Laboratory Midterm Exam

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Question #1

Wave summation occurs in the body when a sensory-neuron that innervates a skeletal muscle fiber increases the stimulation frequency.

A False

B True

Question #2

Treppe is also known as the staircase effect.

A True

B False

Question #3

Changes in the stimulus intensity of skeletal muscle will change the duration of the latent period.

A False

B True

Question #4

The term tetanus refers to sustained muscle tension due to very frequent stimuli.

A True

B False

Question #5

When the stimulus frequency reaches a value beyond which no further increases in force are generated by the muscle, the muscle has reached its maximal tetanic tension.

A False

B True

Question #6

The rate of stimulus frequency (delivery) is greater during a state of unfused tetanus than in a state of fused (complete) tetanus.

A True

B False

Question #7

When a muscle receives a stimulus frequency that causes non-overlapping twitches to follow each other closely in time such that the peak tension of each twitch rises in a stepwise fashion, the result is known as _________.

A Wave summation

B Frappe

C Motor unit recruitment

D Treppe

Question #8

Wave summation does not increase the force produced in a muscle.

A False

B True

Question #9

Wave summation is achieved by allowing the muscle to completely relax between stimuli.

A False

B True

Question #10

When a skeletal muscle is repetitively stimulated, twitches can overlap each other an result in a stronger muscle contraction than a stand-alone twitch. This phenomenon is known as ____________________.

A The latent period

B Skeletal muscle tone (or tonus)

C Wave summation

D Fatigue

Question #11

By definition, the ___________ is the amount of stimulus required to successfully recruit ALL the muscle fibers into developing active force.

A Motor unit voltage

B Maximal voltage

C Contractile stimulus voltage

D Latent voltage

Question #12

The ______________ is the minimal stimulus needed to cause a depolarization of the muscle plasma membrane (sarcolemma).

A Motor unit voltage

B Latent voltage

C Maximal voltage

D Threshold voltage

Question #13

Active tension (or force) in a skeletal muscle fiber results from _____________________.

A Detachment of the tendons from the bones in the body

B Activation of cross bridge cycling because of increased intracellular calcium levels

C Moving the muscle on its support stand

D Stretching the muscle before applying the stimulus voltage

Question #14

Motor unit recruitment refers to a(n) _____________________.

A Decrease in the number of active muscle fibers to increase the simplicity of the force development in a muscle

B Increase in the number of active muscle fibers to decrease the work a muscle must perform

C Decrease in the number of active muscle fibers to decrease the force developed in a muscle

D Increase in the number of active muscle fibers to increase the force developed in a muscle

Question #15

In a resting skeletal muscle, calcium is stored in the __________________.

A Sarcoplasmic reticulum

B Myofibril

C Sarcomere

D Cytosol

Question #16

Skeletal muscle fibers are innervated (stimulated) by ____________________.

A Symphathetic neurons

B Motor neurons

C Interneurons

D Parasympathetic neurons

Question #17

Which of the following correctly matches the twitch phase with its definition?

A The contraction phase: the time between the end of the latent period and peak muscle tension

B The latent period: the time from peak tension until the end of the muscle contraction

C The contraction phase: the time between an action potential in a muscle cell and the start of muscle tension

D The relaxation phase: the time between electrical stimuli

Question #18

A skeletal muscle twitch is _________________________.

A Multiple contractile responses to a train of action potentials

B One contractile response to a single action potential

C Multiple contractile responses to a single action potential

D One contractile response to a train of action potentials

Question #19

Which of the following is not a phase of a skeletal muscle twitch?

A Latent period

B Relaxation

C Contraction

D Hyperpolarization

Question #20

The graded depolarization in the skeletal muscle fiber that is elicited in response to one action potential from the motor neuron is called a(n) ______________________.

A EPP (end-plate potential)

B Threshold potential

C EPSP (excitatory postsynaptic potential)

D IPSP (inhibitory postsynaptic potential)

Question #21

The term skeletal muscle fiber refers to an individual ____________________.

A Sarcomere

B Skeletal muscle cell

C Skeletal muscle, such as the biceps or the triceps

D Myosin fiber

Question #22

An action potential in a motor neuron triggers the release of which neurotransmitter (to activate the sarcolemma)?

A Glutamate

B Norepinephrine

C Glycine

D Acetylcholine

Question #23

The motor neuron and the muscle fiber intersect at what is called the _________________.

A Pre-synaptic nerve terminal

B Excitatory synaspe

C Neuromuscular junction

D Inhibitory synapse

Question #24

The term motor unit refers to _______________.

A All of the motor neurons that innervate on skeletal muscle

B One motor neuron and all of the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates

C All of the activated muscle fibers within one skeletal muscle

D One motor neuron that innervates several skeletal muscles

Question #25

Skeletal muscles are composed of hundreds to thousands of individual cells called _______________.

