Exam 2

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Question #1

John has been arrested and incarcerated a number of times in the last ten years. He frequently reverts back to behaviors that result in him being rearrested and reincarcerated. This dynamic is referred to as

A deviance

B making mistakes

C functionalism

D recidivism

Question #2

Primary deviance is a violation of norms that does not result in any long-term effects on the individual’s self-image or interactions with others while secondary is deviance that occurs when a person’s self-concept and behavior begin to change after his or her actions are labeled as deviant by members of society. Which sociological explanation stresses the significance of primary and secondary deviance?

A strain theory

B labeling theory

C control theory

D conflict theory

Question #3

Theories that assume that the seeds of deviance are planted in childhood and that adult behavior is a manifestation of early experiences rather than an expression of ongoing social or cultural factors.

A psychological

B sociological

C biological

D theoretical paradigms

Question #4

Which of the following theories of deviance is LEAST associated with sociobiology?

A XYY” theory: the extra Y chromosome in males causes criminal behavior

B intelligence theory: low intelligence leads to deviant and criminal behavior

C body type theory: people with muscular bodies are prone to be criminals

D social learning theory: we learn deviance from our peers

Question #5

Spousal abuse is an example of a ________

A corporate crime

B violent crime

C non-violent crime

D street crime

Question #6

Based on Merton’s typologies, what do drug addicts, the homeless, nuns living in a convent, and monks living in a monastery have in common?

A They are all ritualists.

B They are all rebels

C They are all retreatists.

D They are all conformists.

Question #7

According to control theory, when are inner controls most effective in deterring deviant behavior?

A When we fear punishment from authorities such as parents or the court system.

B When they are applied to members of the middle or upper classes

C In the presence of strong attachments, commitments, and involvement with other members of society.

D In situations where there is a strong police presence.

Question #8

All of the following acts qualify as a white collar crime EXCEPT for which one?

A a businessperson classifying parking tickets as job hunting expenses on an income tax return

B a bank teller robbing the First National bank

C a police officer taking $100 to refrain from writing a speeding ticket

D an executive writing off the corporation’s million-dollar fine as investment capital

Question #9

Which of the following best describes how deviance is defined?

A Deviance is defined by federal, state, and local laws.

B Deviance is socially defined.

C Deviance occurs whenever someone else is harmed by an action.

D Deviance’s definition is determined by one’s religion.

Question #10

The ________ theory developed by Robert Merton is based on the idea that most people want to attain cultural goals, but not everyone has the legitimate means of achieving them

A labeling

B control

C strain

D differential association

Question #11

Based on differential association theory, what is the most likely background shared by juvenile delinquents?

A They are concentrated in urban areas with a population over 25,000.

B They are from families that have a history of being involved in crime.

C They are common in families living in poverty.

D They come from regions populated by large numbers of minorities

Question #12

Prostitution is considered a

A an example of white-collar crime

B non-violent crime

C felony

D considered an example of corporate crime.

Question #13

According to Emile Durkheim, which of the following is a dysfunction social deviance?

A Causes the group’s members to Close ranks

B Prompts the group to organize in order to limit future deviant acts

C Helps clarify for the group what it really does believe in

D It causes confusion about the norms and values of a society.

Question #14

Which of the following is not a component of the criminal justice system?

A prisons

B hospitals

C the Courts

D police

Question #15

Social deviance is

A behavior that violates social norms.

B never committed by those in the upper-class

C associated with poor people

D always seen as a disgusting act.

Question #16

The Los Angeles Community College District is an example of

A a reference group

B a division of labor

C a formal organization

D an out-group

Question #17

The Solomon Asche experiment examined the extent to which people __________ to the answers others provided in the experiment.

A added

B conformed

C responded

D referred

Question #18

Two people who have just had a baby have turned from a _______ to a _________.

A couple; family

B de facto group; nuclear family

C dyad; triad

D primary group; secondary group

Question #19

Most major companies sponsor “diversity training” lectures and workshops for their employees. What is the ultimate purpose of these efforts?

