Lecture Exam 2 (B)

A  1, 4, 2, 3, 5, 6, 9, 8, 7

B  1, 7, 4, 6, 3, 2, 9, 8, 5

C  1, 4, 7, 2, 3, 9, 6, 5, 8

D  1, 4, 7, 2, 3, 6, 9, 8, 5

A  They receive synaptic input from other neurons in the CNS.

B  They deliver synaptic input on other neurons.

C  They sum excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs.

D  They make synapses on effector organs in the PNS.

E  They can transmit information between afferent neurons and efferent neurons.

A  The repolarization phase of the action potential

B  The exocytosis of neurotransmitter

C  All of these will not occur

D  The depolarization phase of the action potential

E  The graded potential

A  bipolar, ganglion

B  horizontal, inner

C  somatic, catalyst

A  Gray, White

B  Brown, Gray

C  White, Gray

D  Black, White

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  Primary Visual cortex

B  Somatosensory cortex

C  Occipital lobe association area

D  Parietal lobe association area

E  Primary Auditory cortex

A  flatteningof the lens.

B  contraction of the ciliary muscles.

C  dilation of the pupil.

D  activation of the sympathetic nervous system.

E  increased rounding of the cornea.

A  1,3,2,5,7,6,8,4,9,10

B  1,4,8,7,3,2,5,6,9,10

C  1,3,2,6,5,9,10,4,8,7

D  1,4,7,8,3,2,6,5,9,10

A  Pressure

B  Vision

C  Cold and warmth

D  Sound

E  Proprioception

F  pain

A  cause a change in membrane potential.

B  trigger an action potential.

C  depolarize a dendrite.

D  be conducted to the axon hillock.

E  trigger an excitatory postsynaptic potential.

A  Retraction

B  Reflection

C  Refraction

D  Deflection

A  The cornea refracts light rays more strongly than the lens.

B  Myopia is a condition in which the lens focuses light from distant objects behind the retina.

C  Presbyopia is a condition in which the lens cannot accommodate adequately for near vision.

D  The image of an object that is focused on the retina is upside down relative to the object’s actual position in space.

E  Cataract is an increase in opacity (clouding) of the lens.

A  caudate nucleus

B  putamen

C  globus pallidus

D  substantia nigra

E  cingulate gyrus

F  mammilary body

A  both afferent neurons converge on the same interneuron.

B  both pens are activating the same receptor.

C  both sensations are grouped together in the somatosensory cortex.

D  the receptors in both skin areas utilize the same afferent neuron.

A  are part of the peripheral nervous system.

B  transmit signals derived from afferent receptors up the spinal cord to the brain.

C  carry impulses from the CNS to the periphery.

D  carry impulses from the periphery to the CNS.

E  relay messages from the brain down to the spinal cord to efferent neurons.

A  secretes hormones

B  is a relay station for sensory input on its way to the cerebral cortex.

C  functions as the body’s thermostat

D  inhibits muscle tone throughout the body.

E  plays a role in emotional and behavioral patterns.

F  controls thirst, urine output, and food intake.

A  lens

B  cornea

C  iris

D  retina

E  ciliary muscle

A  occurs in unmyelinated nerve fibers.

B  is comprised of lower motor neurons controlled by upper motor neurons arising from the motor cortex

C  is comprised of lower motor neurons controlled by local circuit neurons and upper motor neurons arising from the cerebellum

D  always results in muscle contraction

E  is comprised of lower motor neurons controlled by local circuit neurons

A  histamine

B  acetylcholine

C  norepinephrine

D  serotonin

A  acetylcholine

B  histamine

C  serotonin

D  dopamine

A  serotonin

B  acetylcholine

C  norepinephrine

D  histamine

A  dopamine

B  norepinephrine

C  histamine

D  acetylcholine

A  dopamine

B  serotonin

C  norepinephrine

D  acetylcholine

A  Conversion of the energy of a stimulus into a pattern of electrical activity

B  Persistence of the sensation of a limb even after it has been severed from the body

C  A decrease in receptor sensitivity despite continuation of a stimulus

D  Information from sensory receptorsreaches the cerebral cortex and the person becomes aware of it

E  A depolarization of receptive membrane that increase in magnitude as the stimulus intensity increases

