Validity of the Study

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Question #1

Match the example to the threat to validity. Researchers were examining the effect of self-esteem on depression, but they only used one self-report measure for self-esteem, and only one for depression

A Mono-operation bias

B Inadequate preoperational explication of constructs

C Mono-method bias

D Compensatory equalization of treatment

Question #2

Match the example to the threat to validity. In a study on nutrition behaviors by children, a focus group moderator keeps saying “great job” and smiling whenever one of the children talks about eating vegetables. Now, all the kids are saying they eat and like vegetables.

A Compensatory rivalry

B Multiple-treatment interference

C Experimenter effects

D Researcher expectancies

Question #3

Match the example to the threat to validity. Researchers are evaluating parenting through observing the parents one hour each day for 2 weeks. Some parents are clearly acting different than normal because they are being observed.

A Instrumentation threat

B Resentful demoralization

C Experimenter effects

D Evaluation apprehension

Question #4

Match the example to the threat to validity. Researchers are comparing which group (i.e., yoga, aerobics, strength training, control) has the most weight loss. The participants in each group are trying to lose more weight than participants in the other groups.

A Researcher expectancies

B Mono-method bias

C Compensatory rivalry

D Experimenter effects

Question #5

Match the example to the threat to validity. Researchers are conducting a panel study (i.e., longitudinal study) over 20 years, but some of the participants quit participating over the years.

A Compensatory equalization of treatment

B Mortality threat

C Mono-operation bias

D Inadequate preoperational explication of constructs

Question #6

Match the example to the threat to validity. Research assistants are trained in how to get hair samples to test cortisol levels. However, some of the research assistants are not taking the hair samples correctly.

A Mono-method bias

B Instrumentation threat

C Inadequate preoperational explication of constructs

D Researcher expectancies

Question #7

Match the example to the threat to validity. Researchers are testing HDL and LDL levels, but they need to draw blood. Some participants are afraid of getting shots.

A Researcher expectancies

B Experimenter effects

C Evaluation apprehension

D Compensatory equalization of treatment

Question #8

Match the example to the threat to validity. Researchers evaluated the effect of a nutrition musical at a school. However, teachers at the school were also teaching about nutrition in their classes.

A Researcher expectancies

B Multiple-treatment interference

C Experimenter effects

D Compensatory rivalry

Question #9

Match the example to the threat to validity. The control group was very depressed when they found out they were getting a placebo for cancer while they treatment group was getting the new cancer drug.

A Evaluation apprehension

B Mortality threat

C Instrumentation threat

D Resentful demoralization

Question #10

Match the example to the threat to validity. Researchers evaluated the effect of a new sexuality education program for children, but they only conducted the program one time in Enid, OK.

A Inadequate preoperational explication of constructs

B Pretest sensitization

C Compensatory equalization of treatment

D Mono-operation bias

Question #11

The degree to which inferences made from the study can be generalized to the broader concepts underlying study

A Internal validity

B Social interaction threats

C Constract validity

D External validity

Question #12

Social pressures in the research context impact the results.

A External validity

B Social interaction threats

C Internal validity

D Constract validity

Question #13

The extent to which the findings of a particular study can be generalized to people or situations other than those observed in the study.

A Social interaction threats

B External validity

C Internal validity

D Constract validity

Question #14

The extent to which the outcomes result from the variables that were manipulated, measured, or selected in the study rather than from other variables not systematically treated.

A Social interaction threats

B External validity

C Constract validity

D Internal validity

Question #15

Match the description to the threat to construct validity. The key variables were only measured one way.

A Mono-operation bias

B Interaction of testing and treament

C Evaluation apprehension

D Inadequate preoperational explication of constructs

E Mono-method bias

Question #16

Match the description to the threat to construct validity. Unexpected effects emerged from the treatment which makes it challenging to determine if the treatment was effective.

A Hypotheses guessing

B Inadequate preoperational explication of constructs

C Restricted generalizability across contracts

D Interaction of testing and treament

E Mono-operation bias

Question #17

Match the description to the threat to construct validity. Various treatments together created an effect.

A Experimenter/Researcher expectancies

B Hypotheses guessing

C Mono-operation bias

D Interaction of different treatments

E Inadequate preoperational explication of constructs

Question #18

Match the description to the threat to construct validity. Subjects in the study are fearful of some components of the testing which influences the treatment.

A Mono-method bias

B Evaluation apprehension

C Interaction of different treatments

D Restricted generalizability across contracts

E Experimenter/Researcher expectancies

Question #19

Match the description to the threat to construct validity. The pretest influenced the treatment, which created an additional effect beyond just the treatment alone.

