Exam 3

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Question #1

Based upon your knowledge of how diet affects cranial morphology. Imagine that you are a paleoanthropologist and you uncover the fossil pictured below. What type of food items would you hypothesize that this hominin consumed?

A mainly fruit.

B mainly tough, fibrous vegetation.

C mainly carbohydrates.

D mainly meat.

Question #2

It may be argued that the primary means of adaptation for a species like the cheetah is speed. What is the primary means of adaptation for Homo sapiens?

A culture.

B Increased general health resulting from the development of agriculture.

C retention of vestigial structures like the coccyx.

D effective heat regulation through reduced body hair.

Question #3

Which of the following features indicates increasing cranial capacity for genus Homo:

A presence of an occipital bun.

B presence of a sagittal keel.

C decreasing postorbital constriction.

D increasing degree of zygomatic flare.

Question #4

The best fossil evidence to suggest that Neandertals could produce a language like that of modern humans comes from which bone(s)?

A the mandible.

B the hyoid.

C the ribs.

D the cervical (neck) vertebrae.

Question #5

The very recent discovery of Homo naledi by Dr. Lee Berger and colleagues is an exciting discovery for many paleoanthropologists because it presents the possibility that Homo habilis and Homo rudolfensis may not be the only members of early genus Homo and it also suggests that complex behaviors, such as symbolic burial practices, may have emerged much earlier than previously hypothesized.

A FALSE

B TRUE

Question #6

There is nearly universal agreement that the hominins found outside of Africa are all member of what genus .

A Cladisticus

B Phylogeneticus

C Plesiomorphus

D Homo

Question #7

Virtually all qualified paleoanthropologists consider chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) to be direct ancestor of modern Homo sapiens because they share over 90% of their DNA.

A FALSE

B TRUE

Question #8

Today, anthropologists recognize that Neanderthals had complex cultural capabilities (such as lavallois technique, burial of the dead, etc.):

A that make them unarguably members of the species Homo sapiens sapiens.

B that allowed them to survive despite the limitations that they experienced as a result of their obligate bipedalism.

C that were far more modern and complex than the contemporary Upper Paleolithic culture.

D that suggest that they were not as primitive as they have been frequently described.

Question #9

According to evidence in the fossil record, the period known as the “Neolithic Revolution” was initially associated with:

A decreased violence amongst groups.

B nomadic hunting and gathering.

C increasingly sedentary lifestyle.

D improvements in nutrition.

Question #10

The human population explosion following the transition to agriculture was probably due to:

A severe food scarcity.

B more effective medical practices.

C decreased birth spacing and food surplus.

D decline in infectious diseases.

Question #11

Expansion or porosity of the cranial bone as a result of severe anemia or parasitic infection:

A rickets.

B sickle-cell anemia.

C porotic hyperostosis.

D syphilis.

Question #12

The nutrition transition refers to:

A shift to higher-protein diets.

B shift to vegetarian diet.

C shift to lower-fat, lower-carbohydrate diets.

D shift to higher-fat, higher-carbohydrate diets.

Question #13

Based on the archaeological record from various areas, what was the initial effect of agriculture on height?

A Height increased.

B Height decreased.

C Height stayed the same.

D Height became more variable within the population.

Question #14

According to skeletal evidence available in the fossil record, the shift from hunting and gathering to agriculture initially had a effect on human health and nutrition:

A neutral.

B positive.

C negative.

Question #15

According to the archaeological record, in what geographical region do we see the earliest evidence for a gradual transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture?

A Middle East.

B Eastern Asia.

C Western Europe.

D Southern Africa.

Question #16

One of the more recent theories on modern human origins acknowledges that the previous two models do not adequately explain modern human origins. This model acknowledges the recent genome studies that have suggested at least some degrees of interbreeding between Homo neanderthalensis and Homo sapien populations living in Europe and Western Asia.

A Out-of-Africa Model.

B Assimilation Model.

C Mostly ‘Out of Africa’ Model.

D Multiregional Continuity Model.