A  nociceptor

B  chemoreceptor

C  photoreceptor

D  thermoreceptor

A  nociceptor

B  mechanoreceptor

C  thermoreceptor

D  chemoreceptor

A  thermoreceptor

B  photoreceptor

C  nociceptor

D  chemoreceptor

A  thermoreceptor

B  chemoreceptor

C  photoreceptor

D  mechanoreceptor

A  chemoreceptor

B  thermoreceptor

C  nociceptor

D  photoreceptor

A  photoreceptor

B  thermoreceptor

C  chemoreceptor

D  nociceptor

A  Chemoreceptors can activate heat sensing parts of the brain.

B  The breakdown of chemicals within the pepper causes exothermic reactions in the mouth.

C  Friction while chewing activates thermoreceptors.

D  All of the answer choices are correct.

E  A chemical within the jalepeño acts as a stimulus for thermoreceptors.

A  There are four different opsins in the retina.

B  There are four different chromophore moleculesin the retina.

C  Photoreceptors are neurons.

D  There are normally four different photopigments in the retina.

E  There are two basic types of photoreceptors in the retina, rods, and cones.

A  medial leminscus tract

B  the posterior column

C  spinocerebellar tract

D  anterior spinothalmic tract

E  lateral corticospinal tract

A  temporal lobes of the cerebral cortex

B  somatosensory cortex

C  limbic system

D  frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex

E  occipital lobes of the cerebral cortex

A  K+ leak channels.

B  Na+ leak channels

C  Na+ voltage-gated channels.

D  Na+/K+ pumps.

A  sympathetic

B  assympathetic

C  parasympathetic

D  parassympathetic

A  Some sensory receptors are modifications of the peripheral endings of efferent neurons.

B  Sensory information that leads to conscious awareness of the stimulus is called transduction.

C  The term “sensory unit” refers to a group of receptors that receive a particular stimulus and the afferent neuron associated with those receptors.

D  The term “adequate stimulus” means that a stimulus is strong enough to be detected.

E  All sensory information that reaches the brain can be experienced as a conscious sensation.

A  photoreceptor

B  thermoreceptor

C  mechanoreceptor

D  chemoreceptor

A  equal to the equilibrium potential for sodium.

B  more positive than the equilibrium potential for potassium.

C  more positive than the equilibrium potential for sodium.

D  slightly more negative than the equilibrium potential of potassium ion.

E  equal to the equilibrium potential for potassium.

A  1, 4, 3, 2, 5

B  5, 4, 3, 1, 2

C  1, 2, 3, 5, 4

D  3, 1, 4, 5, 2

E  2, 1, 5, 4, 3

A  The terminal ganglia contain muscarinic receptors.

B  Terminal ganglia are the final common pathway for the autonomic nervous system.

C  Terminal ganglia give rise to sympathetic neurons

D  Long parasympathetic preganglionic fibers end at the terminal ganglia, which lie in or near the effector organ.

E  the otic ganglia are found near the parotid gland

F  Terminal ganglia lie in a chain located along either side of the spinal cord.

A  The patient would perceive a specific, localized sensation in one body area.

B  The patient would perceive a general sensation over one side of the body.

C  The patient would perceive a general sensation all over the body.

D  The patient would perceive nothing.

A  Mitochondria

B  Hypothalamus

C  Pineal gland

D  Pituitary gland

A  Both near and distance vision are compromised

B  Distance vision (e.g., reading a street sign)

C  Both near and distance vision are fine, but changing back and forth between them becomes difficult

D  Near vision (e.g., reading a book)

E  No light will enter the eye and blindness will result

A  It pumps 3 Na + ions into the cell for every 2 K + ions it pumps out.

B  It generates a small electrical potential such that the inside of a neuron is made negative with respect to the outside.

C  It transports equal numbers of sodium and potassium ions with each pump cycle.

D  It maintains an electrical gradient at the equilibrium potential of K +.

E  It maintains a concentration gradient for K + such that diffusion forces favor movement of K + into the cell.

A  It is not altered by changing concentration gradients of permeating ions.

B  It has the same value in all cells.

C  Only nerve and muscle cells have a potential difference across the membrane at rest.

