Midterm Exam

A  Upton Sinclair

B  Walter Reed

C  John Snow

D  Henry David Thoreau

A  Plasmodium malariae

B  Plasmodium ovale

C  Plasmodium vivax

D  Plasmodium falciparum

A  describing the scope of health problems

B  assessing variations in disease occurrence

C  the development of hypothesses

D  determining the risk of disease

E  assessing variations in disease occurrence, the development of hypothesses, and describing the scope of health problems

A  Sir Percival Pott

B  Socrates

C  Hippocrates

D  K.J. Rothman

E  John Snow

A  The case fatality rate (CFR) from that disease in the 0 to 4 age group

B  The number of deaths due to that disease during a given year

C  The prevalence for that disease during the past year

D  The incidence rate for that disease in a given period of time

E  A spot map that records all cases of the disease in the past year

A  (X/Y) x 100,000

B  (Z/X) x 100,000

C  (X/Z) x 100,000

D  (Z/Y) x 100,000

E  None of these is correct.

A  Study of cancer occurrence in populations

B  Treatment of a patient with lung cancer

C  Description of a single individual’s symptoms

D  Diagnosis of a disease in a sinlge individual

E  None of these is correct.

A  None of these is correct.

B  one cause of spurious or chance clustering

C  a new insect pest that is invading the southwest.

D  a description of disease according to person variables

E  a description of disease according to etiologic factors

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  Case series study

B  Cohort study

C  Cross-sectional study

D  Case-conrol study

A  Case series study

B  Ecologic studies

C  Case-conrol studies

D  Cross-sectional studies

A  Sampling

B  Clustering

C  Randomizing

D  Grouping

A  Mortality

B  Morbidity

C  Prevalence

D  Incidence

A  Specificity

B  Coherence

C  Temporality

D  Plausibility

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  Clostridium botulinum

B  Escherichia coli

C  Salmonella typhi

D  Staphylococcus aureus

A  Botulism

B  Listeriosis

C  Salmonellosis

D  Trichinellosis

A  Foodborne outbreak

B  Foodborne intoxication

C  Foodborne disease

D  Foodborne infection

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  Postexposure prophylaxis has prevented human rabies successfully.

B  The disease has a low medium fatality rate.

C  Outside the United States, the most common vector is Gambian rats.

A  monitoring the presence of viruses in sentinel chickens and birds

B  wearing long clothing

C  use of mosquito-eating fish

D  removing standing water around the home

E  All of these are correct

A  It is transmitted by “stealth” arthropods

B  It is transmitted frequently by contact with wool

C  It has animal reservoirs,especially birds and swine

D  The main reservoir is wild carnivores

E  None of these is correct.

A  None of these is correct.

B  also experienced comorbidity with monkeypox

C  recovered without receiving intensive care

D  required an abortion in oder to survive

E  was caused by Francisella tularensis

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  Zinc

B  Iron

C  Copper

D  Nickel

A  Cadmium

B  Beryllium

C  Mercury

D  Arsenic

A  Arsenic

B  Mercury

C  Cadmium

D  Beryllium

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act

B  Toxic Substances Control Act

C  Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

D  National Environmental Policy Act

A  National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)

B  Environmental Protection Aency (EPA)

C  National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS)

D  Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR)

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  Ecologic assessment

B  Hazard assessment

C  Dose-response assessment

D  Exposure assessment

A  Exposure assessment

B  Risk assessment

C  Hazard assessment

D  Dose-response assessment

A  Internal dose

B  Exposure dose

C  Effective dose

D  Absorbed dose

A  Toxin

B  Toxicant

C  Poison

D  Teratogen

A  Synergistic

B  Potentiation

C  Coalitive

D  Antagonism

A  Synergistic

B  Coalitve

C  Additive

D  Antagonistic

A  it was used to treat morning sickness during pregnancy

B  it was developed before the advent of rigorous clnical trials

C  it was a potent teratogen

D  it was associated with heart problems among adults

A  Experiments with volunteers who have had unintentional exposures

B  Experiments with normal volunteers

C  Experiments with cells derived from human sources

D  Studies of animals exposed to toxins

E  Dose-response assessments in human populations

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  described how environmental sanitation affected heatlh

