Exam 2

A  Metabolic acidosis

B  Decreased oxygen delivery to the brain

C  Dehydration

D  Decreased heart rate

E  Decreased airway dilation

A  Increased gluconeogenesis

B  Increased digestive activities

C  Increased breakdown of proteins

D  Increased glycogenesis

E  Increased lipolysis

A  Amine hormones

B  Steroids

C  Nitric oxide

D  Thyroid hormones

E  Peptide hormones

A  Somatostatin

B  Insulin

C  Thyroid hormones

D  Calcitonin

E  Glucagon

A  circulating effect.

B  local effect.

C  antagonistic effect.

D  synergistic effect.

E  permissive effect.

A  Produces electrolytes

B  Regulates metabolism

C  Regulates chemical composition and volume of the internal environment

D  Controls growth and development

A  7

B  12

C  5

D  10

E  unlimited

A  local hormone.

B  circulating hormone.

C  paracrine.

D  autocrine.

A  Erythropoietin blocks formation of erythrocytes.

B  Thyroid hormone decreases muscle mass.

C  ADH promotes water loss.

D  Calcitonin is the primary regulator of Ca2+ needed for contraction.

E  Epinephrine helps increase blood flow to exercising muscle.

A  Melatonin-stimulating hormone and oxytocin

B  Prolactin and growth hormone

C  Follicle-stimulating hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone

D  Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone

E  Prolactin and ACTH

A  Luteinizing hormone

B  Adrenocorticotropic hormone

C  Melanocyte stimulating hormone

D  Thyrotropin

E  Prolactin

A  Leutinizing hormone

B  Insulin-like growth factors

C  Prolactin

D  Adrenocorticotropic hormone

E  Melanocyte-stimulating hormone

A  Muscle contraction

B  Chemical changes in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

C  Hormones released from the hypothalamus

D  The peripheral nervous system

E  Action potentials from the thalamus

A  Depression of immune responses

B  Reduction of inflammation

C  Increased production of all types of blood cells

D  Protein and fat breakdown

E  Glucose formation

A  Chloride

B  Potassium

C  Calcium

D  Manganese

E  Sodium

A  Gonadotrophs

B  Lactotrophs

C  Thyrotrophs

D  Somatotrophs

E  Corticotrophs

A  Adrenocorticotropic hormone

B  Growth hormone

C  Prolactin

D  Thyrotropin

E  Luteinizing hormone

A  Oxidation of iodide

B  Iodide trapping

C  Synthesis of calcitonin

D  Coupling of T1 and T2

E  Iodination of tyrosine

A  Releasing hormones.

B  Signals from the nervous system

C  Mechanical stretching of the endocrine cell

D  Chemical changes in the blood

E  Both Signals from the nervous system and Chemical changes in the blood

A  Glycogenolysis

B  Calcitonin downregulation

C  Gluconeogenesis

D  Glycogenesis

E  Epinephrine release

A  Chromatin

B  Cyclic AMP

C  Calcium

D  Plasma proteins

E  Messenger RNA

A  Central

B  Sensory

C  Sympathetic

D  Parasympathetic

E  Somatic

A  Paracrine regulation

B  Receptor recognition

C  Sensory adaptation

D  Up-regulation

E  Down-regulation

A  Reduction of inflammation

B  Depression of immune responses

C  Protein and fat breakdown

D  Increased production of all types of blood cells

E  Glucose formation

A  Oxytocin

B  Human growth hormone

C  All of these options are prime examples

D  Testosterone

E  Calcitonin

A  All of these are synergistic pairs

B  Epinephrine and norepinephrine

C  Follicle stimulating hormone and estrogen

D  Human Growth Hormone and testosterone

E  Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone

A  All of these receptors regenerate after cell death

B  Photoreceptors

C  Gustatory and Olfactory receptors

D  Olfactory receptors

E  Gustatory receptors

A  include steroids and thyroid hormone

B  Activate second-messenger systems within their target cells

C  Bind with receptors located on the cell membrane

D  All of these are correct answers

A  Thyroid stimulating hormone

B  Luteinizing hormone

C  Follicle stimulating hormone

D  Corticotropin releasing hormone

E  Growth hormone

A  Hormone A stimulates hormone B; hormone B then stimulates hormone A

B  Hormone A inhibits hormone B; hormone B then inhibits hormone A

C  Hormone A stimulates hormone B; hormone B then inhibits hormone A

D  Hormone A inhibits hormone B; hormone B then inhibits hormone C

E  Hormone A stimulates hormone B; hormone B then inhibits hormone C

A  Thyroid hormone

B  Insulin

C  Adrenocorticotropic hormone

D  Glucagon

E  Calcitonin

A  is only seen in humans.