A Myofibrils

B Sarcomeres

C Myofilaments

D Fibers

Question #26

Skeletal muscles are connected to bones by _________________.

A Joints

B Tendons

C Ligaments

D Motor axons

Question #27

Are neurotransmitter molecules released one at a time or in packets?

A One at a time

B In packets

Question #28

How is the neurotransmitter stored in the axon terminal before it is secreted?

A Contained in synaptic vessicles

B Bound to Ca2+ channels

C Neurotransmitter moves freely throughout the axon terminal

D Bound to mitochondria

Question #29

At the target tissue, neurotransmitter binds to receptor proteins on the postsynaptic membrane.

A True

B False

Question #30

Exocytosis of neurotransmitter from the axon terminal is triggered by an increase in the intracellular concentration of _________________.

A Both Na+ and K+

B Na+

C K+

D Ca2+

Question #31

Neurotransmitter is released into the synaptic gap by _____________________.

A Voltage-gated neurotransmitter channels

B Muscle contraction

C The postsynaptic membrane of the target cell

D Exocytosis

Question #32

The end of the axon where it contacts a target is called the __________________.

A Cell body

B Nucleus

C myelin sheath

D Axon terminal

Question #33

The axons from touch fibers are type A fibers, and the axons from pain fibers are type C fibers. When you stub your toe, which would you expect to perceive first?

A Neither touch nor pain would be perceived

B Pain

C Both touch and pain would be perceived at the same time

D Your toe touching something

Question #34

Action potential conduction velocity is slowest in which of the following fibers?

A Type C fibers

B Type B fibers

C The conduction velocity is the same for all three fibers

D Type A fibers

Question #35

Action potential conduction velocity is fastest in which of the following fibers?

A B type fibers

B C type fibers

C The conduction velocity is the same for all three types of fibers

D A type fibers

Question #36

Which of the following describes a C type fiber/axon?

A Large diameter and heavily myelinated

B Small diameter and unmyelinated

C Medium diameter and lightly myelinated

Question #37

Which of the following describes an A type fiber/axon?

A Large diameter and heavily myelinated

B Medium diameter and lightly myelinated

C Small diameter and unmyelinated

Question #38

Which of the following will affect axonal conduction velocity?

A The amount of myelination

B Neither the diameter of the axon nor the amount of myelination

C The diameter of the axon

D Both the diameter of the axon and the amount of myelination

Question #39

The units of conduction velocity are ______________.

A Seconds

B Volts

C Millivolts

D meters per second

Question #40

An action potential can be propagated along an axon because there are __________channels in the membrane.

A Odor-sensitive

B Temperature-sensitive

C Pressure-sensitive

D Voltage-gated

Question #41

One reason why it is harder to generate a second action potential soon after the first action potential because some of the voltage-gated Na+ channels are inactivated.

A True

B False

Question #42

When the voltage-gated K+ ion channels open initially, it becomes harder for a subsequent stimulus to depolarize the membrane to threshold.

A False

B True

Question #43

What is meant by Na+ channel inactivation?

A The Na+ channel no longer allows Na+ ions to pass through it

B The Na+ channel allows K+ ions to diffuse into the cell

C The Na+ channel opens when the membrane reaches threshold

D The Na+ channel allows Na+ ions to diffuse out of the cell

Question #44

Puffer fish must be prepared carefully and properly before they can be eaten. Eating puffer fish can cause numbness of the lips, probably because _____________________.

A Tetrodotoxin (TTX) alters the resting membrane potential of all neurons in the lips

B Action potentials from sensory neurons in the lips are blocked.

C Puffer fish do not taste good

D There are no neurons in the lips

Question #45

Lidocaine increases the likelihood of an action potential occuring.

A True

B False

Question #46

When open, Na+ channels allow _______________________.

A K+ ions to diffuse into the cell

B K+ ions to diffuse out of the cell

C Na+ ions to diffuse into the cell

D Na+ ions to diffuse out of the cell

Question #47

Voltage-gated Na+ channels are membrane channels that open ____________________.

A When lidocaine is applied to the membrane

B When tetrodotoxin (TTX) is applied to the membrane

C When the membrane is at the resting membrane potential

D When the membrane depolarizes

Question #48

What is the approximate concentration of Na+ outside a cell?

A 150 mM

B 5 mM

C 0 mM

D 15 mM

Question #49

What is the approximate concentration of Na+ inside a cell?

A 0 mM

B 15 mM

C 5 mM

D 150 mM

Question #50

What is the approximate concentration of K+ outside of a cell (extracellular concentration)?

A 150 mM

B 5 mM

C 15 mM

D 0 mM

Question #51

What is the approximate concentration of K+ inside a typical cell (intracellular concentration)?

A 15 mM

B 150 mM

C 5 mM

D 0 mM

Question #52

Solutes that require active transport for movement might be too large to pass or might be _____________.