Question #17

The Multiregional Continuity hypothesis supposes that:

A modern Homo sapiens first evolved in Africa and then spread to Asia and Europe, replacing archaic Homo sapiens populations.

B the transition to modernity took place regionally and without involving replacement.

C archaic Homo sapiens migrated out of Africa to replace Neanderthals in Europe.

D Homo erectus populations migrated out of Africa to replace archaic Homo sapiens.

Question #18

The out-of-Africa model explains:

A migrations of Homo habilis out of Africa.

B migrations of australopithecines out of Africa.

C a single origin of modern people and eventual replacement of archaic Homo sapiens throughout Africa, Asia, and Europe.

D the importance of gene flow across population boundaries.

Question #19

You find a skull, which cranial feature would indicate that you are looking at a modern Homo sapien?

A sagittal keel.

B extreme postorbital constriction.

C extreme zygomatic flare.

D protruding mandibular symphysis.

Question #20

During what time period do we first start seeing examples of symbolic expression in the form of cave art (such as Chauvet Cave in France)?

A Neolithic Period.

B Lower Paleolithic.

C Middle Paleolithic.

D Upper Paleolithic.

Question #21

Name the specific gene that provides evidence that Homo neanderthalensis had language capabilities:

A FOX P2

B MC1R

C D32

D D23

Question #22

According to Jared Diamond’s hypothesis presented in the film and book ‘Guns, Germs and Steel,’ what is the primary cause of inequality among human society?

A geography.

B race.

C religion.

D gender.

Question #23

The Middle Paleolithic prepared-core stone tools that are associated with Homo neanderthalensis are called:

A Olduwan.

B Acheulean.

C Mousterian.

D Aurignacian.

Question #24

Why are the skeletal remains of Homo neanderthalensis often found with many fractures?

A none of these options.

B Neanderthals practiced dangerous hunting techniques that often resulted in injury.

C Neanderthal bones are very fragile and break easily.

D Neanderthals enjoyed riding mammoths and often fell off resulting in injury.

Question #25

Which of the following cranial features would you expect to find on a member of Homo erectus?

A protruding mandibular symphysis.

B vertical forehead.

C slight supraorbital ridge.

D sagittal keel.

Question #26

According to the fossil record, name the genus / species to first display examples of symbolic expression (such as intentional burials in the “flexed” body position)?

A Homo habilis.

B Homo neanderthalensis.

C Homo sapiens.

D Homo erectus.

Question #27

To date, the majority of Neanderthal fossils have been found in:

A Africa.

B Europe.

C North America.

D Asia.

Question #28

The overall small body size of Homo floresiensis (“The Hobbit”) is likely due to which phenomenon?

A genetic mutation.

B island dwarfism.

C none of these options.

D sickle-cell anemia.

Question #29

Homo erectus utilized stone tool technology.

A Olduwan.

B Aurignacian.

C Acheulean.

D Mousterian.

Question #30

Which of the following feature(s) would you find on Homo neanderthalensis?

A extreme zygomatic flare.

B vertical forehead.

C occipital bun.

D protruding mandibular symphysis.

Question #31

According to evidence available in the fossil record, name the first known genus / species to first control fire, rely heavily on protein and successfully migrate out of Africa:

A Homo heidelbergensis.

B Homo neanderthalensis.

C Homo erectus.

D Homo habilis

Question #32

Homo habilis (“Handy Man”) produced stone tools technology.

A Acheulean.

B Aurignacian.

C Olduwan.

D Mousterian.

Question #33

According to the fossil record, when and where do we first see examples of genus Homo (i.e. Homo habilis):

A Eastern Asia; 2 mya.

B North America, 1.5 mya.

C Africa, 2.5 mya.

D Western Europe; 3 mya.