B  is all of these choices

C  occurs when one eye focuses on two separate objects.

D  gives better depth perception.

E  provides more accurate color vision.

A  only in the superior portion of the nasal cavity.

B  only in the inferior portion of the nasal cavity.

C  from the vestibule to the pharynx.

D  only in the mid-nasal ridges.

E  throughout the nasal cavity.

A  does not occur.

B  occurs slowly.

C  increases sensitivity to that odorant.

D  occurs rapidly.

E  enhances gustation.

A  itch.

B  tickle.

C  pressure.

D  temperature.

E  pain.

A  to sense referred pain.

B  to sense changes in muscle length.

C  to sense muscle fatigue.

D  to perceive cutaneous sensations.

A  body temperature.

B  body position.

C  visual acuity.

D  color vision.

E  pain.

A  Sympathetic pain

B  Visceral pain

C  Fast pain

D  Slow pain

E  Referred pain

A  No changes in the membrane potential occur.

B  A graded potential proportional to the intensity of the light stimulus occurs in the photoreceptor cell.

C  The photoreceptor cell undergoes rapid depolarization.

D  The photoreceptor cell undergoes hyperpolarization.

E  The photoreceptor cell creates action potentials at a frequency proportional to the intensity of the light stimulus.

A  contains only motor neurons.

B  conducts impulses directly to the thalamus.

C  receives information from the taste buds.

D  projects directly to the primary olfactory cortex and to the limbic system and hypothalamus.

A  generation of action potentials in the optic nerve.

B  activation of amacrine cells.

C  absorption of light by photopigments.

D  absorption of scattered light by the pigmented epithelium.

A  selectivity.

B  modality

C  adaptation.

D  transduction.

E  perception.

A  chemoreceptor

B  thermoreceptor

C  mechanoreceptor

D  photoreceptor

E  osmoreceptor

A  organ of Corti

B  vestibulocochlear nerve

C  cochlea

D  semicircular canals

E  maculae of the vestibule

A  Nociceptors

B  Exteroreceptors

C  None of the answers selections are correct

D  Interoceptors

E  Proprioceptors

A  proprioceptors.

B  nociceptors.

C  Pacinian corpuscles.

D  exteroreceptors.

E  thermoreceptors.

A  organ of Corti

B  cochlea

C  vestibulocochlear nerve

D  pinna

E  tympanic membrane

A  Thousands

B  Dozens

C  Hundreds

D  None

E  One

A  Proprioceptive sensations allow us to determine position of body structures relative to each other.

B  All of the options listed are correct

C  Proprioceptive sensations allow us to estimate the weight of certain objects.

D  Proprioceptors are also embedded in muscles and tendons

E  Proprioceptive sensations include static and dynamic equilibrium.

A  Thalamus

B  Spinal cord

C  Cerebral cortex

D  Midbrain

E  Medulla oblongata

A  Requires an adequate level of stimulus

B  Stems from generation of receptor potentials

C  Is called transduction

D  All of the options are correct

A  Implementation of a motor response

B  Generation of nerve impulse

C  Stimulus transduction

D  Sensory Reception

E  Integration of sensory input

A  Proprioreceptors

B  Baroreceptors

C  Thermoreceptors

D  Chemoreceptors

E  Mechanoreceptors

A  Acids

B  Bases

C  Salts

D  Alkaloids

E  Sugars

A  Thalamus

B  Medulla oblongata

C  Spinal cord

D  Midbrain

E  Cerebral cortex

A  Inner ear / Vestibular apparatus

B  Organs

C  Skin surface

A  Skin surface

B  Inner ear / Vestibular apparatus

C  Organs

A  Skin surface

B  Inner ear / Vestibular apparatus

C  Organs

A  Sweet

B  Salt

C  Umami

D  Bitter

E  Sour

A  Corticospinal

B  Spinothalamic

C  Spinocerebellar

A  Chemoreceptor – oxygen concentration

B  Nociceptor – solute concentration

C  Thermoreceptor – heat and cold

D  Photoreceptor – light

E  Mechanoreceptor – skeletal muscle stretch

A  somatostatin and nicotine.

