Validity of the Study

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Question #1

Match the example to the threat to validity. Researchers were examining the effect of self-esteem on depression, but they only used one self-report measure for self-esteem, and only one for depression

A Compensatory equalization of treatment

B Mono-method bias

C Inadequate preoperational explication of constructs

D Mono-operation bias

Question #2

Match the example to the threat to validity. In a study on nutrition behaviors by children, a focus group moderator keeps saying “great job” and smiling whenever one of the children talks about eating vegetables. Now, all the kids are saying they eat and like vegetables.

A Multiple-treatment interference

B Experimenter effects

C Researcher expectancies

D Compensatory rivalry

Question #3

Match the example to the threat to validity. Researchers are evaluating parenting through observing the parents one hour each day for 2 weeks. Some parents are clearly acting different than normal because they are being observed.

A Experimenter effects

B Resentful demoralization

C Evaluation apprehension

D Instrumentation threat

Question #4

Match the example to the threat to validity. Researchers are comparing which group (i.e., yoga, aerobics, strength training, control) has the most weight loss. The participants in each group are trying to lose more weight than participants in the other groups.

A Researcher expectancies

B Compensatory rivalry

C Experimenter effects

D Mono-method bias

Question #5

Match the example to the threat to validity. Researchers are conducting a panel study (i.e., longitudinal study) over 20 years, but some of the participants quit participating over the years.

A Mortality threat

B Mono-operation bias

C Compensatory equalization of treatment

D Inadequate preoperational explication of constructs

Question #6

Match the example to the threat to validity. Research assistants are trained in how to get hair samples to test cortisol levels. However, some of the research assistants are not taking the hair samples correctly.

A Inadequate preoperational explication of constructs

B Instrumentation threat

C Researcher expectancies

D Mono-method bias

Question #7

Match the example to the threat to validity. Researchers are testing HDL and LDL levels, but they need to draw blood. Some participants are afraid of getting shots.

A Compensatory equalization of treatment

B Evaluation apprehension

C Researcher expectancies

D Experimenter effects

Question #8

Match the example to the threat to validity. Researchers evaluated the effect of a nutrition musical at a school. However, teachers at the school were also teaching about nutrition in their classes.

A Multiple-treatment interference

B Compensatory rivalry

C Experimenter effects

D Researcher expectancies

Question #9

Match the example to the threat to validity. The control group was very depressed when they found out they were getting a placebo for cancer while they treatment group was getting the new cancer drug.

A Instrumentation threat

B Resentful demoralization

C Mortality threat

D Evaluation apprehension

Question #10

Match the example to the threat to validity. Researchers evaluated the effect of a new sexuality education program for children, but they only conducted the program one time in Enid, OK.

A Compensatory equalization of treatment

B Inadequate preoperational explication of constructs

C Mono-operation bias

D Pretest sensitization

Question #11

The degree to which inferences made from the study can be generalized to the broader concepts underlying study

A Internal validity

B Social interaction threats

C External validity

D Constract validity

Question #12

Social pressures in the research context impact the results.

A Constract validity

B External validity

C Internal validity

D Social interaction threats

Question #13

The extent to which the findings of a particular study can be generalized to people or situations other than those observed in the study.

A Internal validity

B Social interaction threats

C External validity

D Constract validity

Question #14

The extent to which the outcomes result from the variables that were manipulated, measured, or selected in the study rather than from other variables not systematically treated.

A Constract validity

B Internal validity

C External validity

D Social interaction threats

Question #15

Match the description to the threat to construct validity. The key variables were only measured one way.

A Evaluation apprehension

B Mono-operation bias

C Interaction of testing and treament

D Inadequate preoperational explication of constructs

E Mono-method bias

Question #16

Match the description to the threat to construct validity. Unexpected effects emerged from the treatment which makes it challenging to determine if the treatment was effective.

A Interaction of testing and treament

B Hypotheses guessing

C Inadequate preoperational explication of constructs

D Mono-operation bias

E Restricted generalizability across contracts

Question #17

Match the description to the threat to construct validity. Various treatments together created an effect.

A Inadequate preoperational explication of constructs

B Interaction of different treatments

C Experimenter/Researcher expectancies

D Mono-operation bias

E Hypotheses guessing

Question #18

Match the description to the threat to construct validity. Subjects in the study are fearful of some components of the testing which influences the treatment.

A Experimenter/Researcher expectancies

B Interaction of different treatments

C Evaluation apprehension

D Mono-method bias

E Restricted generalizability across contracts

Question #19

Match the description to the threat to construct validity. The pretest influenced the treatment, which created an additional effect beyond just the treatment alone.

