Exam # 1

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Question #1

What marks the true division between the continental margin and deep ocean basin?

A granite-to-basalt transition

B abyssal fan

C coastline

D trenches

E shelf break

Question #2

What is a typical characteristic of passive continental margins?

A trenches

B narrow continental shelf

C coincides with plate boundary

D broad continental shelf

E volcanic activity

Question #3

What type of geologic feature is formed at the intersection of two converging continental plates?

A Mountains

B Rifts

C Spreading centers

D Volcanoes

E Subduction zones

Question #4

Hydrothermal vents typically form chimneys of _____.

A carbonate

B sediments

C mineral deposits

D granitic rock

E basaltic rock

Question #5

You collect a sediment core from a continental rise that shows successive graded beds deposited one on top of another. Each graded bed has coarse material deposited below finer material. This is evidence of:

A sea level change

B There is not enough information to tell.

C seasonal production of biogenous ooze

D subduction

E turbidity current deposits

Question #6

What is the most likely rock to be found in a drill core of a continental margin?

A Granite

B Alluvial rock

C Basalt

D Carbonate

E Shell

Question #7

Which geological processes explains why the ocean floors are so young?

A transform faulting

B erosion

C rift formation

D mountain formation

E subduction

Question #8

The compressional movement of plate boundaries, such as observed at the Juan De Fuca plate, is representative of which type of boundary?

A Transform

B Subduction

C Spreading center

D Convergent

E Divergent

Question #9

Within Earth’s mantle, convection cells move lithospheric plates toward ____ and away from ____.

A spreading centers; subduction zones

B subduction zones; spreading centers

C hot spots; spreading centers

D subduction zones; continental crust

E spreading centers; hot spots

Question #10

Which of the following is NOT evidence of the oxygen revolution?

A Fossil stromatolites

B Banded iron formation

C Reduction in UV radiation reaching Earth’s surface

D Composition of volcanic gases

E Evolution of respiring organisms

Question #11

Which condition of early Earth would be necessary to allow the process of biosynthesis?

A extreme high temperatures

B ozone in the upper atmosphere

C oxygen in the atmosphere

D oxygen-depleted atmosphere

E aerobic conditions

Question #12

The water for Earth’s ocean originated from ____.

A the sun

B volcanic activity and comets

C other planets

D volcanic activity and other planets

E solar wind

Question #13

As mountains erode, how will isostatic forces cause Earth’s crust beneath the mountain to behave?

A Subduct

B Stay the same

C Spread out

D Rise

E Sink

Question #14

Deep earthquakes typically occur at _____________.

A mid-ocean ridges

B spreading centers

C subduction zones

D fracture zones

E transform plate boundaries

Question #15

Secondary waves (S-waves) are able to pass through which layer of Earth?

A Mantle and liquid outer core

B Mantle, liquid outer core, and solid inner core

C Crust and mantle

D Crust only

E Liquid outer core and solid inner core

Question #16

Which concept describes early Earth as separated into layers by gravity, with each deeper layer denser than the layer above?

A Continental drift

B Centrifugal force

C Density stratification

D Tectonic theory

E Seismic theory

Question #17

How is the surface water above a deep trench in the ocean floor distorted as a result of the trench?

A Sideways distortion

B Upward distortion

C No distortion

D Downward distortion

Question #18

A sound pulse released from an echo sounder returns to the ship in 6.8 seconds. Assuming the speed of sound in ocean water is 4800 ft/sec, how many feet deep is the ocean at this location?

A 16,320

B 706

C 32,640

D There is not enough information to tell

E 353

Question #19

What occurs below the calcium carbonate compensation depth?

A Calcium carbonate begins to precipitate into a solid.

B Seawater becomes less acidic.

C The rate of calcareous sediment accumulation is greater than the rate of dissolution.

D Calcareous oozes start to form

E Calcium carbonate begins to dissolve.

Question #20

Which particle size has the fastest settling velocity in still water?

A clay

B coarse silt

C fine sand

D coarse sand

E silt

Question #21

If someone tells you that they are at 90° latitude, then you know they must be:

A at the International Date Line

B in the Arctic Ocean

C opposite the Prime Meridian

D there is not enough information to tell for sure

E at one of the poles

Question #22

If there is a three hour difference between “clock” noon and “shaft” noon, how many degrees west are you from your point of origin?

A 30°

B 15°

C 180°

D 45°

E 90°

Question #23

Longitude can be found using a protractor and the north polar star.

A FALSE

B TRUE

Question #24

Longitudinal coordinates must always specify a position north or south of the equator.

A TRUE

B FALSE

Question #25

Manganese nodules can grow to exceed 1 meter in diameter within about 100 years.

A FALSE

B TRUE

Question #26

Biological sediments are the most abundant sediments in total volume in the ocean due to the high productivity of organisms along the continental shelf.

A FALSE

B TRUE

Question #27

The western coast of South America is an example of a passive margin.

A TRUE

B FALSE

Question #28

Oceanic crust is both thinner and denser than continental lithosphere.

A TRUE

B FALSE

Question #29

Magma typically rises to the surface at divergent plate boundaries.

A TRUE

B FALSE

Question #30

Seismic waves provide evidence of Earth’s interior layers.

A TRUE

B FALSE

Question #31

The total amount of fresh water on Earth makes up only about 2.5% of all the water near the surface of the planet.

A FALSE

B TRUE

Question #32

Unlike today’s atmosphere, Earth’s early atmosphere lacked free oxygen.

A FALSE

B TRUE

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