D  in neurons, it is created mainly by potassium ion leakage

E  It requires ions to be distributed unevenly across the plasma membrane of a cell.

F  It is oriented so that the cell’s interior is negative with respect to the extracellular fluid.

A  delta motor neurons

B  lower motor neurons

C  upper motor neurons

D  gamma motor neurons

E  nictonic motor neurons

A  amygdala.

B  hippocampus.

C  cingulate gyrus.

D  olfactory bulb

E  mammillary body.

F  primary visual cortex

A  They propagate without decrement.

B  They always trigger action potentials.

C  They can be graded and vary with stimulus strength.

D  They generally occur at the axon hillock of afferent neurons.

E  They are action potentials.

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  contains voltage-gated channels.

B  is found in the soma of the neuron

C  is where action potentials are first generated.

D  contains ligand-gated channels

E  is located in the axon hillock.

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  nicotinic

B  adrenergic

C  muscarinic

A  The plasma membrane is completely impermeable to potassium ions.

B  The concentration of sodium ion is greater inside the cell than outside.

C  The plasma membrane is completely impermeable to sodium ions.

D  The plasma membrane is most permeable to sodium ions.

E  The permeability of the plasma membrane to potassium ions is much greater than its permeability to sodium ions.

A  presbyopia.

B  myopia.

C  cataract.

D  hyperopia.

E  glaucoma.

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  bind chemicals called odorants

B  when stimulated send impulses both to the limbic system and to the cortex for perception of smell.

C  are specialized endings of afferent neurons called chemoreceptors

D  are replaced by cells known as basal cells.

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  can be consciously controlled.

B  compares the intentions of the higher motor centers with the performance of the muscles and corrects this information resulting in coordinated muscle movements

C  contains numerous nuclei connected by a network of white matter tracts.

D  plays a role in controlling eye movement together with the inner ear.

E  is important for the maintenance of balance.

A  activation of her sympathetic nerves causes sudden contraction of her ciliary muscles.

B  activation of her parasympathetic nerves inhibits contraction of her ciliary muscles.

C  she suddenly develops presbyopia.

D  activation of her parasympathetic nerves causes sudden contraction of her ciliary muscles.

E  activation of her sympathetic nerves inhibits contraction of her ciliary muscles.

A  they are part of the final common pathway

B  they exit from the anterior gray horn

C  they secrete dopamine

D  their activity is influenced by upper motor neurons

E  they can excite or inhibit skeletal muscles

F  they are also known as somatic motor neurons

A  excitation of bipolar cells

B  increased neurotransmitter release from the synaptic terminal of the photoreceptor.

C  decreased depolarization of the photoreceptor’s plasma membrane

D  bleaching of opsin.

E  closure of Na+ channels and decreased Na+ flow into the photoreceptor

A  the ventral root contains axons of afferent, sensory neurons

B  the dorsal root conducts motor information

C  afferent, sensory neurons are unipolar neurons with cell bodies located in the dorsal root ganglion

D  spinal nerves are for the conduction of motor information only

A  bind acetylcholine released from both sympathetic and parasympathetic postganglionic fibers.

B  bind with norepinephrine released from sympathetic postganglionic fibers.

C  bind acetylcholine released from parasympathetic preganglionic fibers.

D  bind acetylcholine released from both sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic fibers.

E  are found primarily in the heart.

A  Nociceptors

B  Chemoreceptors

C  Proprioceptors

D  Mechanoreceptors

E  Photoreceptors

A  The photoreceptor cells are stimulated and fireaction potentials.

B  The concentration of cyclic GMP inside cells increases.

C  The chromophore retinal undergoes a change of shape.

D  There is an increase in neurotransmitter release from photoreceptor cells.

E  The photoreceptor cell membranebecomes depolarized.

A  Loss of pain in the right foot

B  Loss of pain in the left foot

C  Loss of both pressure sense and pain in the right foot

A  the hairs of the receptor cells of the Organ of Corti to be bent

B  increased fluid pressure against the cochlear duct by the fluid of the scala vestibuli

C  movement of the basilar membrane relative to the tectorial.

D  movement of the tectorial membrane relative to the vestibular

E  displacement of the round window, which dissipates pressure in the cochlea.