A to stimulate an understanding of cultural differences

B to increase company profits and competitiveness

C to professionally develop staff

D to emphasize the qualities that will lead to a worker’s success

Question #20

Groups in which members take personal responsibility and work at a steady pace, even without supervision, are most likely headed by which classification of leader?

A laissez-faire leader

B democratic leader

C dictatorial leader

D authoritative leader

Question #21

Of the following groups, the ________ plays the most significant role in the development of the self.

A primary group

B out-group

C reference group

D in-group

Question #22

People and groups that influence our orientation to life – our self-concept, emotions, attitudes, and behaviors – are called ________.

A out-groups

B total institutions

C reference groups

D agents of socialization

Question #23

Which of the following is true regarding U.S. socialization of recent high school graduates?

A They are expected to take a year “off” before college.

B They are expected to enter college, trade school, or the workforce shortly after graduation.

C They are required to serve in the military for one year.

D They are required to move away from their parents.

Question #24

How does the mass media influence gender roles in contemporary American society?

A It encourages women to assume male roles to be successful.

B It encourages a sexless society.

C It encourages cross-gender behavior.

D It reinforces gender roles considered appropriate for one’s sex.

Question #25

Which of the following is not a characteristic of bureaucracies?

A hierarchy of authority

B coercion to join

C division of labor

D impersonality

Question #26

Different situations require that different styles of leadership be used to meet the primary goals of the group. Imagine a tour group that is lost in the desert. Which type of leadership would be best for the tour guide to adopt?

A authoritarian leader

B expressive leader

C democratic leader

D laissez-faire leader

Question #27

How does the structure and function of groups change as they grow in size?

A Members tend to form more informal relationships.

B Group members feel more strongly bonded to each other.

C Group members become more active in the decision-making process.

D Groups tend to develop a more formal social structure.

Question #28

What is a group whose values, norms, and beliefs come to serve as a standard for one’s own behavior?

A formal organization

B reference group

C aggregate

D secondary group

Question #29

It is believed by some sociologists that attempts to humanize the workplace are simply ways to manipulate workers into cooperating in their own exploitation. This belief is most aligned with the ________ perspective.

A labeling perspective

B functionalist perspective

C conflict perspective

D interactionist perspective

Question #30

Of the following groups, the ________ plays the most significant role in the development of the self.

A primary group

B out-group

C in-group

D secondary group

Question #31

Which of the following is a manifest function of schools?

A Knowing locker room etiquette

B Following a schedule

C Understanding when to speak up and when to be silent

D Learning to read and write

Question #32

What are the starting and stopping points of the development of the self during the life course?

A The self-concept begins at birth and continues as a life-long process until death.

B The self-concept begins at birth and concludes by age 5 or 6.

C The self-concept begins when a child is able to reason and concludes at about age 18.

D The self-concept begins prior to conception and concludes at birth.

Question #33

According to George Mead, in the final stage in the development of the “self”, individuals learn the common behavioral expectations of society. This is known as

A the imitation stage

B the “Looking Glass” self.

C the game stage

D the generalized other

Question #34

Which of the following is the least significant agent of childhood socialization?

A schools

B family

C the workplace

D peers

Question #35

Which type of group best describes the Los Angeles Dodgers?

A a primary group

B a secondary group

C an aggregate

D an in-group

Question #36

Based on studies of isolated and institutionalized children, what is the key variable in acquiring the basic “human” traits we take for granted?

A biological makeup

B intimate early social interaction

C strict discipline

D basic intelligence

Question #37

Of the following traits and abilities, which one would George Herbert Mead consider most essential for an individual to be a full-fledged member of society?

A the ability to take the role of another

B the influence of positive peers

C an average or above-average IQ

D a well-developed id

Question #38

From a sociological perspective, which factor does not greatly influence a person’s socialization?

A race

B blood type

C gender

D class

Question #39

Which of the following traits is least likely to be linked to “nature” (heredity) and most likely linked to “nurture” (the social environment)?

A aptitude for mathematics

B ability at sports

C temperament

D vocational choice

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