Exam 1

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Question #1

Which tract carries sensory information?

A spinocerebellar

B corticospinal

C reticulospinal

D pyramidal

Question #2

Which of the following scans provides imaging of the brain by highlighting areas of the brain with the highest fluorodeoxyglucose uptake, which corresponds to areas of highest metabolic activity?

A X-ray

B CT

C PET

D Ultrasound

Question #3

Brain waves that generally appear during periods of sensory input and mental activity are called

A beta waves.

B delta waves.

C P waves.

D alpha waves.

E theta waves.

Question #4

What type of information is carried in the descending tracts of the spinal cord?
1. Sensory
2. Motor
3. Integration

A Both 1 & 2

B Both 2 & 3

C 2 only

D 3 only

E 1 only

Question #5

This protects the brain by preventing the movement of harmful substances and pathogens from the blood into the brain tissue.

A Cerebrospinal fluid

B All of these choices

C Blood brain barrier

D Arachnoid mater

E Dura mater

Question #6

These three areas of gray matter found in each cerebral hemisphere are important in helping to control the initiation and termination of skeletal muscle movements.

A lateral olivary nuclei

B vestibular nuclei

C basal nuclei

D red nuclei

E autonomic ganglia

Question #7

These are networks of capillaries found in the walls of the ventricles of the brain that produce cerebrospinal fluid.

A Choroid plexuses

B Aqueduct of the midbrain

C Brachial plexuses

D Interventricular foramina

E Lateral apertures

Question #8

The cerebellum contains these types of neurons, which are characterized by their elaborate dendritic structure.

A Unipolar

B Purkinje

C Astrocytes

D Uniaxial

Question #9

The cell bodies of the sensory neurons that carry information from the periphery to the spinal cord are located in the

A dorsal root ganglion.

B central canal.

C posterior gray horn.

D anterior white commissure.

E lateral gray horn.

Question #10

Brain waves that generally appear during periods of sensory input and mental activity are called

A alpha waves.

B beta waves.

C delta waves.

D theta waves.

E P waves.

Question #11

Cerebro-spinal Fluid (CSF) is formed by the:

A choroid plexus

B limbic system

C cerebral ganglia

D dura mater

E arachnoid membrane

Question #12

Which of these locations marks the endpoint for cerebrospinal fluid before diffusing into venous blood?

A arachnoid granulations

B choroid plexus

C 3rd ventricle

D lateral ventricles

E subarachnoid space

Question #13

Which structure of the embryonic brain develops into the mature cerebrum?

A Rhombencephelon

B Myelencephalon

C Telencephalon

D Diencephalon

E Mesencephalon

Question #14

Which of the following types of tracts are used to conduct nerve impulses between gyri within the same cerebral hemisphere?

A Mammillothalamic tracts

B Association tracts

C Projection tracts

D Commissural tracts

E Stria medullaris

Question #15

Which of the following tracts are associated with axon pathways within the same hemisphere, but different gyri?

A Projection tracts

B Association tracts

C Commissural tracts

D None of the above

E All of the above

Question #16

Which of the following structures conducts nerve impulses between the two different hemispheres of the cerebrum?

A Sulci

B Pyramids

C Association tracts

D Corpus callosum

E Projection tracts

Question #17

This branch of a spinal nerve serves the deep muscles and skin of the posterior surface of the trunk.

A Posterior ramus

B Anterior ramus

C Rami communicantes

D Brachial plexus

E Meningeal branch

Question #18

Which of these structures involves the decussation of the pyramids?

A Cerebrum

B Cerebellum

C Medulla Oblongata

D Pons

E Corpus Callosum

Question #19

Which phenomenon explains increased excitability as an adaptation when post-synaptic neurons that are stimulated at high frequency?

A Substrate Phosphorylation

B Summation

C IPSPs

D Long Term Potentiation

Question #20

Which projection of the neuron receives signals?

A Axon

B Cell body

C Axon Terminal

D Dendrites

Question #21

Diffusion, enzymatic degradation, and uptake by cells are all ways to

A inhibit a presynaptic potential

B remove a neurotransmitter

C continue a temporal summation

D stop a spatial summation

E excite a presynaptic potential

Question #22

In temporal summation, a single presynaptic neuron stimulates the creation of action potentials in a postsynaptic neuron when it

A fires at a steady rate that allows the postsynaptic neuron to return to resting potential.

B recruits other presynaptic neurons to begin to fire.

C fires at a fast enough rate that the sum of EPSPs in the postsynaptic neuron moves above threshold.

D runs out of neurotransmitter.

E stops firing long enough to allow the postsynaptic neuron to recover.

Question #23

A polarized cell

A includes most cells of the body.

B includes most cells of the body and exhibits a membrane potential.