Question #34

Name the genus / specie(s) that has been proposed to be the direct ancestor of genus Homo:

A Australopithecus (Paranthropus) boisei (“The Nutcracker”)

B Australopithecus (Paranthropus) robustus

C Australopithecus africanus (“Mrs. Ples”)

D Australopithecus garhi or Australopithecus sediba

Question #35

Imagine that you are a paleoanthropologist conducting field research in Africa, you discover fossil remains of a hominin. The characteristics include a sagittal crest, flaring zygomatic bones, massive jaw bones and large premolars and molars. You are most likely looking at a member of the following genus / species:

A Homo habilis (“The Handy Man”)

B Australopithecus afarensis (“Lucy”)

C Australopithecus (Paranthropus) boisei (“The Nutcracker”)

D Ardipithecus ramidus (“Ardi”)

Question #36

Owen Lovejoy’s Provisioning hypothesis proposes that:

A monogamy and food provisioning created the necessity for bipedalism.

B bipedalism meant less body surface to expose to the sun, resulting in a smaller body size.

C bipedalism arose in areas where the forest was disappearing.

D bipedalism arose as a result of a shift to hunting as a primary source of food.

Question #37

The controlled use of fire by our ancestors:

A has been shown to contribute little to the digestive process of hominids.

B contributed to geographical expansion and food production techniques in positive ways.

C decreased the amount of food energy available in the hominid diet.

D limited the expansion of hominids into certain environments, such as dry grasslands.

Question #38

Imagine that you are a paleoanthropologist working in the field. What part of the skeleton would be the most useful when attempting to determine if the species walked bipedally?

A clavicle (collar bone).

B metacarpals (wrist bones).

C scapula (shoulder blade).

D pelvic girdle (hip bones).

Question #39

To date, all pre-australopithecines and australopithecine fossil remains have been found on what continent?

A Europe.

B Asia.

C South America.

D Africa.

Question #40

Name the cranial feature found in some robust australopithecines that would be found along the sagittal suture and is also where the chewing muscles would attach:

A zygomatic arch.

B sagittal crest.

C supraorbital ridge.

D mandibular symphysis.

Question #41

Name the 40% complete skeleton discovered by Dr. Donald Johansen and his team that would have stood 3 ½ feet tall, retained some arboreal capabilities and had a relatively small cranial capacity (430 cc):

A Sahelanthropus tchadensis (“Toumai”)

B Australopithecus africanus (“Mrs. Ples”)

C Australopithecus afarensis (“Lucy”)

D Ardipithecus ramidus (“Ardi”).

Question #42

Rodman and McHenry’s Patchy Forest hypothesis proposes that:

A forests became fragmented and food resources scatterred.

B forests did not change and food was abundant.

C forests became lush woodlands and food was abundant.

D forests became wet and swamp like.

Question #43

What is an advantage to being bipedal?

A we can run faster than predators.

B we are stable on slippery surfaces.

C we don’t get back problems.

D we can walk and run long distances with little energy.

Question #44

Name the genus / species, dating back 4.4 mya, that displays a transitional form of bipedalism (opposable hallux, longer arms, longer curved phalanges, mosaic pelvis)?

A Ardipithecus ramidus (“Ardi”)

B Homo habilis (“Handy man”)

C Homo floresiensis (“The Hobbit”)

D Homo erectus (“Peking Man”)

Question #45

According to evidence in the fossil record, which genus / species bellow is the first biped?

A Ardipithicus ramidus (“Ardi”)

B Australopithecus afarensis (“Lucy”).

C Sahelanthropus tchandensis (“Toumai”)

D Homo habilis (“Handy Man”)

Question #46

You find a fossil that you are sure shows evidence of bipedalism. You know this because which of the following anatomical traits is present?

A C-shaped spine.

B opposable hallux.

C femur angled inward toward the knee.

D a wide pelvic inlet.

Question #47

Based on the evidence contained within the fossil record, bipedalism emerged approximately:

A 5-6 mya

B 1-2 mya.

C 3-4 mya

D 6-7 mya

Question #48

Which of the following features would indicate that a species walked bipedally?

A flared pelvis.

B anterior position of the foramen magnum.

C short, straight femur.

D opposable hallux.

Question #49

According to information available in the fossil record, which human characteristic appeared first and is considered to be the ‘hallmark’ of humanity.

A bipedalism.

B speech.

C material culture.

D cooperative hunting.

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