B  norepinephrine and acetylcholine.

C  muscarine and acetylcholine.

D  nicotine and adrenaline.

E  norepinephrine and muscarine.

A  Preganglionic sympathetic neurons

B  Postganglionic sympathetic neurons

C  Somatosensory neurons.

D  Preganglionic parasympathetic neurons

E  Somatic motor neurons

A  ventral rami

B  rami communicantes

C  dorsal rami

D  superior sacral ganglion

A  Somatic motorneurons

B  Sympathetic postganglionic neurons

C  Parasympathetic postganglionic neurons

D  Both sympathetic and parasympathetic postganglionic neurons

E  Sympathetic preganglionic neurons

A  Has myelinated axons.

B  Has its cell body in the brain or spinal cord.

C  Has axons that exit the CNS in a cranial or spinal nerve.

D  Forms the first part of an autonomic motor pathway.

E  Forms gap junctions with postganglionic neurons in autonomic ganglia.

A  Somatostatic and nicotinic receptors

B  Nicotinic and muscarinic receptors

C  Muscarinic and somatic receptors

D  Adrenergic and somatic receptors

E  Nicotinic and adrenergic receptors

A  Short preganglionic neurons

B  Ganglia primarily found in the head

C  Stimulates sweat glands

D  Thoracolumbar output

A  Autonomic ganglia

B  Craniosacral division

C  Sympathetic

D  Parasympathetic

E  Somatic nervous system

A  releases neurotransmitter that binds to the effector cell.

B  is the first part of an autonomic motor pathway.

C  has its axons exiting the CNS through cranial nerves.

D  carries information into the sympathetic chain ganglia.

E  has its cell body in the brain or spinal cord.

A  Ganglia found near visceral effectors/targets

B  Sacral spinal cord output

C  Long preganglionic neurons

D  Synapses with sweat glands in skin

A  integrating center – receptor – sensory neuron – motor neuron – effector

B  receptor – sensory neuron – motor neuron – effector – integrating center

C  effector – sensory neuron – integrating center – motor neuron – receptor

D  receptor – motor neuron – integrating center – sensory neuron – effector

E  receptor – sensory neuron – integrating center – motor neuron – effector

A  Increased blood glucose level

B  Airway constriction

C  Decreased blood flow to kidneys and gastrointestinal tract

D  Increased blood flow to skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, liver and fat

E  Increased heart rate

A  Pupil dilation

B  Elevated heart rate

C  All of these options are immediate sympathetic responses

D  High levels of cortisol

E  Elevated blood pressure

A  glands; skeletal muscles, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle

B  skeletal muscles; smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

C  striated muscles; smooth muscle and glands

D  skeletal muscles and glands; smooth muscle and cardiac muscle

E  skeletal muscles; smooth muscle only

A  All of the following are functions of the spinocerebellar pathway

B  Balance

C  Emotion

D  Coordination

E  Posture

A  Voluntary movement

B  Both sensation and voluntary movement

C  Blood

D  Intelligence

E  Sensation

A  Quadriceps and Hamstring of the opposite leg

B  Quadriceps and Hamstring of the same leg

C  Hamstring, same leg as stimulus

D  Quadriceps, opposite leg of stimulus

E  Quadriceps, same leg as stimulus

F  Hamstring, opposite leg of stimulus

A  Smooth muscle

B  Endocrine glands

C  Cardiac muscle

D  Exocrine glands

E  Skeletal muscle

A  increasing the size of the action potential between neurons

B  All of these options are correct

C  decreasing activity in the effector

D  increasing activity in the effector

A  Contraction of both agonist and antagonist muscles

B  Relaxation of both agonist and antagonist muscles

C  Contraction of the agonist muscle and relaxation of the antagonist muscle

D  Contraction of the antagonist muscle and relaxation of agonist muscle

A  Relaxation of both agonist and antagonist muscles

B  Contraction of the antagonist muscle and relaxation of agonist muscle

C  Contraction of the agonist muscle and relaxation of the antagonist muscle

D  Contraction of both agonist and antagonist muscles

A  Motor neuron

B  Sensory receptor

C  Sensory neuron

D  Integration center

E  Effector

A  Visceral

B  Withdrawal

C  Stretch

D  Flexor

E  Blinking

A  Persists for a long time

B  Impulses carried along myelinated fibers

C  Poorly localized

D  Propagate along small-diameter fibers