Exam 2

A  Decreased heart rate

B  Decreased oxygen delivery to the brain

C  Dehydration

D  Metabolic acidosis

E  Decreased airway dilation

A  Increased digestive activities

B  Increased lipolysis

C  Increased glycogenesis

D  Increased breakdown of proteins

E  Increased gluconeogenesis

A  Steroids

B  Nitric oxide

C  Peptide hormones

D  Thyroid hormones

E  Amine hormones

A  Calcitonin

B  Thyroid hormones

C  Somatostatin

D  Glucagon

E  Insulin

A  circulating effect.

B  permissive effect.

C  local effect.

D  antagonistic effect.

E  synergistic effect.

A  Controls growth and development

B  Regulates chemical composition and volume of the internal environment

C  Regulates metabolism

D  Produces electrolytes

A  5

B  7

C  10

D  12

E  unlimited

A  paracrine.

B  circulating hormone.

C  autocrine.

D  local hormone.

A  Erythropoietin blocks formation of erythrocytes.

B  Calcitonin is the primary regulator of Ca2+ needed for contraction.

C  Epinephrine helps increase blood flow to exercising muscle.

D  ADH promotes water loss.

E  Thyroid hormone decreases muscle mass.

A  Follicle-stimulating hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone

B  Melatonin-stimulating hormone and oxytocin

C  Prolactin and growth hormone

D  Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone

E  Prolactin and ACTH

A  Melanocyte stimulating hormone

B  Adrenocorticotropic hormone

C  Prolactin

D  Luteinizing hormone

E  Thyrotropin

A  Leutinizing hormone

B  Adrenocorticotropic hormone

C  Prolactin

D  Melanocyte-stimulating hormone

E  Insulin-like growth factors

A  Hormones released from the hypothalamus

B  Chemical changes in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

C  The peripheral nervous system

D  Muscle contraction

E  Action potentials from the thalamus

A  Protein and fat breakdown

B  Glucose formation

C  Reduction of inflammation

D  Increased production of all types of blood cells

E  Depression of immune responses

A  Manganese

B  Chloride

C  Calcium

D  Sodium

E  Potassium

A  Gonadotrophs

B  Somatotrophs

C  Corticotrophs

D  Thyrotrophs

E  Lactotrophs

A  Thyrotropin

B  Adrenocorticotropic hormone

C  Luteinizing hormone

D  Growth hormone

E  Prolactin

A  Iodination of tyrosine

B  Oxidation of iodide

C  Iodide trapping

D  Synthesis of calcitonin

E  Coupling of T1 and T2

A  Signals from the nervous system

B  Both Signals from the nervous system and Chemical changes in the blood

C  Mechanical stretching of the endocrine cell

D  Chemical changes in the blood

E  Releasing hormones.

A  Epinephrine release

B  Gluconeogenesis

C  Glycogenolysis

D  Calcitonin downregulation

E  Glycogenesis

A  Plasma proteins

B  Messenger RNA

C  Cyclic AMP

D  Calcium

E  Chromatin

A  Parasympathetic

B  Sympathetic

C  Sensory

D  Somatic

E  Central

A  Down-regulation

B  Up-regulation

C  Sensory adaptation

D  Paracrine regulation

E  Receptor recognition

A  Depression of immune responses

B  Protein and fat breakdown

C  Glucose formation

D  Increased production of all types of blood cells

E  Reduction of inflammation

A  Testosterone

B  Human growth hormone

C  Oxytocin

D  All of these options are prime examples

E  Calcitonin

A  Human Growth Hormone and testosterone

B  All of these are synergistic pairs

C  Epinephrine and norepinephrine

D  Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone

E  Follicle stimulating hormone and estrogen

A  Photoreceptors

B  Gustatory receptors

C  Gustatory and Olfactory receptors

D  Olfactory receptors

E  All of these receptors regenerate after cell death

A  All of these are correct answers

B  Bind with receptors located on the cell membrane

C  Activate second-messenger systems within their target cells

D  include steroids and thyroid hormone

A  Thyroid stimulating hormone

B  Corticotropin releasing hormone

C  Luteinizing hormone

D  Growth hormone

E  Follicle stimulating hormone

A  Hormone A stimulates hormone B; hormone B then inhibits hormone C

B  Hormone A stimulates hormone B; hormone B then inhibits hormone A

C  Hormone A inhibits hormone B; hormone B then inhibits hormone C

D  Hormone A stimulates hormone B; hormone B then stimulates hormone A

E  Hormone A inhibits hormone B; hormone B then inhibits hormone A

A  Glucagon

B  Adrenocorticotropic hormone

C  Thyroid hormone

D  Calcitonin

E  Insulin

A  is only seen in humans.

