Exam 2

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Question #1

Which of the following is true regarding the relationship between gender and prosocial (helping) behavior in middle to late childhood?

A Boys are more likely than girls to provide both practical and relational support.

B There are no significant differences in prosocial behavior between girls and boys.

C Boys are more likely to provide practical support (e.g., find solutions to problems), whereas girls are more likely to provide relational support (e.g., giving advice, listening to problems).

D Girls are more likely to provide practical support, whereas boys are more likely to provide relational support.

Question #2

__________ refers to global evaluations of the self (e.g., “I am a good person”) and is also referred to as our self-worth or self-image, whereas _________ refers to domain-specific evaluations of the self (e.g., how we feel about ourselves with regard to particular areas like academics, athletics, and our appearance).

A Self-concept; self-esteem

B Self-concept; self-efficacy

C Self-efficacy; self-esteem

D Self-esteem; self-concept

Question #3

Which of the following is true regarding the relationship between gender and aggression in middle to late childhood?

A Girls are more likely than boys to engage in physical, verbal, and relational aggression.

B Boys are more likely than girls to engage in physical aggression. Girls are more likely than boys to engage in verbal and relational aggression.

C There are no significant differences in aggression between boys and girls.

D Boys are more likely than girls to engage in physical, verbal, and relational aggression.

Question #4

Girls are more likely than boys in middle to late childhood to deny that they experience certain emotions, such as sadness, shame, and guilt.

A TRUE

B FALSE

Question #5

Children of parents who divorce in early childhood will always have more negative long-term negative socioemotional consequences than children whose parents remained married despite conflict.

A TRUE

B FALSE

Question #6

What is a development change in emotion that occurs during middle/late childhood?

A They have increased capacity for genuine empathy compared with younger children.

B Children are better able to self-regulate their own emotions, such as having increased ability to suppress or conceal negative emotions.

C There is increased understanding that more than one emotion can be experienced in a given situation.

D All of the options are correct.

Question #7

Which of the following is true regarding bullying?

A Victims of bullies are more likely to be depressed and attempt suicide in middle school than children who are not bullied.

B Victims of bullies do not tend to suffer from physical symptoms (e.g., headaches, stomach problems) as a consequence of being bullied.

C Girls are more likely than boys to be bullied in middle school.

D Anxious and socially withdrawn children are less likely to be bullied than other children.

Question #8

During this course, we discussed studies that examine sociometric status. _________ children are those who are infrequently nominated as a best friend and are actively disliked by many. These children tend to have more serious social adjustment problems (e.g. more impulsive and emotionally reactive).

A Average

B Rejected

C Neglected

D Popular

Question #9

Which of the following is a developmental change in peer relationships during middle/late childhood?

A Until about age 12, same-sex peer groups are preferred over mixed-sex peer groups.

B The amount of time spent in peer relationships tends to increase.

C Peer interaction is less closely supervised than in early childhood.

D All of the options are correct

Question #10

________ refers to the belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes. Individuals who have high levels of this are more likely to try new learning tasks, especially those that are challenging, and are more likely to persist and be resilient.

A Self-esteem

B Self-regulation

C Self-efficacy

D Self-concept

Question #11

What is Erikson’s 4th stage of lifespan development, which he proposed takes place during middle/late childhood? In this particular stage, children must learn to develop a sense of competence for useful skills. If they do not develop this competency, they may be pessimistic and lack confidence in their own ability to complete tasks well.

A Initiative vs. Guilt

B Trust vs. Mistrust

C Autonomy vs. Shame

D Industry vs. Inferiority

Question #12

Convergent thinking involves the creative ability to produce many different answers to the same question.

A FALSE

B TRUE

Question #13

On the Stanford-Binet intelligence test, IQ scores fall within a normal distribution. A normal distribution means that ____________.

A All scores fall in the middle of the possible range of scores.

B Most scores fall within the extremes and very few scores fall in the middle of the possible range of scores.

C All scores appear at the extremes of the possible range of scores.

D Most scores fall within the middle range of possible scores and few scores appear at the extremes.

Question #14

The hostile attribution bias suggests that aggressive children ________ than nonaggressive children.

A are less likely to view a joke as an intentional insult

B are less likely to retaliate in response to ambiguous cues

C All of the options are correct.