B  argued for the creation of state health departments

C  were extremely innovative for their time

D  ultimately were adopted by public health departments and are now in use

E  All of the above

A  identified an environmental cause of cancer

B  emphasized the role of the environment in people’s health

C  described the toxic properties of sulfur and zinc

D  described the unsafe and hazardous working environment

E  None of the above

A  All of these are correct

B  brain damage

C  impairment of physical and mental development

D  some forms of cancer

E  damage to internal organs

A  Chronic illness effects

B  Vomiting and stomach pain

C  convulsions

D  Sudden onset of headaches

E  All of the above

A  Manganese

B  Iron

C  Copper

D  Mercury

E  None of the above

A  Their specific gravity exceeds that of water by five or more times

B  All of them are toxic even at trace levels

C  None of them is necessary to sustain life

D  None of the above

E  All of the above

A  Skin contact with dusts

B  Inhalation of metal fumes

C  Ingestion

D  Inhalatin of dusts

E  All of the above

A  Silver

B  Mercury

C  Berylium

D  Chromium

E  Arsenic

A  Arsenic

B  Mercury

C  Lead

D  Cadmium

E  None of the above

A  Mercury

B  Arsenic

C  Lead

D  Cadmium

E  None of the above

A  protozoa

B  rickettsial agent

C  virus

D  prion

E  bacterium

A  bacterium

B  prion

C  rickettsial agent

D  virus

E  protozoa

A  evidence of increased person – to – person transmission

B  discontinuance of DDT spraying, mosquitoes’ development of resistance, and evidence of increased person to person transmission

C  both discontinuance of DDT spraying and Mosquitoes’ development of resistance

D  mosquitoes’ development of resistance

E  discontinuance of DDT spraying

A  P.falciparum

B  P. vivax

C  P. malariae

D  P. ovale

E  None of the above

A  Q-fever

B  Measles

C  Trichinellosis

D  The “black death”

E  None of the above

A  rats and mice

B  ticks

C  mosquitoes

D  sand flies

E  All of the above

A  bite or scratch of an animal

B  ingestion of contaminated foods

C  direct inhalation

D  contact with the skin

E  All of the above

A  A zoonotic disease is always associated with transmission by a vector

B  An animal infected with zoonotic agentmaybe free from symptoms

C  Children younger than 5 maybe at reduced risk for morbidity from zoonotic diseases

D  Immunocompromised persons maybe at reduced risk for morbidity from zoonotic diseases

E  None of the above

A  all people in society should receive equal treatment with respect to environmental laws and policies

B  Preventive measures should be taken when an activity raises threats of harm to the environment

C  A strong, just, and wealthy society can be consistent with a clean environment

D  A polluter should bear the expense of carrying out pollution prevention and control measures

E  None of the above

A  A polluter should bear the expense of carrying out pollution prevention and control measures

B  all people in society should receive equal treatment with respect to environmental laws and policies

C  Preventive measures should be taken when an activity raises threats of harm to the environment

D  A strong, just, and wealthy society can be consistent with a clean environment

E  None of the above

A  Preventive measures should be taken when an activity raises threats of harm to the environment

B  A strong, just, and wealthy society can be consistent with a clean environment

C  A polluter should bear the expense of carrying out pollution prevention and control measures

D  all people in society should receive equal treatment with respect to environmental laws and policies

E  None of the above

A  By encouraging the use of public transportation

B  By encouraging the people to walk more, encouraging the use of public transporation, and colocating businesses and residences

