Midterm

A  Credit card consumerism

B  Popular consumerism

C  Conspicuous consumption

D  Designer consumerism

A  meritocracy

B  ideology

C  stratification cognition

D  false consciousness 

E  hegemony

A  Contrary to assumptions about the culture of poverty, members of the lower class often save and take actions that might lead them to improve their situations. 

B  The poor often move into the middle class. 

C  Some people simply have a predisposition to making poor choices regarding finances. 

D  The values and norms of many Americans in all class groups include attitudes of resignation and fatalism. 

E  It tends to blame the victims of poverty for their own misfortunes, while ignoring structural causes of inequality. 

A  1 percent 

B  3 percent 

C  27 percent 

D  15 percent 

E  40 percent 

A  social structure 

B  class consciousness 

C  ideology

D  false consciousness 

E  cultural capital

A  social welfare  

B  class consciousness 

C  education 

D  ideology

E  cultural capital

A  ideology

B  slavery 

C  caste 

D  social reproduction 

E  the invisibility of poverty 

A  Weber believed that class status was inherited and was an extension of the old feudal system. 

B  Weber did not have a theory of social class. 

C  Weber did not believe that owning the means of production mattered in any way. 

D  Weber believed that wealth was the only factor that mattered, regardless of how that wealth was acquired. 

E  Weber believed that wealth, power, and prestige could all affect a person’s social class. 

A  47 percent 

B  10 percent 

C  90 percent 

D  53 percent 

E  99 percent 

A  the form of acts that come with secondary deviance 

B  deviance that actively harms someone physically 

C  instances where a rule violation is, or seems to be, an admirable act that should be supported 

D  deviance that is active and is openly embraced 

E  deviance that relates to a criminal record 

A  deviance avowal 

B  labeling theory

C  differential association theory 

D  structural functionalism 

E  structural strain theory 

A  American society is very lax in enforcing laws. 

B  Deviant behavior has become so widespread that many people think of it as normal. 

C  The goal of success is shared by a majority of people, but not everyone has equal means for achieving that goal. 

D  Deviant behavior is glamorized in the media and therefore becomes increasingly attractive to young people. 

E  There are a lot of people with inborn antisocial tendencies. 

A  symbolic interactionist 

B  retreatist 

C  conflict theory

D  pragmatic analytical 

E  structural functionalist 

A  It helps to clarify moral boundaries, reinforcing the idea that marital infidelity is wrong. 

B  It helps to deter politicians from cheating in the future. 

C  It helps to protect the family of the politician, who need scrutiny and media coverage in order to move on.

D  Being forced out of office prevents him from ever cheating again. 

E  The anger and public outcry helps to rehabilitate the offender so he won’t give in to the temptation to cheat in the future. 

A  violate a law

B  inspire feelings of revulsion or disgust.

C  depart from a norm and generate a negative reaction.

D  cause harm or injury to someone

E  be a deeply held belief

A  instrumental leaders

B  expressive leaders

C  traditional leaders

D  democratic leaders

E  charismatic leaders

A  It leads to endless rounds of discussion that tend to preclude any real action.

B  It can lead to groupthink, in which dissenting opinions are strongly discouraged.

C  It makes group members more susceptible to anomie, normlessness.

D  It reduces the degree to which members are attracted to the group.

E  It makes it much harder for the group to achieve goals.

A  the rise of hate groups.

B  anomie, or normlessness.

C  unemployment.

D  a need for new types of etiquette.

E  increasing reliance on technology.

A  False

B  True

A  False

B  True

A  when an individual possesses a role that requires him to constantly challenge others, resulting in a great deal of conflict

B  when an individual possesses a role she finds objectionable

C  when a role comes with contradictory expectations that lead to conflict within an individual

D  when an individual possesses a role that generates a great deal of controversy and conflict within her social circle

E  when one individual has multiple roles that are in conflict

A  False

B  True

A  literature

B  punctuality, neatness, and discipline

C  vandalism, truancy, and other forms of deviance

D  math, reading, and science

E  civics and the principles of American government

A  peer socialization

B  the existential dilemma

C  cooling the mark out

D  resocialization

E  impression management

A  Both football and society use hegemonic power to maintain order.

B  In both football and society, individuals have to take into account the roles and points of view of everyone else. 

C  Both football and society involve hierarchy and rules that help the elite maintain their status.

D  In both football and society, there are winners and losers.

E  Football is one of the few games that allows individual agency.

A  We modify our own behavior based on what we believe others think of us.

B    

C  We imagine how we appear to those around us.

D  We imagine others’ evaluations of us.

E  We determine whether or not our parents’ evaluations of us are similar to our grandparents’.