A Evaluation apprehension

B Restricted generalizability across contracts

C Interaction of testing and treament

D Interaction of different treatments

E Mono-method bias

Question #20

Match the description to the threat to construct validity. The variables did not have very good operational definitions prior to the treatment.

A Inadequate preoperational explication of constructs

B Evaluation apprehension

C Interaction of different treatments

D Interaction of testing and treament

E Restricted generalizability across contracts

Question #21

Match the description to the threat to construct validity. The study was only conducted on one group who got the treatment.

A Inadequate preoperational explication of constructs

B Interaction of testing and treament

C Interaction of different treatments

D Mono-operation bias

E Evaluation apprehension

Question #22

Match the description to the threat to construct validity. Subjects in the study guess what the study is about, which changes their behavior.

A Interaction of testing and treament

B Evaluation apprehension

C Mono-operation bias

D Hypotheses guessing

E Inadequate preoperational explication of constructs

Question #23

Match the description to the threat to construct validity. The person conducting the study responds in a way that influences the subjects’ responses.

A Hypotheses guessing

B Inadequate preoperational explication of constructs

C Experimenter/Researcher expectancies

D Mono-operation bias

E Interaction of testing and treament

Question #24

Match the description to the threat to external validity. The subjects are influenced by how the researcher acts or the research study environment.

A Experimenter effects

B Multiple-treatment interference

C Pretest sensitization

D Interaction effects of selection bias and the experimental variable

Question #25

Match the description to the threat to external validity. Taking a pretest influences how subjects respond to the treatment.

A Experimenter effects

B Multiple-treatment interference

C Pretest sensitization

D Interaction effects of selection bias and the experimental variable

Question #26

Match the description to the threat to external validity. Subjects get more than one treatment which makes it difficult to determine which treatment is having the effect.

A Interaction effects of selection bias and the experimental variable

B Experimenter effects

C Multiple-treatment interference

D Pretest sensitization

Question #27

Match the description to the threat to external validity. How subjects are selected influences the outcome.

A Experimenter effects

B Interaction effects of selection bias and the experimental variable

C Multiple-treatment interference

D Pretest sensitization

Question #28

Match the description to the threat to validity. Project staff feel bad for the control group so they help them to be fair.

A Compensatory rivalry

B Resentful demoralization

C Diffusion or imitation of treatment

D Selection threat

E Compensatory equalization of treatment

Question #29

Match the description to the threat to validity. The control group develops a competitive attitude towards the treatment group.

A Resentful demoralization

B Compensatory equalization of treatment

C Selection threat

D Diffusion or imitation of treatment

E Compensatory rivalry

Question #30

Match the description to the threat to validity. The treatment and control groups differ due to how the groups were selected.

A Diffusion or imitation of treatment

B Selection threat

C Compensatory equalization of treatment

D Resentful demoralization

E Compensatory rivalry

Question #31

Match the description to the threat to validity. The control group gets discouraged and gives up after learning about the treatment group.

A Selection threat

B Diffusion or imitation of treatment

C Resentful demoralization

D Compensatory equalization of treatment

E Compensatory rivalry

Question #32

Match the description to the threat to validity. After learning about the treatment group, the control group tries to get a similar treatment to what the treatment group is getting.

A Compensatory rivalry

B Selection threat

C Compensatory equalization of treatment

D Resentful demoralization

E Diffusion or imitation of treatment

Question #33

Match the description to the threat to validity. Subjects drop out, die, or are unavailable for later measurement.

A Instrumentation threat

B Mortality threat

C Maturation threat

D Testing threat

E History threat

Question #34

Match the description to the threat to validity. Taking a pretest influences the posttest.

A Regression threat

B History threat

C Testing threat

D Maturation threat

E Instrumentation threat

Question #35

Match the description to the threat to validity. Subjects tend to score close to the average of the larger population.

A Mortality threat

B Regression threat

C History threat

D Instrumentation threat

E Maturation threat

Question #36

Match the description to the threat to validity. Events occurring outside the researcher’s influence impact the outcome

A Testing threat

B Regression threat

C History threat

D Maturation threat

E Mortality threat

Question #37

Match the description to the threat to validity. The outcome is influenced by inconsistencies with how the researcher tests or scores a study variable.

A Regression threat

B Testing threat

C Mortality threat

D Instrumentation threat

E History threat

Question #38

Match the description to the threat to validity. Normative changes in the subjects (e.g., biological changes) influence the outcome.

A Testing threat

B Regression threat

C History threat

D Maturation threat

E Instrumentation threat

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Validity of the Study

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