D are more likely to view an accidental bump as an intentional shove, challenge, or threat

Question #15

Stern developed the concept of an Intelligence Quotient (IQ). If Kiera’s mental age (e.g., 10) is higher than their chronological age (e.g., 5), it means that ________.

A her IQ is higher than average

B her IQ is lower than average

C her IQ cannot be determined

D her IQ is average

Question #16

According to Carol Dweck, individuals who have a growth mindset __________.

A believe that talent alone creates success without effort

B believe that basic qualities (e.g., intelligence, skill) cannot be changed.

C spend time documenting intelligence instead of developing it.

D believe that basic qualities (e.g., intelligence, skill) can be developed through dedication and hard work

Question #17

Which of the following is an example of an effective memory strategy that improves during middle/late childhood?

A Elaborating on the material

B All of the options are correct.

C Using mental imagery

D Elaborating on the material

Question #18

Julio understands that although he is older than his brother, he is also younger than his sister. According to Piaget, Julio now understands the concept of __________.

A egocentrism

B transitivity

C animism

D conservation

Question #19

Scientific studies of bilingualism suggest that children __________ than children who are monolingual.

A have better cognitive flexibility

B have better grammar

C perform better on tests of cognitive control

D All of the options are correct.

Question #20

Sally was given a difficult math test and told that previous research has shown that “men tend to perform better on this test than women.” According to stereotype threat, how will Sally perform on the test?

A Sally will likely perform as well as she would have had she not told about the gender difference.

B Sally will likely perform as well as a man on the test.

C Sally will rise to the occasion and perform better than she would have had she not been told about the gender difference.

D Sally will likely perform worse than she would have had she not been told about the gender difference

Question #21

According to Piaget, children achieve all of the following except what in the concrete operational stage of development?

A seriation

B abstract thinking

C classification

D conservation

Question #22

Which of the following is a domain-specific theory of intelligence?

A Stern’s IQ

B Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory

C Binet’s mental age

D Wechsler’s scales

Question #23

Who of the following would have the easiest time learning a second language?

A a 52 year old

B An 18 year old

C a 30 year old

D a 7 year old

Question #24

Fuzzy trace theory suggests that _______.

A Verbatim memory traces are more accurate than gist memory traces .

B Children increasingly use verbatim memory traces as they age.

C Children increasingly use gist memory traces as they age.

D Children are never able to use either verbatim or gist memory traces.

Question #25

According to Gardner’s multiple intelligences, individuals who are skilled in the ability to understand oneself have high ___________ intelligence.

A verbal (linguistic)

B interpesonal

C spatial

D intrapersonal

Question #26

According to this theory of gender identity, children learn about gender by observing and imitating what others say and do. Children learn by receiving rewards and punishments for gender-appropriate and gender-inappropriate behavior (and observing others receive rewards and punishments).

A Psychoanalytic theory (Freudian)

B Social cognitive theory

C Gender segregation theory

D Social role theory

Question #27

Which parenting style tends to be associated with the best long-term developmental outcomes for children?

A authoritarian

B authoritative

C neglectful

D indulgent (permissive)

Question #28

What is Erikson’s 3rd stage of lifespan development, which he proposed takes place during early childhood? In this particular stage, children gain a new sense of purpose and are eager to try new tasks. If children do not gain this competency, they may have an overly strict conscience.

A Industry vs. Inferiority

B Autonomy vs. Shame

C Initiative vs. Guilt

D Trust vs. Mistrust

Question #29

According to Baumrind, parents who use this style tend to be very uninvolved in their children’s lives. They place few demands (expectations) on the child and do not provide much support (i.e., are unresponsive to their children’s needs). Children of parents who use this style tend to never learn to control their own behavior and tend to expect to get their way. This can lead to later aggression and immaturity.

A authoritarian

B neglectful

C indulgent (permissive)

D authoritative

Question #30

In general, correlational research shows that spanking is associated with _______.

A All of the options are correct.

B higher levels of childhood antisocial behavior

C lower levels of aggression

D more positive mental health outcomes (e.g., higher self-esteem)

Question #31

Research suggests that children who grow up in LGBT households (e.g., with lesbian mothers or gay fathers) have significantly worse developmental outcomes than children who have been parented with heterosexual parents.