B  is all of these choices

C  occurs when one eye focuses on two separate objects.

D  provides more accurate color vision.

E  gives better depth perception.

A  from the vestibule to the pharynx.

B  only in the mid-nasal ridges.

C  only in the superior portion of the nasal cavity.

D  throughout the nasal cavity.

E  only in the inferior portion of the nasal cavity.

A  occurs slowly.

B  increases sensitivity to that odorant.

C  enhances gustation.

D  does not occur.

E  occurs rapidly.

A  tickle.

B  itch.

C  temperature.

D  pain.

E  pressure.

A  to sense muscle fatigue.

B  to sense referred pain.

C  to perceive cutaneous sensations.

D  to sense changes in muscle length.

A  body temperature.

B  color vision.

C  pain.

D  body position.

E  visual acuity.

A  Visceral pain

B  Referred pain

C  Sympathetic pain

D  Fast pain

E  Slow pain

A  The photoreceptor cell undergoes hyperpolarization.

B  The photoreceptor cell undergoes rapid depolarization.

C  A graded potential proportional to the intensity of the light stimulus occurs in the photoreceptor cell.

D  No changes in the membrane potential occur.

E  The photoreceptor cell creates action potentials at a frequency proportional to the intensity of the light stimulus.

A  receives information from the taste buds.

B  contains only motor neurons.

C  projects directly to the primary olfactory cortex and to the limbic system and hypothalamus.

D  conducts impulses directly to the thalamus.

A  generation of action potentials in the optic nerve.

B  absorption of scattered light by the pigmented epithelium.

C  activation of amacrine cells.

D  absorption of light by photopigments.

A  perception.

B  transduction.

C  selectivity.

D  modality

E  adaptation.

A  photoreceptor

B  mechanoreceptor

C  thermoreceptor

D  chemoreceptor

E  osmoreceptor

A  maculae of the vestibule

B  semicircular canals

C  vestibulocochlear nerve

D  cochlea

E  organ of Corti

A  Interoceptors

B  Exteroreceptors

C  Nociceptors

D  Proprioceptors

E  None of the answers selections are correct

A  thermoreceptors.

B  Pacinian corpuscles.

C  nociceptors.

D  proprioceptors.

E  exteroreceptors.

A  cochlea

B  vestibulocochlear nerve

C  tympanic membrane

D  pinna

E  organ of Corti

A  Hundreds

B  Dozens

C  Thousands

D  One

E  None

A  All of the options listed are correct

B  Proprioceptive sensations allow us to determine position of body structures relative to each other.

C  Proprioceptive sensations allow us to estimate the weight of certain objects.

D  Proprioceptors are also embedded in muscles and tendons

E  Proprioceptive sensations include static and dynamic equilibrium.

A  Cerebral cortex

B  Medulla oblongata

C  Thalamus

D  Midbrain

E  Spinal cord

A  All of the options are correct

B  Requires an adequate level of stimulus

C  Stems from generation of receptor potentials

D  Is called transduction

A  Stimulus transduction

B  Implementation of a motor response

C  Integration of sensory input

D  Generation of nerve impulse

E  Sensory Reception

A  Thermoreceptors

B  Proprioreceptors

C  Chemoreceptors

D  Baroreceptors

E  Mechanoreceptors

A  Salts

B  Bases

C  Acids

D  Alkaloids

E  Sugars

A  Thalamus

B  Cerebral cortex

C  Midbrain

D  Spinal cord

E  Medulla oblongata

A  Inner ear / Vestibular apparatus

B  Skin surface

C  Organs

A  Skin surface

B  Inner ear / Vestibular apparatus

C  Organs

A  Organs

B  Inner ear / Vestibular apparatus

C  Skin surface

A  Umami

B  Salt

C  Bitter

D  Sweet

E  Sour

A  Spinothalamic

B  Spinocerebellar

C  Corticospinal

A  Photoreceptor – light

B  Thermoreceptor – heat and cold

C  Nociceptor – solute concentration

D  Mechanoreceptor – skeletal muscle stretch

E  Chemoreceptor – oxygen concentration

A  norepinephrine and muscarine.

