Quiz 1

A  the juvenile is charged with an offense that must be adjudicated in the juvenile court or the prosecution and juvenile court judge exercise their discretion to retain jurisdiction

B  the young person is below the age at which the criminal court traditionally assumes jurisdiction

C  the act would be a criminal offense if it were committed by an adult

D  the act is illegal for underage persons but not for adults

A  planful competence

B  self-control

C  turning points

D  attachment

A  age of onset

B  persistence

C  desistance

D  escalation

A  historical context of delinquency

B  parens patriae philosophy of juvenile courts

C  Developmental Life-Course theory

D  delinquency and social policy

A  aspiration avoidance

B  status frustration

C  social rebellion

D  ascetic hostility

A  skills necessary to engage in crime

B  presence of motivated offenders

C  absence of capable guardians

D  availability of suitable targets

A  subjective tags

B  formal roles

C  primary deviation

D  cumulative disadvantage

A  strain theory

B  drift theory

C  differential association theory

D  control theory

A  a delusional delinquent

B  a manic-depressant

C  a schizophrenic

D  a sociopath

A  adopted twins

B  fraternal twins

C  identical twins

D  dizygotic twins

A  focus of federal effort on serious, violent, or chronic delinquents

B  spread of drug-trafficking street gangs due to crack epidemic

C  nationwide deinstitutionalization of status offenders

D  disillusionment with the family as a form of social control for delinquency

A  juvenile courts era

B  houses of refuge era

C  juvenile rights era

D  colonial period

A  restitution programs

B  community conferencing and peacemaking

C  victim-offender conferencing

D  family group conferences

A  age at first conviction

B  race of offender

C  family characteristics

D  community disorganization

A  are typically referred back to juvenile authorities

B  are brought to the attention of the court

C  are committed by minorities

D  are considered as status offenses

A  have a later age of onset

B  never had an arrest record

C  have an early age of onset

D  use drugs

A  hyperkinesis

B  aphasia

C  psychopathy

D  dyslexia

A  Travis Hirschi

B  Sheldon and Eleanor Glueck

C  Shaw and McKay

D  Farrington

A  denial of family

B  denial of the victim

C  denial of responsibility

D  appeal to higher loyalties

A  id

B  superego

C  psychosexual desire

D  ego

A  movement toward graduated sanctions

B  expanded use of curfews

C  banning of violence in video games

D  creation of juvenile boot camps

A  Marxist perspective

B  power-control thesis

C  poverty oppression expression

D  theory of differential oppression

A  Social structure exerts pressure on individuals who cannot attain the cultural goal of success, leading them to engage in nonconforming behavior.

B  Subcultures of violence exist among lower-class males and legitimize the use of violence.

C  Lower-class boys are unable to attain the goals of middle-class culture, and therefore they become involved in nonutilitarian, malicious, and negative behavior.

D  Lower-class boys seek out legitimate means to attain middle-class success goals, usually through one of three specialized gang contexts.

A  violent, property

B  property, violent

C  violent, financial

D  financial, violent

A  symbolic interaction

B  life-course criminology

C  social control theory

D  conflict

A  younger than non-crossover youth

B  African American youth are overrepresented in crossover cases.

C  high percentage of crossover youth are girls

D  more likely to have their cases dismissed compared to other youth

A  experimental data

B  cohort group

C  survey data

D  content analysis

A  theory of differential oppression

B  symbolic interactionist theory

C  differential social control theory

D  labeling theory

A  attachment

B  involvement

C  morals

D  belief

A  determinism

B  sensation-seeking

C  routine activities

D  Freudian

A  critical dimensions

B  endemic entities

C  urban utilities

D  focal concerns

A  resistant

B  cumulative

C  persistent heterogeneity

D  state dependent

A  more guns in use

B  lenient courts

C  urban life

D  single parents

A  conformity

B  retreatism

C  ritualism

D  innovation

A  Houses of refuge

B  Get tough policies

C  Deinstitutionalization of status offenders (DSO)

D  Evidence-based practices (EBP)

A  promote deinstitutionalization of status offenders

B  encourage community-based alternatives to juvenile detention

C  encourage elimination of the practice of jailing juveniles

D  promote the development of correctional facilities

A  Labeling

B  Restorative justice

C  Symbolic interaction

D  Conflict

A  status and wealth

B  power and prestige

C  disorganization and culture

D  economy and restraint

A  reinforcement theory

B  social control theory

C  age-graded life-course perspective

D  cognitive theory

A  peak, increase, decline

B  increase, peak, decline

C  decrease, increase, decrease

D  increase, decrease, remain stable

A  Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (JJDP) Act of 1974

B  Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP)

C  get tough mandate

D  1985 PINS Adjustment Services Act

A  similar to that of family

B  strong

C  warm and nurturing

D  cold and brittle

A  The reports are classified and are not made public.

B  The statistics overestimate the actual amount of crime.

C  The reports do not measure clearance by arrest.

D  The statistics reflect official police policy rather than the amount of youth crime.

A  positivism

B  atavism

C  the social contract

D  utilitarianism

A  gang members less likely to carry guns

B  more likely to engage in serious assaults and robberies

C  more likely to live in communities with high prevalence of gun ownership

D  heavy drug users more likely to carry guns

A  gender of the offender

B  low family income

C  convicted siblings

D  conviction for a crime before age 13

A  are arrested for Part II offenses

B  are arrested for less serious offenses

C  are scheduled for trial after their sixteenth birthday

D  have a lengthy record of crime

A  public schools

B  civil courts

C  criminal laws

D  radical criminology

A  religious institutions

B  family and neighborhood

C  political institutions

D  governmental agents

A  individual attributes of the child or adolescent

B  the availability of and dependence on support systems in the community

C  attributes of peers

D  the climate and resources within the family

A  routine activities

B  the classical school

C  sociobiology

D  positivism

A  racial bias

B  class struggle

C  Poverty

D  culture

A  those who adopt the hip-hop subculture

B  those who experience the greatest conflict with middle-class values

C  hose who leave home at a young age

D  those who were part of the opportunistic subculture

A  social reactions

B  systematic rewards

C  neutralization

D  rationalization

A  race

B  antisocial behavior during childhood

C  low intelligence

D  family criminality

A  anger

B  conformity

C  hostility

D  deviation

A  biological

B  psychological

C  environmental

D  structural

A  empathy development

B  anger management

C  conflict resolution skills

D  substance abuse treatment

A  reliability

B  validity

C  ecological fallacy

D  spurious association

A  them

B  end of child labor

C  development of the belief that raising children had to do with training and socializing

D  compulsory public schooling

E  creation of harsh punishments for juveniles, similar to those for adults