Lecture Exam 2

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  atrophy of the anterior pituitary gland; loss of negative feedback by thyroid hormones

B  a goiter; loss of negative feedback by thyroid hormones and increased thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels

C  a goiter; increased production of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and increased thyroid hormone levels

D    

E  atrophy of the thyroid gland; loss ofnegative feedback by thyroid hormones and increased thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels

F  atrophy of the thyroid gland; decreased sensitivity of receptors for thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

A  The hypothalamus will secrete less CRH.

B  There will be increased negative feedback on growth hormone by insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1).

C  The adrenal gland will hypertrophy to increase cortisol production.

D  The subject will remain euthyroid.

E  The adrenal gland will atrophy and plasma cortisol levels will be reduced.

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  Testing plasma levels of cortisol

B  Testing plasma levels of dopamine

C  Testing plasma levels of parathyroid hormone

D  Testing plasma levels of follicle-stimulating hormone

E  Testing plasma levels of growth hormone

A  In the cytoplasm

B  Any of these might be places where the receptor could be found.

C  In the blood stream

D  On the cell surface

A  Progesterone

B  Estrogen

C  Thyroid hormone

D  Oxytocin

E  Growth hormone

A  Liver, inside the endoplasmic reticulum

B  Skeletal muscle, stored in terminal cisternae

C  Embedded in collagen in many types of connective tissue

D  Blood, dissolved within the plasma

E  Bones, in the form of hydroxyapatites

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  Inducing the secretion of steroid hormones by the gonads in both males and females

B  Inhibiting the release of growth hormone

C  Stimulating the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

D  Inhibiting the release of prolactin

E  Stimulating the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)

A  ACTH

B  Prolactin

C  Cortisol

D  Follicle-stimulating hormone

E  Insulin-like growth factor 1

A  are descending motor pathways.

B  begin in the cortex of the cerebellum.

C  consist of many interneurons linked synaptically.

D  are composed of alpha motor neurons.

E  bring sensory information from the spinal cord to the somatosensory region of the cerebral cortex.

A  Alpha motor neurons stimulate contraction of extrafusal fibers in extensor muscles.

B  Alpha motor neurons stimulate contraction of intrafusal fibers in extensor muscles.

C  Inhibitory interneurons reduce action potential firing in alpha motor neuronsto extrafusal fibers of extensor muscles.

D  Alpha motor neurons that innervate ipsilateral flexor muscles are stimulated.

E  Golgi tendon organs in the patellar tendon stimulate the contraction of extrafusal fibers of extensor muscles.

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  Their contraction is stimulated by alpha motor neurons and inhibited by gamma motor neurons.

B  They function to maintain tension on spindle receptors.

C  They are innervated by alpha motor neurons.

D  They are not true muscle fibers because they cannot contract.

E  When stimulated to fire, they always inhibit flexor muscles.

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  It helps to coordinate body movements.

B  It helps to coordinate body movements. It is important in maintaining posture. It receives input from sensory pathways. It stores the memory of motor movements that involve several joints.

C  It is important in maintaining posture.

D  It receives input from sensory pathways.

E  It stores the memory of motor movements that involve several joints.

A  A nociceptor stimulated the local Golgi tendon organ.

B  A nociceptor initiated muscle spindle fibers.

C  A nociceptor stimulated contraction of the ipsilateral flexor muscle and inhibited contraction of the ipsilateral extensor muscle.

D  A nociceptor stimulated contraction of the contralateral flexor muscle and inhibits contraction of the contralateral extensor muscle.

E  An afferent neuron sent a signal in a monosynaptic reflex arc.

A  sarcomeres do not significantly shorten.

B  tetanus occurs.

C  the whole muscle shortens.

D  H zones shorten.

E  tension generated by the muscle always exceeds the load on the muscle.

A  myosin.

B  tropomyosin.

C  troponin.

D  the thick filament.

E  actin.

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  They allow action potentials to propagate deep into the center of skeletal muscle cells.

B  They run in parallel with the myofibrils, and have abundant Ca 2+-ATPase proteins for pumping Ca 2+ back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

C  They store the calcium ions that are the main source of activation for the cross-bridge cycle.

D  They manufacture and store ATP.

E  They form the Z lines that mark the end of each sarcomere.

