugs focused on heroin, a drug often used by blacks, a fact not usually in the media

D  Whites comprise almost 1/3 of illegal drug users and blacks almost 2/3, a fact often reported in the media

A  Invading foreign countries

B  Torture during interrogation

C  Restricting rights during criminal processing of terrorist defendants

D  Accidental killing of civilian non-terrorists

A  Prisons who want to receive federal funding must eliminate prison rape by 85%

B  Devising and implementation of national standards to detect, prevent, reduce, and punish rape

C  Setting a zero-tolerance standard for prison rape

D  Prioritization of the prevention of rape in each prison system

A  Supermax

B  Medium security

C  Maximum security

D  Minimum security

A  Focusing only on the very young and the very old victims

B  Reporting, on the visual media, pictures of victims

C  Focusing attention only on victims who meet that standard of victimhood

D  Reporting sympathetic stories of victims who have also been charged with crimes

A  The legal system makes it easier to fight crime because prosecutors know how to talk with the media

B  Few accused actually go to trial and unexciting plea bargains are the norm

C  The legal system is far more complex

D  Crime fighting is the complex part of the process

A  Violence

B  Empathy

C  Sympathy

D  Coercion

A  Kidnappings

B  Drug crimes

C  Homicides

D  Sex offenses

A  Negative racial stereotypes and collective racial resentment are negatively correlated with policies favoring punitiveness

B  Negative racial stereotypes and collective racial resentment are positively correlated with polices favoring punitiveness

C  Racial and ethnic minorities are responsible for a substantial amount of property and drug crime therefore creating policies favoring punitiveness

D  Racial and ethnic minorities are responsible for a substantial amount of violent crime therefore creating policies favoring punitiveness

A  It is a slippery slope, which could expand its use in other circumstances

B  It is not likely to happen as its proponents claim

C  It negates the autonomy and dignity of the individual

D  It is not a realistic scenario

A  The activities are morally permissible if they produce two effects, so long as one is morally permissible.

B  An unintended but unforeseen morally bad effect of an action can be excused if both the action and the intended effect are morally impermissible

C  The activities are only morally impermissible if they produce two effects, both of which are morally impermissible

D  An unintended but unforeseen morally bad effect of an action can be excused if both the action and the intended effect are morally permissible

A  Treatment

B  Rehabilitation

C  Community-oriented corrections

D  Punitiveness

A  Prostitutes

B  Sex offenders

C  Drug offenders

D  Murderers

A  There is widespread approval of them

B  There is widespread approval of them

C  The public is evenly divided on them

D  While they approve of it, they do not believe it should be applied indiscriminately to specific offenders under specific circumstances

A  Formal control

B  Governmental control

C  Informal control

D  Social control

A  Ideological grounds

B  Cost-benefit grounds

C  Due process grounds

D  Political grounds

A  Relativists

B  Absolutists

C  Consequentialists

D  Deontologists

A  A warning to the public

B  Advocacy for greater levels of social control

C  A key profit maker for the media

D  Assistance to law enforcement to make an arrest

A  Their control function

B  Their treatment and control functions

C  Their heavy caseloads

D  Their treatment function

A  By one part of government against another part of the same government.

B  Against a state in the United States.

C  By the military against a civilian government.

D  Committed by government, sometimes against its own people.

A  Are not applied to all offenders convicted under such statutes

B  Have no incapacitate effect

C  Do not reflect the will of the majority

D  Result in disproportionately severe sentences

A  A responsible path for discussion of moral issues

B  A site for the construction of a moral order

C  A monopoly so that news is consistent

D  The primary source of news

A  Three-strikes laws

B  Work release programs to reduce jail and prison populations

C  Sentencing guidelines

D  Treatment programs to reduce jail and prison populations

A  Using entertainment to reenact criminal events

B  Using the media to report fictitious events so law enforcement can catch the real criminal

C  The placement of crime stories on television late at night hoping a viewer will be able identify the offender

D  The marketing of edited, highly formatted information about the world in entertainment media vehicles

A  Reynolds v. Florida

B  United States v. Shallet

C  Kenny v. Indiana Youth Center

D  Graham v. Florida

A  Gain respect of inmates

B  Maintain power

C  Treat inmates ethically

D  Retain their discretion

A  Become members of prison gangs.

B  Begun directly disobeying orders from superiors.

C  Begun taking monetary bribes from prisoners.

D  Refrained from enforcing certain prison rules and regulations.

A  Vice

B  Property

C  Debtors

D  Violent

A  Drone paradigm

B  Enemy paradigm

C  War paradigm

D  Terrorism paradigm

A  Judicial

B  Inmate

C  Celebrity

D  Prosecutorial

A  Accepting the unavoidable consequences of our policies

B  Asking whether there will be any consequences to our anti-terrorism policies

C  Asking whether our policies will render citizens more secure in the long term

D  Not worrying about the consequences