B  somatostatin and nicotine.

C  nicotine and adrenaline.

D  norepinephrine and acetylcholine.

E  muscarine and acetylcholine.

A  Somatosensory neurons.

B  Postganglionic sympathetic neurons

C  Preganglionic sympathetic neurons

D  Preganglionic parasympathetic neurons

E  Somatic motor neurons

A  rami communicantes

B  superior sacral ganglion

C  dorsal rami

D  ventral rami

A  Somatic motorneurons

B  Parasympathetic postganglionic neurons

C  Sympathetic postganglionic neurons

D  Sympathetic preganglionic neurons

E  Both sympathetic and parasympathetic postganglionic neurons

A  Forms the first part of an autonomic motor pathway.

B  Has myelinated axons.

C  Has axons that exit the CNS in a cranial or spinal nerve.

D  Has its cell body in the brain or spinal cord.

E  Forms gap junctions with postganglionic neurons in autonomic ganglia.

A  Somatostatic and nicotinic receptors

B  Nicotinic and adrenergic receptors

C  Nicotinic and muscarinic receptors

D  Adrenergic and somatic receptors

E  Muscarinic and somatic receptors

A  Short preganglionic neurons

B  Ganglia primarily found in the head

C  Thoracolumbar output

D  Stimulates sweat glands

A  Craniosacral division

B  Somatic nervous system

C  Parasympathetic

D  Sympathetic

E  Autonomic ganglia

A  is the first part of an autonomic motor pathway.

B  has its axons exiting the CNS through cranial nerves.

C  carries information into the sympathetic chain ganglia.

D  releases neurotransmitter that binds to the effector cell.

E  has its cell body in the brain or spinal cord.

A  Long preganglionic neurons

B  Ganglia found near visceral effectors/targets

C  Sacral spinal cord output

D  Synapses with sweat glands in skin

A  receptor – motor neuron – integrating center – sensory neuron – effector

B  receptor – sensory neuron – integrating center – motor neuron – effector

C  integrating center – receptor – sensory neuron – motor neuron – effector

D  receptor – sensory neuron – motor neuron – effector – integrating center

E  effector – sensory neuron – integrating center – motor neuron – receptor

A  Increased heart rate

B  Increased blood glucose level

C  Increased blood flow to skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, liver and fat

D  Airway constriction

E  Decreased blood flow to kidneys and gastrointestinal tract

A  Elevated heart rate

B  High levels of cortisol

C  All of these options are immediate sympathetic responses

D  Pupil dilation

E  Elevated blood pressure

A  skeletal muscles and glands; smooth muscle and cardiac muscle

B  glands; skeletal muscles, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle

C  skeletal muscles; smooth muscle only

D  striated muscles; smooth muscle and glands

E  skeletal muscles; smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

A  Emotion

B  Posture

C  Balance

D  Coordination

E  All of the following are functions of the spinocerebellar pathway

A  Voluntary movement

B  Both sensation and voluntary movement

C  Sensation

D  Blood

E  Intelligence

A  Hamstring, opposite leg of stimulus

B  Quadriceps and Hamstring of the same leg

C  Quadriceps and Hamstring of the opposite leg

D  Hamstring, same leg as stimulus

E  Quadriceps, same leg as stimulus

F  Quadriceps, opposite leg of stimulus

A  Smooth muscle

B  Skeletal muscle

C  Cardiac muscle

D  Exocrine glands

E  Endocrine glands

A  increasing activity in the effector

B  All of these options are correct

C  decreasing activity in the effector

D  increasing the size of the action potential between neurons

A  Relaxation of both agonist and antagonist muscles

B  Contraction of the antagonist muscle and relaxation of agonist muscle

C  Contraction of the agonist muscle and relaxation of the antagonist muscle

D  Contraction of both agonist and antagonist muscles

A  Relaxation of both agonist and antagonist muscles

B  Contraction of the antagonist muscle and relaxation of agonist muscle

C  Contraction of the agonist muscle and relaxation of the antagonist muscle

D  Contraction of both agonist and antagonist muscles

A  Effector

B  Sensory receptor

C  Integration center

D  Motor neuron

E  Sensory neuron

A  Flexor

B  Stretch

C  Visceral

D  Blinking

E  Withdrawal

A  Poorly localized

B  Impulses carried along myelinated fibers

C  Propagate along small-diameter fibers

D  Persists for a long time