Text No. 2

A  Paleocene primates that may have been the first anthropoids.

B  Paleocene organisms that may have been the first primates.

C  Eocene primates that are the earliest anthropoids.

D  Eocene organisms that may have been the first primates

A  bilophodont molars.

B  a 2-1-2-3 dental formula

C  a long canine tooth in males.

D  a Y-5 molar pattern.

A  extinction of many primate species.

B  adaptive radiation of Euprimates.

C  spread of Sivapithecus

D  development of Dryopithecus.

A  a disease pandemic.

B  climate change.

C  a meteor impact.

D  early humans hunting them for food.

A  adapids.

B  proconsulids.

C  dryopithecids

D  proprimates.

A  gorilla

B  orangutan

C  chimpanzee

D  gibbon

A  species could see predators from further away, thereby securing time to flee.

B  predators had the ability to see primates better.

C  primate traits arose as adaptations to preying on insects and small animals

D  better vision allowed for better access to fruits and small insects

A  ape.

B  primate.

C  New World monkey.

D  anthropoid.

A  proconsulids.

B  plesiadapiforms.

C  adapids.

D  dryopithecids.

A  any time periods in the past.

B  divisions in geologic time divided into periods and epochs.

C  divisions of time based on cultural standards, as in “Stone Age

D  the time frames during which a certain fossil species existed.

A  dendrochronology

B  biostratigraphy

C  electron spin resonance

D  carbon 14

A  weather

B  sea levels

C  temperature estimated using any of several methods

D  isotope ratios

A  wooden objects

B  shells

C  ceramics

D  bones and teeth

A  More populations of species lived in these areas and nowhere else.

B  Many villagers in these areas gather fossils to sell

C  Only these areas were conducive to sustaining life

D  These areas provided better preservation.

A  carbon 14.

B  index fossils.

C  radioisotopes

D  carbon 13 and carbon 12.

A  bone

B  shell

C  igneous rock

D  sedimentary rock

A  superposition.

B  geolayering.

C  paleomagnetism.

D  fluorine analysis.

A  era.

B  phylogeny.

C  period.

D  chronological sequence.

A  avoiding violence against competitors for female access.

B  engaging in care of young

C  avoiding risk-taking behavior.

D  competition between males for access to reproductive-age females.

A  some primate societies are male only.

B  within any primate group, individuals representing different kinships, ranks, ages, and sexes often form alliances.

C  some primate societies are female only.

D  several species of primates coexist socially.

A  reproduction has similar energy demands for both sexes, so males and females respond accordingly.

B  primates do not vary in their abilities to respond to differing energy requirements.

C  reproduction places different energy demands on males and females, resulting in different reproductive strategies.

D  males acquire resources to ensure the survival of their offspring

A  relates to sexual courtship rituals in primates.

B  determines male and female social hierarchy.

C  is the study of sexual intercourse between primates.

D  tends to be lower than in groups where males disperse and compete with unrelated males.

A  conditioning in the lab by primatologists.

B  emotional impulses produced randomly and involuntarily.

C  individual factors, as in humans.

D  the type of predator and the predator’s attack strategy.

A  speed, agility, and strength.

B  quality, distribution, and availability of food.

C  source, quantity, and safety.

D  cooperation, altruism, and quantity for sharing.

A  predation

B  adaptive radiation

C  niche competition

D  habitat

A  is not an advantage of cooperation within a society.

B  is not a beneficial evolutionary adaptation.

C  occurs only between primates that are not relatives.

D  is behavior that benefits others while causing a disadvantage to the individual.

A  anatomical classifications of chimpanzees and humans, as this is most appropriate when looking at adaptation and anatomy.

B  genetic classification of chimpanzees and humans, hence their use of the term hominid to describe human ancestors.

C  cladistic classifications of chimpanzees and humans, as this is most appropriate for their research.

D  None of the answers

A  among the most endangered animals due to human exploitation of resources

B  not highly adaptable to changing environments but do well in zoos

C  among the most endangered animal species due to disease

D  a healthy population living in a subtropical environment.

A  opposable thumbs.

B  short digits.

C  a precision grip.

D  an expanded reliance on sense of smell.

A  adaptation to life in the trees.

B  the ability to move on four limbs.

C  the ability to brachiate.

D  adaptation to life in the savanna.

A  Africa.

B  Asia.

C  South America.

D  Madagascar.

A  present only in some platyrrhines.

B  present in catarrhine primates.

C  present in most primates.

D  made strictly of muscle.

A  2 / 1 / 3 / 3

B  3 / 1 / 2 / 3.

C  2 / 1 / 2 / 3.

D  1 / 1 / 2 / 3.

A  arboreal adaptation, parental investment, and the presence of dietary plasticity.

B  the presence of a rhinarium, forward-facing eyes, and increased parental care.

C  increased mobility, arboreal adaptation, and brachiation.

D  the presence of a rhinarium, increased mobility, and an opposable thumb.

A  a reduced number of teeth.

B  smaller eye orbits.

C  a larger brain.

D  an enlarged olfactory bulb and enlarged scent glands