A Restricted generalizability across contracts

B Evaluation apprehension

C Interaction of testing and treament

D Mono-method bias

E Interaction of different treatments

Question #20

Match the description to the threat to construct validity. The variables did not have very good operational definitions prior to the treatment.

A Interaction of testing and treament

B Evaluation apprehension

C Interaction of different treatments

D Restricted generalizability across contracts

E Inadequate preoperational explication of constructs

Question #21

Match the description to the threat to construct validity. The study was only conducted on one group who got the treatment.

A Interaction of testing and treament

B Interaction of different treatments

C Inadequate preoperational explication of constructs

D Mono-operation bias

E Evaluation apprehension

Question #22

Match the description to the threat to construct validity. Subjects in the study guess what the study is about, which changes their behavior.

A Evaluation apprehension

B Inadequate preoperational explication of constructs

C Hypotheses guessing

D Interaction of testing and treament

E Mono-operation bias

Question #23

Match the description to the threat to construct validity. The person conducting the study responds in a way that influences the subjects’ responses.

A Mono-operation bias

B Inadequate preoperational explication of constructs

C Interaction of testing and treament

D Experimenter/Researcher expectancies

E Hypotheses guessing

Question #24

Match the description to the threat to external validity. The subjects are influenced by how the researcher acts or the research study environment.

A Interaction effects of selection bias and the experimental variable

B Experimenter effects

C Multiple-treatment interference

D Pretest sensitization

Question #25

Match the description to the threat to external validity. Taking a pretest influences how subjects respond to the treatment.

A Pretest sensitization

B Multiple-treatment interference

C Interaction effects of selection bias and the experimental variable

D Experimenter effects

Question #26

Match the description to the threat to external validity. Subjects get more than one treatment which makes it difficult to determine which treatment is having the effect.

A Experimenter effects

B Multiple-treatment interference

C Pretest sensitization

D Interaction effects of selection bias and the experimental variable

Question #27

Match the description to the threat to external validity. How subjects are selected influences the outcome.

A Experimenter effects

B Pretest sensitization

C Interaction effects of selection bias and the experimental variable

D Multiple-treatment interference

Question #28

Match the description to the threat to validity. Project staff feel bad for the control group so they help them to be fair.

A Compensatory equalization of treatment

B Diffusion or imitation of treatment

C Compensatory rivalry

D Selection threat

E Resentful demoralization

Question #29

Match the description to the threat to validity. The control group develops a competitive attitude towards the treatment group.

A Selection threat

B Diffusion or imitation of treatment

C Resentful demoralization

D Compensatory equalization of treatment

E Compensatory rivalry

Question #30

Match the description to the threat to validity. The treatment and control groups differ due to how the groups were selected.

A Diffusion or imitation of treatment

B Compensatory equalization of treatment

C Resentful demoralization

D Selection threat

E Compensatory rivalry

Question #31

Match the description to the threat to validity. The control group gets discouraged and gives up after learning about the treatment group.

A Diffusion or imitation of treatment

B Compensatory rivalry

C Resentful demoralization

D Compensatory equalization of treatment

E Selection threat

Question #32

Match the description to the threat to validity. After learning about the treatment group, the control group tries to get a similar treatment to what the treatment group is getting.

A Diffusion or imitation of treatment

B Compensatory equalization of treatment

C Resentful demoralization

D Compensatory rivalry

E Selection threat

Question #33

Match the description to the threat to validity. Subjects drop out, die, or are unavailable for later measurement.

A Mortality threat

B Instrumentation threat

C Maturation threat

D Testing threat

E History threat

Question #34

Match the description to the threat to validity. Taking a pretest influences the posttest.

A Instrumentation threat

B History threat

C Regression threat

D Testing threat

E Maturation threat

Question #35

Match the description to the threat to validity. Subjects tend to score close to the average of the larger population.

A Regression threat

B Mortality threat

C History threat

D Instrumentation threat

E Maturation threat

Question #36

Match the description to the threat to validity. Events occurring outside the researcher’s influence impact the outcome

A Regression threat

B Mortality threat

C History threat

D Maturation threat

E Testing threat

Question #37

Match the description to the threat to validity. The outcome is influenced by inconsistencies with how the researcher tests or scores a study variable.

A Mortality threat

B Instrumentation threat

C Regression threat

D Testing threat

E History threat

Question #38

Match the description to the threat to validity. Normative changes in the subjects (e.g., biological changes) influence the outcome.

A History threat

B Testing threat

C Instrumentation threat

D Maturation threat

E Regression threat

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Validity of the Study

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