Midterm Exam

A  Amino acids that are required by the body in minute quantities

B  Amino acids that are easily synthesized by the body and are not required to be consumed through the diet

C  Amino acids that cannot be synthesized by the body at all and should be taken in through the diet to meet the required amounts

D  Amino acids that are synthesized by the body in excess quantities

E  Amino acids that are normally nonessential but must be supplied through the diet when the need for it exceeds the body’s ability to produce it

A  Genes

B  Age

C  Gender

D  Weight

E  Diet

A  A 20-year-old college student

B  A 38-year-old pregnant woman

C  A 70-year-old recovering from surgery

D  A 30-year-old with extensive burns

E  A 60-year-old retiree

A  Vitamin B12

B  Vitamin C

C  Vitamin A

D  Serotonin

E  Potassium

A  The body uses excess amino acids, leading to rapid muscle growth.

B  A diet high in protein does not provide sufficient energy required to support muscle growth.

C  The excess protein causes muscle breakdown rather than building muscle tissue.

D  The body utilizes excess amino acids as fuel or stores them as fat.

E  The body starts to dismantle its tissue proteins.

A  lipoproteins

B  antibodies

C  enzymes

D  hormones

E  lysosomes

A  transporting substances around the body.

B  building enzymes and hormones.

C  maintaining acid-base balance.

D  maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance.

E  supporting growth and maintenance.

A  Infants and children need the same amount of protein as adults on a per-kilogram basis.

B  Athletes may need slightly more protein than other healthy adults.

C  Protein recommendations are based strictly on age and gender.

D  Dieters should take excess protein supplements to spare body proteins.

E  Athletes build muscle only when they consume excess protein supplements.

A  Exercise regularly to promote muscle regain.

B  Consume whole protein as it is better handled by the digestive system and will promote recovery.

C  Take amino acid supplements because they are easier to digest than whole foods.

D  Take amino acid supplements because they are an excellent way to provide energy to rebuild muscles.

E  During recovery, consume extra carbohydrate but not extra protein.

A  An 82-year-old man

B  A 20-year-old woman

C  A 28-year-old man

D  A 8-year-old child

E  A 28-year-old woman

A  The country that consumed more than 15% of total energy from saturated fat had the lowest cardiovascular death rate.

B  Saturated fat had little impact on cardiovascular death rates in the two countries with the highest total fat intakes.

C  The country with the lowest saturated fat intake had the highest cardiovascular death rate.

D  One of the countries with the highest total fat intake had the lowest cardiovascular death rate.

E  The country with the lowest total fat intake had the lowest cardiovascular death rate.

A  fatty acids

B  lipoproteins

C  triglycerides

D  sterols

E  phospholipids

A  All fatty acids have only double bonds.

B  The more carbon atoms and nitrogen atoms present in a fatty acid, the shorter the fatty acid is.

C  The more hydrogen atoms attached to carbon atoms, the more saturated a fatty acid is.

D  All fatty acids have the same chain length.

E  All fatty acids are solid at room temperature.

A  45 grams

B  10 grams

C  25 grams

D  17.5 grams

E  15 grams

A  53%

B  19%

C  71%

D  31%

E  42%

A  avocados, which are high in unsaturated fats

B  olives, which are high in monounsaturated fats

C  nondairy creamers, which are high in trans fats

D  walnuts, which are high in omega-6 fatty acids

E  flaxseed, which is high in omega-3 fatty acids

A  It is an essential nutrient.

B  Vitamin D is made with cholesterol.

C  It is a part of every cell.

D  It can be made by the body.

E  It is a component of bile.

A  iron

B  arsenic

C  iodine

D  lead

E  mercury

A  Her saturated fat intake is within the recommended range, but her percentage of calories from total fat is too low.

B  Both her percentage of calories from fat and saturated fat meet the recommendations.

C  Her fat intake is within the recommended range, but her percentage of calories from saturated fat is too high.

D  Her saturated fat intake is within the recommended range, but her percentage of calories from total fat is too high.