F  We develop a self-concept based on what we think others think of us.

A  lifelong process by which people learn the norms, values, and beliefs of their culture.

B  fact that human nature is essentially self-centered and must be unlearned.

C  interaction between commodities and social institutions.

D  process by which individuals come to know one another.

E  interaction between different societies’ cultures.

A  subculture

B  dominant culture

C  counterculture

D  subordinate culture

E  mixed culture

A  subdominant culture.

B  counterculture.

C  subculture.

D  social group.

E  cultural spin-off.

A  multiculturalism

B  folkways

C  sanctions 

D  signs

E  culture wars

A  folkways

B  laws

C  taboos

D  mores

E  all of these

A  They understand other values and beliefs within the proper cultural context.

B  Other cultures are extremely different from theirs.

C  They are part of a counterculture.

D  They are practicing cultural relativism.

E  They use their own culture as a standard of judgment.

A  Culture encompasses every aspect of social life.

B  all of these

C  Culture includes customs and rituals, as well as tools and artifacts.

D  Culture includes the habits and lifestyle choices of a group of people.

E  Culture shapes and defines who we are.

A  ethnographic fieldnotes

B  existing sources

C  experimental data

D  interview transcripts

E  statistical analysis

A  when they use interviews and participant observation

B  when they use surveys

C  when they use experimental methods

D  when they use historical research

E  when they use ethnographic methods

A  They allow respondents to opt out of a question if they don’t have an answer.

B  They allow respondents to answer in simple dichotomies, like true/false or yes/no.

C  They allow respondents to answer with their own opinions.

D  They encourage respondents to include detailed responses.

E  They allow respondents to answer along a continuum, from “strongly agree” to “strongly disagree.”

A  they have all read the prior literature on the subject area.

B  their confidentiality has been guaranteed.

C  they all belong to the target population identified by the researcher.

D  they all understand the nature of the study and what will be asked of them.

E  they have all agreed to participate in the study for monetary compensation.

A  Ethnography allows the researcher to gather abundant data on a small population.

B  Ethnography requires no training since it’s something we all do as human beings.   

C  Ethnography requires the researcher to spend little time gaining familiarity with the research subjects.

D  Ethnography allows the researcher to hold on to rigid stereotypes about others.

E  Ethnography is a quick and easy form of social science research.

A  ethical issue.

B  example of reactivity.

C  research proposal.

D  hypothesis.

E  paradigm shift.

A  psychoanalysis

B  symbolic interactionism

C  postmodernism

D  structural functionalism

E  conflict theory

A  a source of mechanical solidarity.

B  a serious source of anomie.

C  a manifest function of the border patrol.

D  a latent function of increased security.

E  a cause for repression and sublimation.

A  structural functionalism

B  symbolic interactionism

C  conflict theory

D  postmodernism

E  psychoanalysis

A  Most aspects of life are increasingly controlled through rigid rules and rationalization.

B  Increasingly, we live and work in smaller and smaller physical locations, as if crammed in a cage.

C  The conditions of modern life create a psychic prison that leaves most people discontent with civilization.

D  Increasingly, modern society has more laws and uses them to incarcerate more people in prison.

E  More and more people live under totalitarian dictators and so lose basic rights and freedoms.

A  when industrial production is perfected, so that most of the workers are unemployed

B  through a religious awakening

C  through the further development of false consciousness

D  when a vanguard party leads a violent revolution

E  when the lower classes come to recognize how society works and challenge those in power

A  a failure of the oppressed to recognize the source of their oppression

B  a kind of social solidarity based on interdependence

C  the transfer of destructive urges to socially useful activities

D  anger and disillusionment with progress

E  normlessness, or a loss of social connections

A  Macrosociological—it explains how large-scale social institutions influence individuals.

B  Macrosociological—it helps to understand how face-to-face interactions shape society.

C  Microsociological—it explains how individuals shape and create large-scale social institutions.

D  Both are useful in different ways, because they each provide different types of information about the same object of study.

A  quantitative methods

B  Globalization

C  the sociological imagination

D  Macrosociology

E  culture shock

A  We should teach people how to take better advantage of their opportunities.

B  We should consider the economic and political structures of the society.

C  We should worry about the intelligence level of the workers who have lost their jobs.

D  We should ask those who are unemployed how much they want to work.

E  We should consider the work ethic of the average citizen.

A  It will encourage growth in the field of microsociology.

B  Many people remain unaware of the intricate connections between the patterns of their own lives and the larger course of history.

C  It makes sociology classes more interesting.

D  It will help generate more jobs for sociologists.

E  It’s innately understood by nearly everyone, but rarely acknowledged.