C exhibits a membrane potential.

D has a charge imbalance across its membrane.

E All of these choices are correct.

Question #24

Which of the following is also known as adrenaline?

A Dopamine

B Epinephrine

C Norepinephrine

D Serotonin

Question #25

Which part of the neuron conducts the electrical signal away from the cell body region?

A choroid plexus

B nodes of Ranvier

C axon

D dendrite

E Schwann cells

Question #26

In an action potential, the current that flows down the axon of a neuron is generated by the movement of ______ across the membrane.

A protons

B neutrons

C ions

D electrons

E free radicals

Question #27

During this period, a second action potential can only be initiated by a larger than normal stimulus

A Relative refractory period

B All of these choices

C Absolute refractory period

D Latent period

Question #28

Which of the types of junctions is responsible for the impermeability of the blood-brain barrier?

A Tight junctions

B Anchoring junctions

C Gap junctions

D Desmosomes

Question #29

Which part of the neuron conducts the electrical signal away from the
cell body region?

A dendrite

B choroid plexus

C axon

D schwann cells

E nodes of Ranvier

Question #30

Which of the following is NOT a function of the nervous system?

A Integrative function

B Sensory function

C All are functions of the nervous system

D Motor function

Question #31

An excitatory neurotransmitter _________ the postsynaptic membrane.

A repolarizes

B moves across channels in

C does not affect the polarity of

D hyperpolarizes

E depolarizes

Question #32

IPSP stands for

A inhibitory presynaptic potential.

B inhibitory postsynaptic potential

C inhibitory presynaptic summation potential

D inhibitory postsynaptic summation potential

E none of these choices

Question #33

Which of the two modes of transmission is the fastest?

A Chemical synapse

B Electrical synapse

Question #34

The resting membrane potential in cells is primarily influenced by the permeability of this ion:

A Ca2+

B Cl-

C Na+

D K¬+

E Fe2+

Question #35

What best explains the presence of the hyperpolarization phase?

A K+ channels are open longer than Na+ channels

B Firing of a second action potential

C Release of neurotransmitter

D Closing of voltage-gated Na+ channels

E Activation of the Na+/K+/ATP pump

Question #36

When the summed total of postsynaptic potentials rises above threshold, creation of action potentials occurs

A in the neuron nucleus

B in the dendrites.

C at the trigger zone.

D in the neuroplasm.

E in the synaptic cleft.

Question #37

During an action potential, the diffusion of _______ causes it to depolarize.

A Na+ into the cell

B Na+ out of the cell

C K+ out of the cell

D K+ into the cell

Question #38

When a depolarizing graded potential makes the axon membrane depolarize to threshold,

A voltage-gated Na+ channels open rapidly.

B ligand-gated Ca+2 channels close rapidly.

C none of these choices occur.

D ligand-gated Na+ channels close rapidly.

E voltage-gated Ca+2 channels open rapidly.

Question #39

Saltatory conduction

A Happens due to an even distribution of voltage-gated Na+ channels

B Occurs only in myelinated axons

C Can occur in unmyelinated axons

D Fires as a result of a subthreshold graded potential

Question #40

The critical voltage at which the membrane potential must be depolarized in order to cause an action potential is called the:

A Excitatory postsynaptic potential

B Resting membrane potential

C Electrical refractory period

D Receptor potential

E Threshold potential

Question #41

A postsynaptic neuron responds to neurotransmitters released by a presynaptic neuron by creating

A IPSPs

B EPSPs

C water-filled channels in its membrane

D either EPSPs or IPSPs

E All the choices are correct

Question #42

Which of the following are ways to remove a transmitter from the synaptic cleft?

A Enzymatic degradation, Diffusion and Reuptake at axon terminal

B Enzymatic degradation and Diffusion

C Enzymatic degradation only

D Reuptake at axon terminal only

Question #43

In the process of spatial summation, ______ are added together and _____ are subtracted from that total to determine whether _____ will be created at the trigger zone of the postsynaptic neuron.

A EPSPs; IPSPs; action potentials

B IPSPs; action potentials; EPSPs

C EPSPs; action potentials; IPSPs

D IPSPs; EPSPs; action potentials

E EPSPs; IPSPs; graded potentials

Question #44

The resting membrane potential in neurons ranges from:

A –40 to –90 mV

B –90 to 5 mV

C None of these choices

D –25 to –70 mV

E +5 to 100 mV

Question #45

Na+/K+ -ATPase (sodium-potassium pump) is considered to be an electrogenic (produces a change in membrane potential) pump because

A It exhibits low permeability

B The sodium ions are negatively charged

C It contributes to the negativity of the resting membrane potential

D All of the above are correct

Question #46

Which of the following would decrease the speed of action potential propagation?