A Too small to pass

B Lipid insoluble

C Able to move down a concentration gradient

D Lipid soluble

Question #53

The sodium-potassium pump moves _________ sodium ions and ___________ potassium ions simultaneously.

A 3 ; 3

B 3 ; 2

C 2 ; 3

D 2 ; 2

Question #54

The Sodium-Potassium Pump is classified as a(n) __________________________.

A Symporter

B Antiporter

C Uniporter

D Isoporter

Question #55

The movement of sodium and potassium maintained by the Na+/K+ pump ___________________.

A Is down a concentration gradient

B Requires diffusion

C Requires energy

D Requires energy and is against the concentration gradient

E Is against the concentration gradient

Question #56

An increase in blood pressure would probably initially _____________filtration in the kidneys.

A Block

B Increase the rate of

C Decrease the rate of

D Stop

Question #57

After filtration, the substance that pass through the filter is called the filtrate. This filtrate includes both solvent and solutes.

A False

B True

Question #58

An important place that filtration takes place in the body is in __________________.

A The muscles

B The ovaries

C The Kidneys

D The skin

Question #59

Filtration is dependent upon a _________________________.

A Kinetic energy gradient

B Osmotic pressure gradient

C Concentration gradient

D Hydrostatic pressure gradient

Question #60

Filtration is a process that _____________________.

A Is passive

B Is active and requires ATP

C Is active

D Requires ATP

Question #61

Water diffuses ________________.

A Against its concentration gradient

B Away from solutes

C Toward solutes

D By utilizing ATP

Question #62

The net movement of water would be into the cell in a __________________.

A Hypertonic solution

B Isotonic solution

C Hypotonic solution

Question #63

The variable that affects osmotic pressure is _______________.

A The concentration of impermeable solutes

B The rate of diffusion

C The concentration of permeable solutes

D The pore size of the membrane proteins

Question #64

Which of the following occurs when a hypertonic solution is added to cells?

A The cells swell

B The cells burst

C Water enters the cells

D The cells shrink

Question #65

Which of the following is true of osmosis?

A It is a type of diffusion

B It refers to the movement of solutes

C It requires energy

D Movement is against the concentration gradient of water

Question #66

When all of the membrane carriers are engaged, or busy, we say they are _______________________.

A Inhibited

B Selected

C Satiated

D Saturated

Question #67

For facilitated diffusion, increasing the concentration of glucose on one side of the membrane is the same as_____________________.

A Making the concentration gradient steeper

B Making the concentration gradient flatter

C Changing the direction of diffusion

D Adding ATP

Question #68

What variable(s) increase the rate of facilitated diffusion of glucose?

A Increasing the concentration of glucose

B Increasing the number of glucose membrane carrier proteins

C Adding sodium chloride

D Increasing the concentration of glucose and increasing the number of glucose membrane carrier proteins

Question #69

Which of the following would not affect the rate of facilitated diffusion?

A Steepness or size of the concentration gradient

B The amount of intracellular ATP

C The number of membrane carriers

D The concentration of solutes

Question #70

Which of the following is true of facilitated diffusion?

A Movement is passive and down a concentration gradient

B Movement is active and against a concentration gradient

C Movement is active and down a concentration gradient

D Movement is passive and against a concentration gradient

Question #71

Molecules need a carrier protein to help move them across a membrane because ________________.

A They are lipid insoluble

B They are lipid soluble

C They are too large

D They are lipid insoluble or too large

Question #72

_________________is reached when diffusion stops.

A Equilibrium

B Saturation

C Concentration

D Maturation

Question #73

If the MWCO of a dialysis membrane is 50, and the molecular weight of glucose is 25 grams per mole; the molecular weight of albumin is 75 grams per mole; and the molecular weight of urea is 150 grams per mole; which molecule(s) will be able to pass through the membrane?

A Glucose and Urea

B Albumin

C Urea

D Albumin and Urea

E Glucose and Albumin

F Glucose

Question #74

Larger molecules have a ______________ rate of diffusion.

A Slower

B Faster

Question #75

If the dialysis membrane is permeable to sodium chloride, then an increase in the concentration of sodium chloride should _________________.

A Make no change to the rate of diffusion

B Decrease the rate of diffusion

C Increase the rate of diffusion

Question #76

In your diffusion lab exercise, the dialysis membranes had a molecular weight cutoff (MWCO) which is related to pore size. Which of the following dialysis membranes has the largest pore size?

A 20 MWCO

B 200 MWCO

C 50 MWCO

D 100 MWCO

Question #77

In diffusion, molecules move____________.

A Against a concentration gradient

B From either high or low concentration

C From high concentration to low concentration

D From low concentration to high concentration

Question #78

The driving force for diffusion is ________________.

A The kinetic energy of the molecules in motion

B The plasma membrane

C ATP

D The membrane transport protein

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Laboratory Midterm Exam

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