Exam 2

A  Analogous to the visuospatial sketchpad representing spatial information

B  Knowledge structure regarding concepts and sequence of activities

C  Associations of semantic memories

D  Schemas regarding dynamic systems which vary on degree of completeness and correctness

E  Use of modeling clay to construct an anatomical model

A  Recalling a memory in quick succession

B  Waiting until a memory is almost forgotten, then recalling it

C  Writing the memory down so that it becomes Knowledge in the World

D  Utilizing knowledge-in-the-world

E  Lifting heavy memories to build up strength

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  Disassociations

B  Pulsing of Long-term memories

C  Superiority of letters over numbers

D  Alpha-numeric bias

E  Cognitive dissonance

A  Develops from a singular event, usually visual in nature

B  Very hard to explain using words (e.g., how to tie a shoe)

C  Relies on intuition instead of practice

D  Is a subtype of declarative memory

E  Easy to put into words (e.g., the route you took to work)

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  Repetition during new contexts and immediate rewards

B  Repetition during similar contexts and immediate rewards

C  Delayed rewards and repetition during new contexts

D  Delayed rewards and selective attention

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  Pass-phrases are easier to remember due to associations, and harder to crack due to higher character counts

B  Pass-phrases are easier to remember due to disassociations, and harder to crack due to dictionary attack methods

C  Pass-phrases are harder to remember due to disassociations, and harder to crack due to dictionary attack methods

D  Pass-phrases are harder to remember due to associations, and easier to crack due to higher character counts

A  Re-read each chapter

B  Ask a friend for answers

C  Defer to knowledge in the universe

D  Utilize spaced practice

E  Use mass practice

A  Visuospatial sketchpad

B  Negative transfer

C  Phonological loop

D  Short-term memory

E  Long-term memory

A  Bandwidth, Familiarity, and Knowledge in the World

B  Spaced Practice, Mass practice, and Intuition

C  STM, LTM, and ATM

D  Semantic, Episodic, and Procedural

E  Strength, Associations, and Endurance

A  Sensation, Perception, Central Processing

B  Larry, Curly, and Moe

C  STM, LTM, and working memory

D  Bandwidth, Familiarity, and Knowledge in the World

E  X, Y, and Z axis

A  Improved contrast ratio of warning label text

B  Locks added to cabinets near the sink

C  Use of red coloring added to the soap solution

D  More availability of safety gloves

E  Use of a universal container connector

A  Gorillas can move very fast

B  Objects can be hidden in plane site due to selective attention

C  Change blindness occurs only when we are tired

D  Inattentioal blindness is more prevalent with visually impaired users

E  Cognitive bandwidth is limitless

A  Heads-up displays cannot be used while wearing polarized sunglasses

B  Touch screen displays have superseded the need for heads-up displays

C  The heads-up display requires looking down towards the instrument cluster

D  Heads-up displays are only offered in fighter jets

E  When a driver’s eyes are on the road, it doesn’t mean their mind is also on the road

A  Salience and Effort

B  Id and Ego

C  Short-term memory and Long-term memory

D  Visuospatial sketchpad and Phonological loop

E  Expectancy and Value

A  366GRK

B  3G66RK

C  366 GRK

D  36 6GRK

E  3G 66RK

A  70 seconds

B  7 seconds

C  70 minutes

D  7 days

E  7 hours

A  4 chipmunks

B  4 chunks

C  7 +/- 2 chipmunks

D  +/- 2 chunks

E  7 +/- 2 chunks

A  Use of Dramamine

B  Sound levels that exceed the user’s expectations

C  Mismatch between visual cues and felt motion

D  Use of headphones instead of ear-buds

E  Low quality video feeds causing eye strain

A  Smell

B  Haptics

C  Vesting

D  Gravity

E  Temperature

A  For tactile response personnel

B  When gloved hands are necessary

C  Situations involving hands-free operation

D  Alerts for use in high vibration environments

E  During high visual load

A  Controls can not be designed for use by a gloved hand

B  Gloves might reduce a user’s likelihood of using a button

C  Gloves are always optional

D  Gloves have a tendency to inhibit hand-eye-coordination

E  Gloves can reduce felt tactile feedback

F  Gloves can be made of latex, which can result in an allergic reaction

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  Avoiding slang vocabulary only