A Lower amplitude of action potential

B Decreased stimulus strength

C Decreased temperature

D Increased diameter of axon

E More myelin sheathing

Question #47

Faster communication and synchronization are two advantages of

A electrical synapses

B ligand-gated channels

C voltage-gated channels

D mechanically-gated channels

E chemical synapses

Question #48

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is formed by the

A arachnoid membrane

B choroid plexus

C limbic system

D cerebral ganglia

E dura mater

Question #49

Which of the three types of muscle cells would be multi-nucleated?

A Cardiac

B Smooth

C Skeletal

Question #50

Epithelial tissue

A All of these Answer choices are correct.

B is used as a covering of body surfaces.

C is used as a lining of body cavities and hollow organs.

D usually has a free surface that interacts with external environment.

E is used to form glands.

Question #51

Examples of exocrine glands include all of the following except

A Sweat

B Hormones

C Bile

D Saliva

E Breastmilk

Question #52

Blood belongs to which of the following tissue classifications?

A Adipose

B Epithelial

C Connective

D Nervous

E Muscle

Question #53

All of the following are the main tissue classifications, except for

A Epithelial

B Connective

C Muscle

D Nervous

E Adipose

Question #54

This type of epithelial tissue is found lining the heart, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels.

A Simple squamous epithelium

B Simple columnar epithelium

C Stratified squamous epithelium

D Stratified cuboidal epithelium

E Simple cuboidal epithelium

Question #55

Which of the following is NOT a connective tissue?

A Epidermis

B Cartilage

C Tendons

D Blood

E Bone

Question #56

The extracellular matrix of blood tissue consists of

A red blood cells.

B plasma.

C albumin.

D white blood cells.

E lymph.

Question #57

Which of the following describes a single layer of flat epithelial cells?

A Transitional

B Stratified columnar

C Simple cuboidal

E Stratified squamous

F Simple squamous

Question #58

The two principal types of cells found in nervous tissues are

A neurons and mast cells.

B neurons and somites.

C neuroglial cells and myofibers.

D neuroglial cells and neurons.

Question #59

Where would you not expect to find stratified squamous epithelial cells?

A Esophagus

B Blood-brain barrier

C Mouth lining

D Skin

Question #60

The reaction: ADP + Pi + energy -> ATP, is called:

A transcription

B Deamination

C Emancipation

D Phosphorylation

Question #61

Oxidation is

A None of these choices

B The removal of electrons

C The addition of electrons

D The addition of protons

E The removal of protons

Question #62

The step in which pyruvate is shuttled into the mitochondria and converted to acetyl CoA is called

A Transition reaction

B Electron transport chain

C Glycolysis

D Krebs cycle

Question #63

A cell requires ATP for all of the following processes EXCEPT:

A contraction

B active transport

C osmosis

D cell division

E protein synthesis

Question #64

The Electron Transport System is located in the

A cytoplasm

B endoplasmic reticulum

C golgi complex

D mitochondria

E nucleolus

Question #65

Which one of the following reactions does NOT occur in the Krebs cycle?

A formation of lactic acid in the absence of oxygen

B production of carbon dioxide

C generation of ATP

D Reduction of NAD+ and FADH+

Question #66

Which of the following are electron donators in the electron transport chain?

A All of these are electron acceptors

B H+

C NADH and FADH2

D FADH2

E NADH

Question #67

Substrate phosphorylation occurs in what step of cellular respiration?

A Electron transport system

B Protein synthesis

C Formation of acetyl-CoA

D Glycolysis

Question #68

C6H12O6+6O2⟶6CO2+6H2O+36ATPC6H12O6+6O2⟶6CO2+6H2O+36ATP
In the above equation, the oxygen atom in 6H2O6H2O originates from which molecule?

A Magic

B Carbon dioxide

C Glucose

D Oxygen

Question #69

Oxidative phosphorylation takes place in

A Protein synthesis

B Electron transport system

C Formation of acetyl-CoA

D Glycolysis

E The Krebs cycle

Question #70

Which describes the conversion of non-carbohydrate molecules through pyruvic acid to glucose?

A Carbonification

B Decarboxylation

C Gluconeogenesis

D Glycogenolysis

E Oxidation

Question #71

Hydrolysis of ATP is what type of reaction?

A Erythropoetic

B Endergonic

C Ergonomic

D Exergonic

Question #72

Which one of the following reactions does NOT occur in the Krebs cycle?

A production of reduced coenzymes

B formation of lactic acid in the absence of oxygen

C production of carbon dioxide

D generation of ATP

E All of these occur in the Krebs cycle

Question #73

Which of the following is considered anaerobic?

A Transition reaction

B Glycolysis

C Krebs cycle

D Electron transport chain

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