Chapter 1 to 4 Exam

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Question #1

Babies who are held more (refer to the Hewlett article):

A spend more time fussing and crying

B spend less time fussing and crying

C develop voluntary crying behaviors sooners

D suffer higher rates of SIDS

Question #2

An infant’s sleep/wake cycles:

A are not modified by social pressure

B do not change during the first 6 months of life

C are modified both by increases in brain maturity and by social pressure

D are easily modified by adult social pressure

Question #3

Rothbart’s dimensions of temperamental variation include:

A activity level, sociability, and responsiveness

B self-regulation, motivation, and optimism

C easy, difficult, slow to warm up

D effortful control, negative affect, and extraversion

Question #4

Thomas and Chess and their colleagues classified babies’ temperaments as:

A easy, difficult, slow to warm up

B trusting, wary, and suspicious

C happy, irritable, and unresponsive

D easy, irritable, and depressed

Question #5

When they perform primary circular reactions, infants:

A perform reflexes elicited by environmental events

B avoid performing actions that lead to unpleasant consequences

C perform actions in order to receive reinforcement from adults

D repeat pleasurable actions for their own sake

Question #6

Nursing involves coordination of:

A infants’ sucking behaviors with the behaviors of their caregivers

B the rooting and sucking reflexes alone

C sucking, moro and babinski reflexes by the infant

D sucking, breathing, and swallowing by the infant

Question #7

Infants’ ability to integrate information perceived by more than one sensory system is known as:

A cross-model perception

B coordinated action

C intermodal perception

D integration

Question #8

Craig would like to purchase a mobile to hang in his son’s nursery. At which of the following mobiles would his newborn baby MOST enjoy looking to?

A a mobile with soft pastel flowers

B a mobile with black and white patterned abstract shapes

C a mobile with bright colors and shapes

D a mobile with fuzzy brown teddy bears

Question #9

Studies of newborn infant’s auditory preferences (DeCasper et. al article) demonstrate that:

A infants prefer low-pitched maternal voices to high-pitched maternal voices

B infants’ hearing is not acute enough for them to demonstrate preferences for particular categories of sound

C infants prefer to hear foreign languages more than their own voice

D infants prefer the sound of their mother’s voice to other women’s voices

Question #10

Which of the following senses is the LEAST well-developed at birth?

A hearing

B vision

C taste

D smell

Question #11

__________ reduces the oversupply of neural connections in the brain as part of the experience-expectant process of development.

A Synaptic pruning

B A proper diet

C Experience

D Hormonal activity

Question #12

The soft spots on infants’ skulls are known as:

A fontanels

B myelin

C cortexes

D neurons

Question #13

A newborn is considered to have low birth weight if he or she weighs:

A less than 5 pounds, 8 ounces

B 25% less than other babies of the same gestational age

C less than 7 pounds, 3 ounces

D 10% less than other babies of the same gestational age

Question #14

Women who used heroin while pregnant gave birth to babies who:

A are addicted to heroin

B recover quickly from the effects of withdrawal

C are born blind and deaf

D are vulnerable to heart defects

Question #15

Smoking during pregnancy is associated with:

A birth defects

B lower birth weights

C overweight babies

D a lower rate of stillbirths

Question #16

What is the MOST common drug used by pregnant women?

A caffeine

B alcohol

C marijuana

D tobacco

Question #17

Pregnant women are encouraged to increase their intake of which foods?

A Vitamin C and calcium

B salty, sweet, and fatty foods

C iron and calcium

D folic acid, calcium, and iron

Question #18

Infants who heard their mothers read The Cat in the Hat while in the womb and then again when they were newborns (referenced by Decasper article):

A showed no signs of recognizing the story after birth

B cried when they heard the story after birth

C preferred the non-maternal voice to the maternal voice in increasing their sucking response

D learned, after birth, to modify their rate of sucking in order to hear the story

Question #19

What leads the embryo to develop male or female genitalia?

A the presence or absence of male gonads, which produce male hormones

B the presence or absence of the Y chromosome

C the establishment of a cyclical pattern of hormone secretion by the pituitary gland

D the secretion of hormones by the ovaries

Question #20

Development proceeding from the head down is characteristic of which developmental pattern?

A embryonic-fetal

B cephalocaudal

C proximodistal

D maturation

Question #21

The structure that surrounds the developing organism, and holds in the fluid in which it floats, is the:

A umbilical cord

B ectoderm

C amnion

D uterine lining

Question #22

The series of mitotic cell divisions that transforms the zygote into the multicellular mass known as the blastocyst is called:

A meiosis

B zona pellucida

C implantation

D cleavage

Question #23

The periods of prenatal development occur in which order?

