Exam 3

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Question #1

Based upon your knowledge of how diet affects cranial morphology. Imagine that you are a paleoanthropologist and you uncover the fossil pictured below. What type of food items would you hypothesize that this hominin consumed?

A mainly tough, fibrous vegetation.

B mainly fruit.

C mainly carbohydrates.

D mainly meat.

Question #2

It may be argued that the primary means of adaptation for a species like the cheetah is speed. What is the primary means of adaptation for Homo sapiens?

A retention of vestigial structures like the coccyx.

B Increased general health resulting from the development of agriculture.

C culture.

D effective heat regulation through reduced body hair.

Question #3

Which of the following features indicates increasing cranial capacity for genus Homo:

A presence of an occipital bun.

B decreasing postorbital constriction.

C presence of a sagittal keel.

D increasing degree of zygomatic flare.

Question #4

The best fossil evidence to suggest that Neandertals could produce a language like that of modern humans comes from which bone(s)?

A the cervical (neck) vertebrae.

B the hyoid.

C the mandible.

D the ribs.

Question #5

The very recent discovery of Homo naledi by Dr. Lee Berger and colleagues is an exciting discovery for many paleoanthropologists because it presents the possibility that Homo habilis and Homo rudolfensis may not be the only members of early genus Homo and it also suggests that complex behaviors, such as symbolic burial practices, may have emerged much earlier than previously hypothesized.

A TRUE

B FALSE

Question #6

There is nearly universal agreement that the hominins found outside of Africa are all member of what genus .

A Phylogeneticus

B Plesiomorphus

C Cladisticus

D Homo

Question #7

Virtually all qualified paleoanthropologists consider chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) to be direct ancestor of modern Homo sapiens because they share over 90% of their DNA.

A TRUE

B FALSE

Question #8

Today, anthropologists recognize that Neanderthals had complex cultural capabilities (such as lavallois technique, burial of the dead, etc.):

A that allowed them to survive despite the limitations that they experienced as a result of their obligate bipedalism.

B that make them unarguably members of the species Homo sapiens sapiens.

C that were far more modern and complex than the contemporary Upper Paleolithic culture.

D that suggest that they were not as primitive as they have been frequently described.

Question #9

According to evidence in the fossil record, the period known as the “Neolithic Revolution” was initially associated with:

A nomadic hunting and gathering.

B improvements in nutrition.

C decreased violence amongst groups.

D increasingly sedentary lifestyle.

Question #10

The human population explosion following the transition to agriculture was probably due to:

A severe food scarcity.

B decline in infectious diseases.

C decreased birth spacing and food surplus.

D more effective medical practices.

Question #11

Expansion or porosity of the cranial bone as a result of severe anemia or parasitic infection:

A sickle-cell anemia.

B syphilis.

C porotic hyperostosis.

D rickets.

Question #12

The nutrition transition refers to:

A shift to lower-fat, lower-carbohydrate diets.

B shift to higher-fat, higher-carbohydrate diets.

C shift to vegetarian diet.

D shift to higher-protein diets.

Question #13

Based on the archaeological record from various areas, what was the initial effect of agriculture on height?

A Height increased.

B Height decreased.

C Height became more variable within the population.

D Height stayed the same.

Question #14

According to skeletal evidence available in the fossil record, the shift from hunting and gathering to agriculture initially had a effect on human health and nutrition:

A positive.

B negative.

C neutral.

Question #15

According to the archaeological record, in what geographical region do we see the earliest evidence for a gradual transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture?

A Western Europe.

B Middle East.

C Eastern Asia.

D Southern Africa.

Question #16

One of the more recent theories on modern human origins acknowledges that the previous two models do not adequately explain modern human origins. This model acknowledges the recent genome studies that have suggested at least some degrees of interbreeding between Homo neanderthalensis and Homo sapien populations living in Europe and Western Asia.

A Out-of-Africa Model.

B Mostly ‘Out of Africa’ Model.

C Multiregional Continuity Model.

D Assimilation Model.