E  Both her percentage of calories from fat and saturated fat fall are above the recommendations.

A  Soda

B  Butter

C  Ice cream

D  Skin-on chicken breasts

E  Bananas

A  Soluble fiber converts dietary cholesterol into bile, which is recycled for use in the digestive process.

B  Insoluble fiber binds with cholesterol in the large intestine and is excreted in feces.

C  Soluble fiber binds with enzymes in the blood and is metabolized by the liver.

D  Soluble fiber binds with bile in the intestine and carries cholesterol out with feces.

E  Insoluble fiber converts into bile in the large intestine and binds with cholesterol.

A  eating large amounts of pure sugar puts a strain on the appendix, leading to diabetes.

B  fructose suppresses the human appetite in the same way that glucose does.

C  the link between sugar intake and colon cancer is weaker when total calorie intakes exceed the daily need.

D  sugar consumed in large amounts leads to obesity, even when calorie intake does not exceed calorie needs.

E  consuming sweetened soft drinks every day for a few weeks results in significant changes in blood lipids.

A  enriched processed foods

B  fruits, vegetables, and grains

C  a variety of meats

D  yogurt with live cultures

E  refined grains and added sugars

A  cooked dried beans

B  chilled cooked potatoes

C  refined white flour

D  barley

E  oatmeal

A  Increased blood cholesterol levels

B  Lowered risk of heart and artery disease

C  Lowered risk of constipation and hemorrhoids

D  Modulated blood glucose levels

E  Lowered risk of appendicitis and complications from diverticula

A  50

B  100

C  130

D  200

E  75

A  Glucose can be broken down to yield energy and carbon dioxide.

B  Water is a by-product of splitting glucose for energy.

C  Inside a cell, glucose is broken in half and these two halves have two pathways open to them.

D  Small molecules derived from glucose can be linked to form fat molecules.

E  Body fat can be converted into glucose to feed the brain adequately.

A  milk sugar

B  table sugar

C  malt sugar

D  sugar alcohol

E  fruit sugar

A  Maintaining a healthy body weight

B  Avoiding strenuous physical exercise

C  Increasing caffeine intake

D  Taking insulin injections

E  Restricting protein intake

A  they provide ketone bodies that are the preferred energy sources of the body’s cells.

B  the glucose obtained from them is an important fuel for most of the body’s cells.

C  fats cannot provide energy for cellular processes.

D  ketone bodies produced from proteins do not provide adequate energy for cells.

E  they provide amino acids that are the preferred energy sources for body processes.

A  drinks are consumed slowly.

B  the stomach is empty.

C  drinks are diluted with water.

D  carbohydrate-rich snacks are consumed at the same time.

E  drinks contain less than half an ounce of alcohol. 

A  the pupils widen. 

B  blood pressure rises. 

C  blood glucose rises.

D  breathing becomes slower and shallower.

E  fat is released from fat cells.

A  Glycogen in the muscles

B  Glycogen in the muscles and fat stores

C  Glycogen in the liver and fat stores

D  Glycogen in the liver

E  Glycogen in the muscles and liver

A  The microvilli trap nutrients so the villi cells can absorb them.

B  The villi block toxins from being absorbed into the blood.

C  The microvilli absorb nutrients into the lymphatic system.

D  The villi complete the breakdown of foods into nutrients.

E  The microvilli facilitate the digestion of a large percentage of deficient nutrients.

A  Organs, tissues, muscles, cells

B  Organs, tissues, cells, genes 

C  Cells, tissues, organs, body systems

D  Body systems, organs, muscles, cells

E  Body systems, organs, tissues, cells

A  fatty liver disease

B  malnutrition

C  inflammation

D  ulcerative colitis

E  obesity

A  Epinephrine and adrenaline

B  Epinephrine and neurotransmitters

C  Epinephrine, norepinephrine, and neurotransmitters

D  Adrenaline and insulin

E  Epinephrine and norepinephrine

A  the muscles become weak due to inactivity. 

B  the surface area of the small intestine shrinks in size.