B  Using rhyming words

C  Avoiding slang vocabulary, Limiting the number of messages, and Designing loudness to be at least 20 decibels over ambient noise

D  Limiting the number of messages, and Designing loudness to be at least 20 decibels over ambient noise only

A  When omni-directional (360 degree) situational awareness is required since vision is limited to 130 degrees

B  For musically inclined individuals

C  When there are high levels of ambient noise, such as busy road intersections

D  When color vision is impaired as opposed to monochromatic vision

E  When there are fast moving objects requiring more saccadic eye movements

A  The human vestibular system is more accurate than instruments only in white out conditions

B  The human vestibular system has been shown to be more accurate than aircraft instruments

C  The human vestibular system is dominant over vision during clear skies

D  The human vestibular system picks up haptic cues from the flight controls

E  The human vestibular system is not tuned for un-natural environments resulting in false sensations

A  30 decibels louder, since this level guarantees detection

B  3 decibels louder, since this level represents the JND (just noticeable difference)

C  3 decibels louder, since this level represents double the acoustic energy

D  10 decibels louder, since the sound scale is logarithmic

E  10 decibels louder, since this level represents double the perceived loudness

A  The dB(B) weighting scale, since it approximates human hearing sensitivities

B  The dB(C) weighting scale, since it approximates human hearing sensitivities

C  The Hz weighting scale, since it measures cycles per second

D  The dB(A) weighting scale, since it approximates human hearing sensitivities

E  The audiogram scale, since it replicates spatial tones

A  Presbyopia

B  High frequencies tend to be lost as we age

C  Both high and low frequency sensitivity increase with age

D  Low frequencies tend to be lost as we age

E  Macular degeneration

A  2,000 to 5,000 Hz

B  20 kilowatts

C  Ultra-sonic frequencies

D  20 to 20,000 Hz

E  Sub-sonic frequencies

A  There has been no research conducted on the effects of color and test performance

B  Test taker performance has shown to be better using green ink

C  Test taker performance has shown to be better using red ink

D  Color has no impact on test taker performance

A  Maximize use of ultraviolet light at night

B  Exposure to varying colors of light color has no relationship with circadian rhythms

C  Minimize use of blue light at night

D  Avoid redundant color cues at night

E  Use infrared light to keep surfaces warm

A  7.0 to 1

B  0 to 1

C  4.5 to 1

D  10 to 1

E  1 to 1

F  3.0 to 1

A  0.7 millimeters

B  0.7 inches

C  Bond rule does not allow you to compute letter height

D  0.7 feet

E  0.7 lux

F  0.7 degrees

A  Use different colors to indicate the presence of a hazard ahead

B  Use Zebra stripes to conceal outlines during motion

C  Use stripes that vary in shape to allow them to be more readily detected

D  Use more closely spaced stripes as the biker approaches the hazard

E  Use fiber optics instead of traditional paint to improve saliency

A  Color is reserved for graphic designers

B  Color is always better than grayscale

C  Color is critical for scotopic vision

D  Color should never be the only design cue

E  Color improves the user experience

A  It does not matter since Human Factors does not consider the effects of lighting  

B  Red light since it causes less interference to dark adaptation

C  Green light since it allows for detection for a larger variety of shades

D  Green light since it is associated with moving forward

E  Red light since it is most visually salient

A  1 lux

B  100 lux

C  0.1 lux

D  10 lux

E  All lux levels

F  0.01 lux

A  3

B  30

C  10

D  1

E  5

A  Contains 3 types of rod cells (red/green/blue)

B  Responsible for sensing ultrasonic frequencies

C  Operates on very low light levels

D  Responsible for color vision

E  Responsible for proprioception

A  Objects appear smaller due to bottom-up bias

B  Visual acuity decreases closer to the fovea

C  Visual acuity remains unchanged, only color perception is affected

D  Objects appear larger due to top-down bias

E  Visual acuity increases closer to the fovea

A  Older individuals tend to have presbyopia, reducing the ability to focus on objects closer than 1 meter

B  Younger individuals have more practice looking at nearby objects due to technology exposure

C  There tends to be no difference between vision of younger and older individuals

D  Older individuals need to squint more often due to reduced tear production