Quiz 1

A  the young person is below the age at which the criminal court traditionally assumes jurisdiction

B  the act would be a criminal offense if it were committed by an adult

C  the juvenile is charged with an offense that must be adjudicated in the juvenile court or the prosecution and juvenile court judge exercise their discretion to retain jurisdiction

D  the act is illegal for underage persons but not for adults

A  self-control

B  planful competence

C  turning points

D  attachment

A  escalation

B  desistance

C  persistence

D  age of onset

A  historical context of delinquency

B  Developmental Life-Course theory

C  parens patriae philosophy of juvenile courts

D  delinquency and social policy

A  status frustration

B  social rebellion

C  aspiration avoidance

D  ascetic hostility

A  presence of motivated offenders

B  absence of capable guardians

C  availability of suitable targets

D  skills necessary to engage in crime

A  primary deviation

B  subjective tags

C  cumulative disadvantage

D  formal roles

A  differential association theory

B  control theory

C  strain theory

D  drift theory

A  a schizophrenic

B  a delusional delinquent

C  a manic-depressant

D  a sociopath

A  fraternal twins

B  identical twins

C  adopted twins

D  dizygotic twins

A  spread of drug-trafficking street gangs due to crack epidemic

B  nationwide deinstitutionalization of status offenders

C  disillusionment with the family as a form of social control for delinquency

D  focus of federal effort on serious, violent, or chronic delinquents

A  houses of refuge era

B  juvenile rights era

C  colonial period

D  juvenile courts era

A  community conferencing and peacemaking

B  restitution programs

C  victim-offender conferencing

D  family group conferences

A  race of offender

B  community disorganization

C  age at first conviction

D  family characteristics

A  are committed by minorities

B  are considered as status offenses

C  are brought to the attention of the court

D  are typically referred back to juvenile authorities

A  have a later age of onset

B  have an early age of onset

C  use drugs

D  never had an arrest record

A  hyperkinesis

B  psychopathy

C  dyslexia

D  aphasia

A  Sheldon and Eleanor Glueck

B  Farrington

C  Travis Hirschi

D  Shaw and McKay

A  appeal to higher loyalties

B  denial of responsibility

C  denial of family

D  denial of the victim

A  ego

B  psychosexual desire

C  superego

D  id

A  creation of juvenile boot camps

B  banning of violence in video games

C  movement toward graduated sanctions

D  expanded use of curfews

A  theory of differential oppression

B  Marxist perspective

C  power-control thesis

D  poverty oppression expression

A  Lower-class boys seek out legitimate means to attain middle-class success goals, usually through one of three specialized gang contexts.

B  Lower-class boys are unable to attain the goals of middle-class culture, and therefore they become involved in nonutilitarian, malicious, and negative behavior.

C  Subcultures of violence exist among lower-class males and legitimize the use of violence.

D  Social structure exerts pressure on individuals who cannot attain the cultural goal of success, leading them to engage in nonconforming behavior.

A  financial, violent

B  property, violent

C  violent, property

D  violent, financial

A  conflict

B  social control theory

C  symbolic interaction

D  life-course criminology

A  African American youth are overrepresented in crossover cases.

B  high percentage of crossover youth are girls

C  more likely to have their cases dismissed compared to other youth

D  younger than non-crossover youth

A  content analysis

B  experimental data

C  survey data

D  cohort group

A  labeling theory

B  symbolic interactionist theory

C  theory of differential oppression

D  differential social control theory

A  belief

B  attachment

C  involvement

D  morals

A  sensation-seeking

B  routine activities

C  Freudian

D  determinism

A  focal concerns

B  urban utilities

C  critical dimensions

D  endemic entities

A  cumulative

B  resistant

C  state dependent

D  persistent heterogeneity

A  lenient courts

B  urban life

C  single parents

D  more guns in use

A  retreatism

B  ritualism

C  innovation

D  conformity

A  Houses of refuge

B  Evidence-based practices (EBP)

C  Get tough policies

D  Deinstitutionalization of status offenders (DSO)

A  promote the development of correctional facilities

B  encourage community-based alternatives to juvenile detention

C  promote deinstitutionalization of status offenders

D  encourage elimination of the practice of jailing juveniles

A  Restorative justice

B  Symbolic interaction

C  Conflict

D  Labeling

A  economy and restraint

B  disorganization and culture

C  status and wealth

D  power and prestige

A  age-graded life-course perspective

B  social control theory

C  cognitive theory

D  reinforcement theory

A  decrease, increase, decrease

B  peak, increase, decline

C  increase, decrease, remain stable

D  increase, peak, decline

A  Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP)

B  Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (JJDP) Act of 1974

C  1985 PINS Adjustment Services Act

D  get tough mandate

A  warm and nurturing

B  cold and brittle

C  similar to that of family

D  strong

A  The statistics overestimate the actual amount of crime.

B  The reports are classified and are not made public.

C  The reports do not measure clearance by arrest.

D  The statistics reflect official police policy rather than the amount of youth crime.

A  utilitarianism

B  atavism

C  the social contract

D  positivism

A  more likely to live in communities with high prevalence of gun ownership

B  gang members less likely to carry guns

C  heavy drug users more likely to carry guns

D  more likely to engage in serious assaults and robberies

A  convicted siblings

B  low family income

C  conviction for a crime before age 13

D  gender of the offender

A  are arrested for Part II offenses

B  have a lengthy record of crime

C  are scheduled for trial after their sixteenth birthday

D  are arrested for less serious offenses

A  public schools

B  civil courts

C  criminal laws

D  radical criminology

A  religious institutions

B  family and neighborhood

C  governmental agents

D  political institutions

A  the availability of and dependence on support systems in the community

B  individual attributes of the child or adolescent

C  attributes of peers

D  the climate and resources within the family

A  routine activities

B  the classical school

C  positivism

D  sociobiology

A  racial bias

B  class struggle

C  Poverty

D  culture

A  those who adopt the hip-hop subculture

B  those who were part of the opportunistic subculture

C  hose who leave home at a young age

D  those who experience the greatest conflict with middle-class values

A  neutralization

B  rationalization

C  social reactions

D  systematic rewards

A  family criminality

B  race

C  low intelligence

D  antisocial behavior during childhood

A  conformity

B  anger

C  hostility

D  deviation

A  psychological

B  biological

C  environmental

D  structural

A  conflict resolution skills

B  empathy development

C  anger management

D  substance abuse treatment

A  validity

B  spurious association

C  reliability

D  ecological fallacy

A  them

B  compulsory public schooling

C  development of the belief that raising children had to do with training and socializing

D  creation of harsh punishments for juveniles, similar to those for adults

E  end of child labor