A FALSE

B TRUE

Question #32

Emotion-coaching parents monitor their child’s emotions, view their children’s negative emotions as opportunities for teaching, and coach children by teaching the how to label and deal effectively with emotions. This type of parenting approach tends to be associated with more positive developmental outcomes.

A FALSE

B TRUE

Question #33

Let’s pretend that we ask a young child which scenario is worse: (a) breaking 12 cups on accident or (b) breaking 1 cup on purpose. According to Piaget, a child approximately aged 4-7 will have a heteronomous morality and will likely answer ______________.

A that they do not understand the problem and cannot answer it.

B that breaking 12 cups accidentally is worse.

C that breaking 1 cup intentionally is worse.

D sometimes that breaking 12 cups accidentally is worse and sometimes answer that breaking 1 cup intentionally is worse

Question #34

Children in early childhood are more likely to play in mixed-sexed groups (i.e., boys and girls together) than same-sexed groups (i.e., groups that are composed of only boys or girls).

A FALSE

B TRUE

Question #35

Conflict between siblings tends to increase in early childhood.

A FALSE

B TRUE

Question #36

What function(s) does play serve?

A Play satisfies our basic exploratory drives.

B Play helps to advance cognitive development.

C Play can help children master anxieties and resolve conflict.

D All of the options are correct.

Question #37

Which of the following is an alternative to spanking that has shown beneficial results on children’s development?

A reasoning with the child and explaining what they did wrong and how to correct it in the future

B the use of time outs

C loss of privileges

D All of the options are correct.

Question #38

A young child who bumps into a tree may say, “Ouch! That tree hit me!” This illustrates that young children may believe that inanimate objects have thoughts, feelings, and desires, and that they are capable of action. This is referred to as _______.

A animism

B egocentrism

C conservation

D centration

Question #39

A child watches Sally put a ball in a red box in front of Anne. Sally then goes away and Anne moves the ball to a blue box. The child is then asked, “Where will Sally look for her ball?” A child who says that Sally will look in the blue box has not yet developed ________, that is the ability to understand another person’s mental state and take on another person’s perspective. When children have achieved this, they understand that sometimes people can have false beliefs about the world.

A theory of mind

B centration

C animism

D abstract thinking

Question #40

A child who is in what Piaget described as the preoperational stage of development has not yet developed ____________, that is the idea that just because an object changes its appearance does not mean that its basic properties have changed.
This means that the child in the picture would likely say that the taller glass contains more liquid than the shorter glass even though she previously saw that there was a similar amount of liquid when it was displayed in two short glasses.

A theory of mind

B animism

C conservation

D egocentrism

Question #41

Four-year-old Isabella mistakenly believes that her mother would like to receive a toy doll as a Christmas present. She has a problem distinguishing between distinguishing between her own perspective and desires and someone else’s. This best illustrates Piaget’s concept of _______.

A object permanence

B egocentrism

C animism

D conservation

Question #42

Compared with older children and adults, preschool aged children _______.

A Show no differences in the quality or quantity of their memory reports

B tend to provide less detailed, complete, and consistent reports

C are less susceptible to suggestion (i.e., they are less likely to incorporate wrong information they are exposed to into their own memory reports)

D are less likely to forget information over time

Question #43

There are rapid increases in the __________ during early childhood, which is the area responsible for planning, judgment, decision-making, impulse control, and attention.

A temporal lobe

B motor cortex

C visual cortex

D prefrontal cortex

Question #44

According to information processing approaches, which of the following is true regarding changes in attention during early childhood?

A All of the options are correct.

B Focused and sustained attention improves during this time.

C Children in this age group tend to pay more attention to stimuli that standout and are salient even when that information is not relevant.

D Younger children tend to be less efficient at planning attention and are less systematic in their decision- making than older children.

Question #45

Which of the following is true regarding handedness?

A Historically, left handed and right handed people have been treated similarly. That is, there are no significant differences in discrimination based on handedness.

B Handedness is not influenced by genetics.

C Lefthanders are more likely to show superior math and spatial skills compared with right handers.

D All of the options are correct.

Question #46

Children’s use of ___________, the appropriate use of language in different contexts, increases during early childhood. This results in children learning conversational rules and how to adapt their speech in different settings.

A phonology

B pragmatics

C syntax

D morphology

Question #47

An impaired theory of mind is most closely associated with __________.

A Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)