Text No. 2

A  Eocene organisms that may have been the first primates

B  Paleocene primates that may have been the first anthropoids.

C  Paleocene organisms that may have been the first primates.

D  Eocene primates that are the earliest anthropoids.

A  bilophodont molars.

B  a 2-1-2-3 dental formula

C  a Y-5 molar pattern.

D  a long canine tooth in males.

A  adaptive radiation of Euprimates.

B  spread of Sivapithecus

C  development of Dryopithecus.

D  extinction of many primate species.

A  a disease pandemic.

B  a meteor impact.

C  climate change.

D  early humans hunting them for food.

A  adapids.

B  proconsulids.

C  dryopithecids

D  proprimates.

A  gibbon

B  orangutan

C  gorilla

D  chimpanzee

A  species could see predators from further away, thereby securing time to flee.

B  better vision allowed for better access to fruits and small insects

C  primate traits arose as adaptations to preying on insects and small animals

D  predators had the ability to see primates better.

A  anthropoid.

B  New World monkey.

C  primate.

D  ape.

A  dryopithecids.

B  plesiadapiforms.

C  adapids.

D  proconsulids.

A  divisions in geologic time divided into periods and epochs.

B  divisions of time based on cultural standards, as in “Stone Age

C  the time frames during which a certain fossil species existed.

D  any time periods in the past.

A  electron spin resonance

B  biostratigraphy

C  dendrochronology

D  carbon 14

A  isotope ratios

B  weather

C  sea levels

D  temperature estimated using any of several methods

A  bones and teeth

B  wooden objects

C  ceramics

D  shells

A  These areas provided better preservation.

B  More populations of species lived in these areas and nowhere else.

C  Many villagers in these areas gather fossils to sell

D  Only these areas were conducive to sustaining life

A  radioisotopes

B  carbon 13 and carbon 12.

C  carbon 14.

D  index fossils.

A  bone

B  igneous rock

C  sedimentary rock

D  shell

A  superposition.

B  fluorine analysis.

C  paleomagnetism.

D  geolayering.

A  chronological sequence.

B  era.

C  phylogeny.

D  period.

A  avoiding violence against competitors for female access.

B  avoiding risk-taking behavior.

C  competition between males for access to reproductive-age females.

D  engaging in care of young

A  some primate societies are female only.

B  some primate societies are male only.

C  within any primate group, individuals representing different kinships, ranks, ages, and sexes often form alliances.

D  several species of primates coexist socially.

A  males acquire resources to ensure the survival of their offspring

B  primates do not vary in their abilities to respond to differing energy requirements.

C  reproduction places different energy demands on males and females, resulting in different reproductive strategies.

D  reproduction has similar energy demands for both sexes, so males and females respond accordingly.

A  tends to be lower than in groups where males disperse and compete with unrelated males.

B  is the study of sexual intercourse between primates.

C  relates to sexual courtship rituals in primates.

D  determines male and female social hierarchy.

A  emotional impulses produced randomly and involuntarily.

B  the type of predator and the predator’s attack strategy.

C  individual factors, as in humans.

D  conditioning in the lab by primatologists.

A  speed, agility, and strength.

B  cooperation, altruism, and quantity for sharing.

C  quality, distribution, and availability of food.

D  source, quantity, and safety.

A  predation

B  habitat

C  adaptive radiation

D  niche competition

A  occurs only between primates that are not relatives.

B  is behavior that benefits others while causing a disadvantage to the individual.

C  is not a beneficial evolutionary adaptation.

D  is not an advantage of cooperation within a society.

A  cladistic classifications of chimpanzees and humans, as this is most appropriate for their research.

B  genetic classification of chimpanzees and humans, hence their use of the term hominid to describe human ancestors.

C  None of the answers

D  anatomical classifications of chimpanzees and humans, as this is most appropriate when looking at adaptation and anatomy.

A  among the most endangered animals due to human exploitation of resources

B  among the most endangered animal species due to disease

C  a healthy population living in a subtropical environment.

D  not highly adaptable to changing environments but do well in zoos

A  opposable thumbs.

B  an expanded reliance on sense of smell.

C  a precision grip.

D  short digits.

A  the ability to move on four limbs.

B  the ability to brachiate.

C  adaptation to life in the trees.

D  adaptation to life in the savanna.

A  Asia.

B  Madagascar.

C  Africa.

D  South America.

A  present in most primates.

B  present only in some platyrrhines.

C  made strictly of muscle.

D  present in catarrhine primates.

A  1 / 1 / 2 / 3.

B  2 / 1 / 3 / 3

C  2 / 1 / 2 / 3.

D  3 / 1 / 2 / 3.

A  arboreal adaptation, parental investment, and the presence of dietary plasticity.

B  the presence of a rhinarium, increased mobility, and an opposable thumb.

C  increased mobility, arboreal adaptation, and brachiation.

D  the presence of a rhinarium, forward-facing eyes, and increased parental care.

A  a reduced number of teeth.

B  smaller eye orbits.

C  a larger brain.

D  an enlarged olfactory bulb and enlarged scent glands