Text No. 2

A  Paleocene primates that may have been the first anthropoids.

B  Eocene organisms that may have been the first primates

C  Eocene primates that are the earliest anthropoids.

D  Paleocene organisms that may have been the first primates.

A  a long canine tooth in males.

B  a 2-1-2-3 dental formula

C  a Y-5 molar pattern.

D  bilophodont molars.

A  adaptive radiation of Euprimates.

B  development of Dryopithecus.

C  extinction of many primate species.

D  spread of Sivapithecus

A  climate change.

B  a meteor impact.

C  a disease pandemic.

D  early humans hunting them for food.

A  adapids.

B  proconsulids.

C  dryopithecids

D  proprimates.

A  orangutan

B  gibbon

C  chimpanzee

D  gorilla

A  better vision allowed for better access to fruits and small insects

B  predators had the ability to see primates better.

C  species could see predators from further away, thereby securing time to flee.

D  primate traits arose as adaptations to preying on insects and small animals

A  New World monkey.

B  anthropoid.

C  ape.

D  primate.

A  proconsulids.

B  dryopithecids.

C  adapids.

D  plesiadapiforms.

A  divisions in geologic time divided into periods and epochs.

B  the time frames during which a certain fossil species existed.

C  any time periods in the past.

D  divisions of time based on cultural standards, as in “Stone Age

A  carbon 14

B  biostratigraphy

C  electron spin resonance

D  dendrochronology

A  sea levels

B  isotope ratios

C  temperature estimated using any of several methods

D  weather

A  bones and teeth

B  ceramics

C  wooden objects

D  shells

A  These areas provided better preservation.

B  Only these areas were conducive to sustaining life

C  More populations of species lived in these areas and nowhere else.

D  Many villagers in these areas gather fossils to sell

A  index fossils.

B  radioisotopes

C  carbon 13 and carbon 12.

D  carbon 14.

A  bone

B  sedimentary rock

C  igneous rock

D  shell

A  geolayering.

B  superposition.

C  paleomagnetism.

D  fluorine analysis.

A  chronological sequence.

B  period.

C  phylogeny.

D  era.

A  avoiding risk-taking behavior.

B  avoiding violence against competitors for female access.

C  engaging in care of young

D  competition between males for access to reproductive-age females.

A  within any primate group, individuals representing different kinships, ranks, ages, and sexes often form alliances.

B  some primate societies are male only.

C  several species of primates coexist socially.

D  some primate societies are female only.

A  reproduction places different energy demands on males and females, resulting in different reproductive strategies.

B  males acquire resources to ensure the survival of their offspring

C  reproduction has similar energy demands for both sexes, so males and females respond accordingly.

D  primates do not vary in their abilities to respond to differing energy requirements.

A  relates to sexual courtship rituals in primates.

B  is the study of sexual intercourse between primates.

C  determines male and female social hierarchy.

D  tends to be lower than in groups where males disperse and compete with unrelated males.

A  emotional impulses produced randomly and involuntarily.

B  the type of predator and the predator’s attack strategy.

C  conditioning in the lab by primatologists.

D  individual factors, as in humans.

A  source, quantity, and safety.

B  cooperation, altruism, and quantity for sharing.

C  quality, distribution, and availability of food.

D  speed, agility, and strength.

A  niche competition

B  adaptive radiation

C  predation

D  habitat

A  is behavior that benefits others while causing a disadvantage to the individual.

B  occurs only between primates that are not relatives.

C  is not a beneficial evolutionary adaptation.

D  is not an advantage of cooperation within a society.

A  cladistic classifications of chimpanzees and humans, as this is most appropriate for their research.

B  anatomical classifications of chimpanzees and humans, as this is most appropriate when looking at adaptation and anatomy.

C  None of the answers

D  genetic classification of chimpanzees and humans, hence their use of the term hominid to describe human ancestors.

A  not highly adaptable to changing environments but do well in zoos

B  a healthy population living in a subtropical environment.

C  among the most endangered animals due to human exploitation of resources

D  among the most endangered animal species due to disease

A  short digits.

B  a precision grip.

C  opposable thumbs.

D  an expanded reliance on sense of smell.

A  the ability to move on four limbs.

B  the ability to brachiate.

C  adaptation to life in the trees.

D  adaptation to life in the savanna.

A  Africa.

B  Asia.

C  South America.

D  Madagascar.

A  made strictly of muscle.

B  present in most primates.

C  present in catarrhine primates.

D  present only in some platyrrhines.

A  3 / 1 / 2 / 3.

B  1 / 1 / 2 / 3.

C  2 / 1 / 3 / 3

D  2 / 1 / 2 / 3.

A  the presence of a rhinarium, forward-facing eyes, and increased parental care.

B  increased mobility, arboreal adaptation, and brachiation.

C  the presence of a rhinarium, increased mobility, and an opposable thumb.

D  arboreal adaptation, parental investment, and the presence of dietary plasticity.

A  smaller eye orbits.

B  a larger brain.

C  a reduced number of teeth.

D  an enlarged olfactory bulb and enlarged scent glands