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  Every moment of Sarah’s runs

B  All muscle contractions after Sarah reaches fatigue (about an hour into her run)

C  All muscle contractions after Sarah reaches her maximum heart rate (about 10 minutes into her run)

D  No effects on her running

E  Just the first few seconds of exercise

A  have abundant T-tubules.

B  can only be excited, and not inhibited.

C  have many gap junctions between cells.

D  generally have individual innervation of each cell.

E  respond to stretch by relaxing.

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  She is moving.

B  She is thinking about food.

C  She is talking.

D  She has opened her eyes and is taking in visual information.

E  She fell asleep.

A  neither slow-wave sleep nor paradoxical sleep.

B  both slow-wave sleep and paradoxical sleep.

C  slow-wave sleep.

D  paradoxical sleep.

A  A person with damage only to Wernicke’s area of the brain will have motor aphasia.

B  Both “a person with damage only to Broca’s area of the brain will understand spoken or written speech but will have difficulty speaking” and “a person with damage only to Wernicke’s area of the brain will have motor aphasia” are true.

C  Both “a person with damage only to Broca’s area of the brain will understand spoken or written speech but will have difficulty speaking” and “a person with damage only to Wernicke’s area of the brain will lose the ability to recognize faces” are true.

D  A person with damage only to Broca’s area of the brain will understand spoken or written speech but will have difficulty speaking.

E  A person with damage only to Wernicke’s area of the brain will lose the ability to recognize faces.

A  is due to receptor fatigue.

B  is permanent.

C  can be overcome by a stronger stimulus of the same type.

D  is a result of decreased neurotransmitter release secondary to decreased calcium influx at synaptic terminals.

E  is due to denaturation of the receptor.

A  brain neurotransmitter activity in the pathways regulating states of consciousness is similar to that in the awake state.

B  skeletal muscle tension is dramatically increased.

C  brain oxygen consumption is lower than when awake.

D  skeletal muscle tension is dramatically increased, brain oxygen consumption is lower than when awake, brain neurotransmitter activity in the pathways regulating states of consciousness is similar to that in the awake state and the person is easily aroused

E  the person is easily aroused.

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  ganglion cells.

B  cone cells.

C  bipolar cells.

D  rod cells.

E  lateral geniculate cells.

A  Only cones are associated with bipolar cells of the “ON pathway,” rods are not.

B  Bipolar cells hyperpolarize in the absence of input from photoreceptor cells.

C  Bipolar cells spontaneously depolarize in the absence of input from photoreceptor cells.

D  Bipolar cells fire action potentials only when bright light strikes the photoreceptors linked to them.

E  Glutamate receptors on bipolar cells are excitatory.

A  ganglion cells.

B  lateral geniculate cells.

C  rod cells.

D  bipolar cells.

E  cone cells.

A  Photoreceptors

B  Mechanoreceptors

C  Chemoreceptors

D  Nociceptors

A  temporal lobes of the cerebral cortex

B  occipital lobes of the cerebral cortex

C  somatosensory cortex

D  frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex

E  limbic system

A  Pacinian corpuscles.

B  baroreceptors.

C  nociceptors.

D  hair cells.

E  somatic receptors.

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  The permeability to Na + increases greatly.

B  The permeability to K + increases greatly while that to Na + decreases.

C  The Na +, K + pump restores the ions to their original locations inside and outside of the cell.

D  Voltage-gated Na + channels are opened.

E  ATPase destroys the energy supply that was maintaining the action potential at its peak.

A  lysosomal proteins.

B  proteins associated with synaptic vesicles.

C  kinesin proteins.

D  smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

E  dyenin proteins.

A  acts asa neuromodulator.

B  has an excitatory effect on pathways that mediate sensations.

C  is a neuropeptide.

D  has an inhibitory effect on pathways that are involved in the control of muscles.

E  is a catecholamine neurotransmitter.

A  Muscle relaxation

B  Muscle cell twitches (contractions)

C  Drowsiness

D  None of the answer choices are correct

E  Muscle paralysis

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a major excitatory transmitter in the central nervous system.

B  Acetylcholine is broken down by enzymes present on postsynaptic cell membranes.

C  Catecholamines are the most abundant neurotransmitters in the central nervous system.

D  Opiate drugs, such as morphine, are antagonists of a class of neurotransmitters called endorphins.

E  Acetylcholine that is released at synapses binds to adrenergic receptors in the postsynaptic cell membrane.