C  By colocating businesses and residences

D  By causing greater use of private automobiles

E  By encouraging people to walk more

A  Lack of sound scientific data

B  Lack of information on risk; lack of coordination

C  Lack of government support

D  inability to coordinate and assess research information

E  Poorly defined problems

A  Lack of information on risk; lack of coordination

B  Lack of sound scientific data

C  Lack of government support

D  Poorly defined problems

E  inability to coordinate and assess research information

A  inability to coordinate and assess research information

B  Lack of information on risk; lack of coordination

C  Lack of sound scientific data

D  Poorly defined problems

E  Lack of government support

A  Inability to coordinate and assess research information

B  Lack of information on risk; lack of coordination

C  Poorly defined problems

D  Lack of government support

E  Lack of sound scientific data

A  Inability to coordinate and assess research information

B  Lack of information on risk; lack of coordination

C  Poorly defined problems

D  Lack of governmental support

E  Lack of sound scientific data

A  Their immune system are still developing

B  They spend more time indoors

C  They maybe exposed more often to toxins in the soil

D  They maybe exposed more often to toxins in outdoor air

E  They may inadvertenly ingest toxic substances

A  TLV

B  LD50

C  TFR

D  VOCs

E  AQI

A  development of herbicide resistance

B  increased crop yields

C  increased resistance of food animals to disease

D  increased nutritional value of foods

E  reduction in genetic diversity

A  Both restriction of international travel and demonstrated person to person transmission

B  Intensive animal husbandry practices

C  Demonstrated person to person transmission

D  Restriction of international travel

E  All of the above

A  at higher concentrations for much longer time periods

B  confined to a single time episode

C  more likely to be associated with acute effects than long term effects

D  at lower levels for shorter time periods

E  None of the above

A  make the food more attractive

B  keep certain products such as table salt from caking

C  protect the nutritional quality of foods

D  provide effective protection from microbial growth in storage

E  keep food free from rodent filth

A  are a significant cause of carboxyhemoglobin

B  have been demonstrated to have carcinogenic properties by themselves

C  may react with other substances to form carcinogens

D  None of the above

E  All of the above

A  The Food Additives Amendment allows low levels of substances that cause cancer in animals but not in human beings

B  The primary responsibility for safety of food additives rests with the local boards of health

C  Toxic chemicals are not permitted in food in any amounts

D  Carcinogenic chemicals are not permitted in food in any amounts

E  None of the above

A  Gently Resolved as Suitable Chemicals

B  Generally Recognized as Safe Chemical Additives

C  Greatly Researched Additives that are Safe

D  Grossly Reported As Sanitary

E  None of the above

A  Toxin

B  toxicant

C  anthropogenic form of poison

D  poison caused by bacterial activity

E  None of the above

A  Chronic disease

B  Allergic responses

C  Acute conditions

D  Disability

E  All of the above

A  food-associated illness is almost exclusively due to Salmonella

B  health hazards can be introduced at any point from harvest to consumption

C  poor canning practices cause the greatest number of fod-related intoxications

D  chemical additives are the most dangerous food associated health hazards at present

E  None of the above

A  Causal association between a toxin and biological effects

B  both causal association between a toxin and biological effects and minimum dosages needed to produce a biological effect

C  Minimum dosages needed to produce a biological effect

D  Rate of accumulation of harmful effects

E  All of the above

A  marine toxins

B  monosodium glutamate

C  Mushroom toxins

D  heavy metals

E  All of the above

A  Reducing air toxic emissions to decrease the risk of adverse health effects

B  Increasing the production of clean coal as an energy source

C  Reducing the number of days the AQI exceeds 100, weighted by population and AQI

D  Increasing use of alternative modes of transportation for work

E  Reducing the number of days the AQI exceeds 100, weighted by population and AQI; increase the use of alternative modes of transportation for work; and reducing air toxic emissions to decrease the risk of adverse health effects

A  Residue from spraying crops

B  Stored DDT in tissues of cattle

C  Vitamins to improve nutrition

D  Chemicals from food wrappers

E  Insect parts

A  portion of a substance that becomes internalized in the body

B  amount of a substance that is available to the internal organs of the body.

C  dose acquired by contact with contaminated environmental sources

D  quantity of a substance that is administered

E  quantity of a substance that is administered

F  None of the above

A  Hepatitis A virus

B  Novovirus

C  Shigella

D  Salmonella

E  None of the above