C  the absorption rate increases due to higher nutrient demands.

D  proteins may not be available to make digestive enzymes.

E  nutrients may not get absorbed.  

A  heart

B  gallbladder

C  lungs

D  kidneys

E  liver

A  liver, gall bladder, stomach

B  liver, gall bladder, small intestine

C  pancreas, liver, stomach

D  pancreas, liver, small intestine

A  1/2 avocado, 1/2 cup yogurt, 2 tablespoons peanut butter, and 1 cup cooked spinach

B  2 ounces broiled salmon and 1 cup thick tomato sauce over 1/2 cup cooked pasta

C  1 cup bean salad, 1 cup cooked rice, and 1/2 cup tofu

D  A sandwich of 2 slices whole-wheat bread and 2 ounces ham, 1 boiled egg, and 1 cup vegetable juice

E  A sandwich of 2 slices whole-wheat bread, 4 tablespoons nut butter, and 1 tablespoon honey with salad of 1 cup raw spinach

A  Her protein, carbohydrate and fat intake all fall within the AMDR.

B  Her protein and fat intake fall within the AMDR, but her carbohydrate intake is below it.

C  Her protein and carbohydrate intakes fall within the AMDR, but her fat intake is above it.

D  Her carbohydrate intake is the only macronutrient that falls within the AMDR.

E  Her protein intake is the only macronutrient that falls within the AMDR.

A  kefir

B  edamame and tofu

C  green tea

D  grapes 

E  chocolate 

A  provides the dietary references intakes (DRI) information for comparing different products.

B  presents the daily values for vitamin D and potassium at four calorie levels.

C  serves as a reminder of the daily values for the selected nutrients.

D  is different on every label.

E  conveys information specific to the food inside the package.

A  be suspicious because this is a structure-function claim requiring no advance approval.

B  be aware that the FDA has done research on the manufacturer’s claim.

C  know this is an accurate statement because it was reviewed before being put on the label.

D  know that the manufacturer has done extensive research on the claim.

E  be likely to recommend this product because of the obvious claim.

A  restoration of health in malnourished individuals.

B  health maintenance and disease prevention in healthy people.

C  disease prevention in both healthy and unhealthy individuals.

D  reversal of nutrient deficiencies.

E  health maintenance and promotion of healing after injury.

A  Avocado

B  Quinoa

C  Oysters

D  Popcorn

E  Olives

A  3,000

B  2,000

C  1,000

D  1,500

E  3,500

A  25% more fiber than other breads

B  2.5 to 4.9 grams of fiber

C  at least 5 grams of fiber

D  at least 2 grams of fiber

E  at least 20% of the DV for fiber 

A  limit the consumption of foods from the grains group.

B  follow a diet that includes only green vegetables.

C  eat only unprocessed foods.

D  choose foods with a high nutrient density from each food group.

E  follow a diet rich in dairy products.

A  cultural tradition

B  social pressure

C  emotional comfort

D  availability

E  economy

A  Calcium 

B  Iron 

C  Cobalt

D  Nitrogen

E  Protein

A  Avoiding changes in daily routine and specific behavior

B  Admitting that change is needed and weighing the pros and cons of changing

C  Striving to integrate the new behavior into daily life and striving to make it permanent

D  Concentrating mainly on the strengths of the current eating pattern

E  Committing time and energy to make changes in behavior

A  Fats

B  Water

C  Carbohydrates

D  Protein

E  Minerals

A  Decreased bone density

B  Faster wound healing

C  Increased lean body tissue

D  Reduced risk of cardiovascular diseases

E  Improved mental functioning

A  protein

B  fiber

C  carbohydrate

D  water

E  fat

A  laboratory study

B  case study

C  epidemiological study

D  blind experiment

E  intervention study

A  37%

B  21%

C  58%

D  48%

E  52%

A  An intervention study

B  A laboratory study

C  A case study

D  An epidemiological study

E  A double-blind study

A  medical

B  processed

C  organic

D  whole

E  natural