Question #17

The Multiregional Continuity hypothesis supposes that:

A archaic Homo sapiens migrated out of Africa to replace Neanderthals in Europe.

B modern Homo sapiens first evolved in Africa and then spread to Asia and Europe, replacing archaic Homo sapiens populations.

C Homo erectus populations migrated out of Africa to replace archaic Homo sapiens.

D the transition to modernity took place regionally and without involving replacement.

Question #18

The out-of-Africa model explains:

A the importance of gene flow across population boundaries.

B migrations of australopithecines out of Africa.

C a single origin of modern people and eventual replacement of archaic Homo sapiens throughout Africa, Asia, and Europe.

D migrations of Homo habilis out of Africa.

Question #19

You find a skull, which cranial feature would indicate that you are looking at a modern Homo sapien?

A extreme zygomatic flare.

B protruding mandibular symphysis.

C sagittal keel.

D extreme postorbital constriction.

Question #20

During what time period do we first start seeing examples of symbolic expression in the form of cave art (such as Chauvet Cave in France)?

A Neolithic Period.

B Upper Paleolithic.

C Middle Paleolithic.

D Lower Paleolithic.

Question #21

Name the specific gene that provides evidence that Homo neanderthalensis had language capabilities:

A FOX P2

B MC1R

C D32

D D23

Question #22

According to Jared Diamond’s hypothesis presented in the film and book ‘Guns, Germs and Steel,’ what is the primary cause of inequality among human society?

A geography.

B gender.

C religion.

D race.

Question #23

The Middle Paleolithic prepared-core stone tools that are associated with Homo neanderthalensis are called:

A Acheulean.

B Mousterian.

C Aurignacian.

D Olduwan.

Question #24

Why are the skeletal remains of Homo neanderthalensis often found with many fractures?

A none of these options.

B Neanderthal bones are very fragile and break easily.

C Neanderthals practiced dangerous hunting techniques that often resulted in injury.

D Neanderthals enjoyed riding mammoths and often fell off resulting in injury.

Question #25

Which of the following cranial features would you expect to find on a member of Homo erectus?

A sagittal keel.

B protruding mandibular symphysis.

C vertical forehead.

D slight supraorbital ridge.

Question #26

According to the fossil record, name the genus / species to first display examples of symbolic expression (such as intentional burials in the “flexed” body position)?

A Homo habilis.

B Homo sapiens.

C Homo erectus.

D Homo neanderthalensis.

Question #27

To date, the majority of Neanderthal fossils have been found in:

A North America.

B Africa.

C Europe.

D Asia.

Question #28

The overall small body size of Homo floresiensis (“The Hobbit”) is likely due to which phenomenon?

A island dwarfism.

B sickle-cell anemia.

C genetic mutation.

D none of these options.

Question #29

Homo erectus utilized stone tool technology.

A Aurignacian.

B Mousterian.

C Acheulean.

D Olduwan.

Question #30

Which of the following feature(s) would you find on Homo neanderthalensis?

A protruding mandibular symphysis.

B occipital bun.

C vertical forehead.

D extreme zygomatic flare.

Question #31

According to evidence available in the fossil record, name the first known genus / species to first control fire, rely heavily on protein and successfully migrate out of Africa:

A Homo erectus.

B Homo habilis

C Homo neanderthalensis.

D Homo heidelbergensis.

Question #32

Homo habilis (“Handy Man”) produced stone tools technology.

A Mousterian.

B Olduwan.

C Aurignacian.

D Acheulean.

Question #33

According to the fossil record, when and where do we first see examples of genus Homo (i.e. Homo habilis):

A Western Europe; 3 mya.

B Africa, 2.5 mya.

C North America, 1.5 mya.

D Eastern Asia; 2 mya.