A germinal, fetal, embryonic

B germinal, embryonic, fetal

C embryonic, germinal, fetal

D fetal, embryonic, germinal

Question #24

According to the concept of coevolution:

A biological changes occured that allowed humans to use language and generate culture

B the human brain is not very much larger than that of our primitive ancestors

C culture has influenced the evolution of human biology

D human biological capabilities evolved and then ended with the appearance of human culture

Question #25

When individuals select and modify their environments in ways that impact the development of future generations, a process of _________ is said to occur.

A ecological inheritance

B coevolution

C niche construction

D co-construction

Question #26

The purpose of an adoption study is to find out if adopted children are more similar to their biological parents and siblings, who share ___________, or to their adoptive parents and siblings, with whom they share __________.

A a sense of identity; a common family environment

B their genes; a common family environment

C a common family environment; their genes

D their genes; a sense of identity

Question #27

The term __________ refers to the degree to which variations in a particular characteristic among individuals in a specific population are related to genetic differences among those individuals.

A heritability

B phenotype

C genotype

D variability

Question #28

Which genetic disorder affects only males?

A Turner syndrome

B phenylketonuria

C Down syndrome

D Klinefelter syndrome

Question #29

Which of the following is linked with having an extra 21st chromosome?

A phenylketonuria

B Turner syndrome

C Down syndrome

D Klinefelter’s syndrome

Question #30

An error in the process of gene replication that results in a change in the molecular structure of the DNA is called:

A a mutation

B meiosis

C mitosis

D canalization

Question #31

If a person has inherited the same allelic form from both parents, she is __________ for a trait.

A homozygous

B heterozygous

C monozygotic

D ontogenetic

Question #32

Germ cells reproduce by __________, whereas somatic cells reproduce by _______.

A meiosis; mitosis

B meiosis; meiosis

C mitosis; mitosis

D mitosis; meiosis

Question #33

When an ovum is fertilized, both the mother’s and the father’s genetic material are contained in the:

A zygote

B sperm cells

C ova

D genes

Question #34

A person’s phenotype is __________ while his/her genotype is __________.

A recessive; domiannt

B constant over his/her life; developed through interactions with the environment

C observable; inherited

D developed through interactions with one’s biology; changes over his/her life

Question #35

The basic units of heredity are:

A zygotes

B genes

C chromosomes

D somatic cells

Question #36

When psychologists compare separate groups of 5-year-olds, 18-year-olds, and 30-year-olds on a vocabulary test, they are conducting a:

A cross-sectional study

B naturalistic observation

C clinical study

D longitudinal study

Question #37

When two observers simultaneously observing the same infant agree on their descriptions of how upset she becomes when a pacifier is taken from her, this is an example of:

A an experiment

B validity

C replicability

D reliability

Question #38

The systems theory approach focuses on:

A how genetic factors contribute to development

B how cultural context shapes development

C the “hardware” and “software” of intellectual functioning

D how complex behaviors result from the interaction of multiple factors

Question #39

According to Konrad Lorenz, all of the following are signs of “babyness” EXCEPT:

A large eyes relative to the size of the face

B round, protruding cheeks

C a high, protruding forehead

D a small head relative to the size of the body

Question #40

An example of Piaget’s concept of assimilation is an infant who:

A bangs blocks together rather than chewing on them

B learns that her pacifier does not provide her with milk

C shares a toy with her father

D knows how to grasp her mother’s hair and uses the same grasping movements to grab a toy

Question #41

A researcher who states that the environment “shapes behavior as a sculptor shapes a lump of clay” would support which theoretical framework?

A psychodynamic

B behaviorist

C constructivist

D sociocultural

Question #42

Theories are important for understanding child development because they:

A make it appear that child development experts know everything

B provide systematic organization of many different observations

C guarantee agreement among researchers about what they see

D allow immediate applications to help children

Question #43

Critical periods in development:

A are times during which particular events must occur for development to proceed normally

B are thought to regulate bonding in human infants

C occur in some animals but not in humans

D have been observed in humans during psychological development but not during physical development

Question #44

The prevailing view of children prior to the sixteenth century was that children were:

A miniature adults

B born in original sin

C rebellious in nature

D inherently good

Question #45

Developmentalists recognize four major domains of development, including:

A moral, social, emotional, and physical

B cognitive, social, physical, and emotional

C cognitive, physical, moral, and social

D social, physical, emotional, and language

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