Question #34

Name the genus / specie(s) that has been proposed to be the direct ancestor of genus Homo:

A Australopithecus garhi or Australopithecus sediba

B Australopithecus (Paranthropus) boisei (“The Nutcracker”)

C Australopithecus africanus (“Mrs. Ples”)

D Australopithecus (Paranthropus) robustus

Question #35

Imagine that you are a paleoanthropologist conducting field research in Africa, you discover fossil remains of a hominin. The characteristics include a sagittal crest, flaring zygomatic bones, massive jaw bones and large premolars and molars. You are most likely looking at a member of the following genus / species:

A Australopithecus (Paranthropus) boisei (“The Nutcracker”)

B Australopithecus afarensis (“Lucy”)

C Homo habilis (“The Handy Man”)

D Ardipithecus ramidus (“Ardi”)

Question #36

Owen Lovejoy’s Provisioning hypothesis proposes that:

A bipedalism meant less body surface to expose to the sun, resulting in a smaller body size.

B bipedalism arose in areas where the forest was disappearing.

C bipedalism arose as a result of a shift to hunting as a primary source of food.

D monogamy and food provisioning created the necessity for bipedalism.

Question #37

The controlled use of fire by our ancestors:

A decreased the amount of food energy available in the hominid diet.

B contributed to geographical expansion and food production techniques in positive ways.

C has been shown to contribute little to the digestive process of hominids.

D limited the expansion of hominids into certain environments, such as dry grasslands.

Question #38

Imagine that you are a paleoanthropologist working in the field. What part of the skeleton would be the most useful when attempting to determine if the species walked bipedally?

A metacarpals (wrist bones).

B clavicle (collar bone).

C pelvic girdle (hip bones).

D scapula (shoulder blade).

Question #39

To date, all pre-australopithecines and australopithecine fossil remains have been found on what continent?

A South America.

B Africa.

C Europe.

D Asia.

Question #40

Name the cranial feature found in some robust australopithecines that would be found along the sagittal suture and is also where the chewing muscles would attach:

A sagittal crest.

B mandibular symphysis.

C zygomatic arch.

D supraorbital ridge.

Question #41

Name the 40% complete skeleton discovered by Dr. Donald Johansen and his team that would have stood 3 ½ feet tall, retained some arboreal capabilities and had a relatively small cranial capacity (430 cc):

A Ardipithecus ramidus (“Ardi”).

B Australopithecus africanus (“Mrs. Ples”)

C Australopithecus afarensis (“Lucy”)

D Sahelanthropus tchadensis (“Toumai”)

Question #42

Rodman and McHenry’s Patchy Forest hypothesis proposes that:

A forests did not change and food was abundant.

B forests became lush woodlands and food was abundant.

C forests became wet and swamp like.

D forests became fragmented and food resources scatterred.

Question #43

What is an advantage to being bipedal?

A we don’t get back problems.

B we can run faster than predators.

C we are stable on slippery surfaces.

D we can walk and run long distances with little energy.

Question #44

Name the genus / species, dating back 4.4 mya, that displays a transitional form of bipedalism (opposable hallux, longer arms, longer curved phalanges, mosaic pelvis)?

A Homo habilis (“Handy man”)

B Homo floresiensis (“The Hobbit”)

C Ardipithecus ramidus (“Ardi”)

D Homo erectus (“Peking Man”)

Question #45

According to evidence in the fossil record, which genus / species bellow is the first biped?

A Ardipithicus ramidus (“Ardi”)

B Australopithecus afarensis (“Lucy”).

C Homo habilis (“Handy Man”)

D Sahelanthropus tchandensis (“Toumai”)

Question #46

You find a fossil that you are sure shows evidence of bipedalism. You know this because which of the following anatomical traits is present?

A opposable hallux.

B femur angled inward toward the knee.

C C-shaped spine.

D a wide pelvic inlet.

Question #47

Based on the evidence contained within the fossil record, bipedalism emerged approximately:

A 6-7 mya

B 5-6 mya

C 3-4 mya

D 1-2 mya.

Question #48

Which of the following features would indicate that a species walked bipedally?

A anterior position of the foramen magnum.

B flared pelvis.

C opposable hallux.

D short, straight femur.

Question #49

According to information available in the fossil record, which human characteristic appeared first and is considered to be the ‘hallmark’ of humanity.

A material culture.

B speech.

C bipedalism.

D cooperative hunting.

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