Quiz 1

A  the young person is below the age at which the criminal court traditionally assumes jurisdiction

B  the act would be a criminal offense if it were committed by an adult

C  the juvenile is charged with an offense that must be adjudicated in the juvenile court or the prosecution and juvenile court judge exercise their discretion to retain jurisdiction

D  the act is illegal for underage persons but not for adults

A  turning points

B  planful competence

C  self-control

D  attachment

A  age of onset

B  escalation

C  desistance

D  persistence

A  historical context of delinquency

B  parens patriae philosophy of juvenile courts

C  delinquency and social policy

D  Developmental Life-Course theory

A  aspiration avoidance

B  status frustration

C  social rebellion

D  ascetic hostility

A  skills necessary to engage in crime

B  presence of motivated offenders

C  availability of suitable targets

D  absence of capable guardians

A  subjective tags

B  primary deviation

C  cumulative disadvantage

D  formal roles

A  control theory

B  drift theory

C  strain theory

D  differential association theory

A  a sociopath

B  a delusional delinquent

C  a manic-depressant

D  a schizophrenic

A  dizygotic twins

B  identical twins

C  adopted twins

D  fraternal twins

A  nationwide deinstitutionalization of status offenders

B  focus of federal effort on serious, violent, or chronic delinquents

C  disillusionment with the family as a form of social control for delinquency

D  spread of drug-trafficking street gangs due to crack epidemic

A  houses of refuge era

B  juvenile rights era

C  colonial period

D  juvenile courts era

A  victim-offender conferencing

B  community conferencing and peacemaking

C  family group conferences

D  restitution programs

A  family characteristics

B  community disorganization

C  age at first conviction

D  race of offender

A  are typically referred back to juvenile authorities

B  are brought to the attention of the court

C  are considered as status offenses

D  are committed by minorities

A  have an early age of onset

B  use drugs

C  have a later age of onset

D  never had an arrest record

A  aphasia

B  psychopathy

C  dyslexia

D  hyperkinesis

A  Shaw and McKay

B  Farrington

C  Sheldon and Eleanor Glueck

D  Travis Hirschi

A  denial of family

B  appeal to higher loyalties

C  denial of responsibility

D  denial of the victim

A  psychosexual desire

B  id

C  ego

D  superego

A  banning of violence in video games

B  expanded use of curfews

C  movement toward graduated sanctions

D  creation of juvenile boot camps

A  theory of differential oppression

B  Marxist perspective

C  poverty oppression expression

D  power-control thesis

A  Social structure exerts pressure on individuals who cannot attain the cultural goal of success, leading them to engage in nonconforming behavior.

B  Subcultures of violence exist among lower-class males and legitimize the use of violence.

C  Lower-class boys seek out legitimate means to attain middle-class success goals, usually through one of three specialized gang contexts.

D  Lower-class boys are unable to attain the goals of middle-class culture, and therefore they become involved in nonutilitarian, malicious, and negative behavior.

A  violent, financial

B  financial, violent

C  violent, property

D  property, violent

A  symbolic interaction

B  social control theory

C  conflict

D  life-course criminology

A  younger than non-crossover youth

B  African American youth are overrepresented in crossover cases.

C  high percentage of crossover youth are girls

D  more likely to have their cases dismissed compared to other youth

A  content analysis

B  experimental data

C  cohort group

D  survey data

A  theory of differential oppression

B  labeling theory

C  differential social control theory

D  symbolic interactionist theory

A  morals

B  attachment

C  belief

D  involvement

A  sensation-seeking

B  determinism

C  Freudian

D  routine activities

A  critical dimensions

B  focal concerns

C  urban utilities

D  endemic entities

A  state dependent

B  cumulative

C  resistant

D  persistent heterogeneity

A  single parents

B  urban life

C  lenient courts

D  more guns in use

A  innovation

B  ritualism

C  conformity

D  retreatism

A  Evidence-based practices (EBP)

B  Houses of refuge

C  Get tough policies

D  Deinstitutionalization of status offenders (DSO)

A  promote deinstitutionalization of status offenders

B  encourage community-based alternatives to juvenile detention

C  promote the development of correctional facilities

D  encourage elimination of the practice of jailing juveniles

A  Symbolic interaction

B  Labeling

C  Restorative justice

D  Conflict

A  economy and restraint

B  disorganization and culture

C  status and wealth

D  power and prestige

A  cognitive theory

B  reinforcement theory

C  social control theory

D  age-graded life-course perspective

A  decrease, increase, decrease

B  increase, decrease, remain stable

C  peak, increase, decline

D  increase, peak, decline

A  get tough mandate

B  Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (JJDP) Act of 1974

C  1985 PINS Adjustment Services Act

D  Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP)

A  cold and brittle

B  strong

C  similar to that of family

D  warm and nurturing

A  The reports do not measure clearance by arrest.

B  The statistics reflect official police policy rather than the amount of youth crime.

C  The statistics overestimate the actual amount of crime.

D  The reports are classified and are not made public.

A  atavism

B  positivism

C  the social contract

D  utilitarianism

A  more likely to engage in serious assaults and robberies

B  more likely to live in communities with high prevalence of gun ownership

C  heavy drug users more likely to carry guns

D  gang members less likely to carry guns

A  convicted siblings

B  low family income

C  conviction for a crime before age 13

D  gender of the offender

A  are arrested for less serious offenses

B  have a lengthy record of crime

C  are arrested for Part II offenses

D  are scheduled for trial after their sixteenth birthday

A  criminal laws

B  civil courts

C  radical criminology

D  public schools

A  family and neighborhood

B  governmental agents

C  political institutions

D  religious institutions

A  the availability of and dependence on support systems in the community

B  attributes of peers

C  individual attributes of the child or adolescent

D  the climate and resources within the family

A  sociobiology

B  the classical school

C  routine activities

D  positivism

A  Poverty

B  class struggle

C  culture

D  racial bias

A  those who adopt the hip-hop subculture

B  hose who leave home at a young age

C  those who were part of the opportunistic subculture

D  those who experience the greatest conflict with middle-class values

A  systematic rewards

B  rationalization

C  neutralization

D  social reactions

A  race

B  low intelligence

C  antisocial behavior during childhood

D  family criminality

A  hostility

B  anger

C  conformity

D  deviation

A  environmental

B  structural

C  biological

D  psychological

A  empathy development

B  conflict resolution skills

C  anger management

D  substance abuse treatment

A  spurious association

B  reliability

C  validity

D  ecological fallacy

A  end of child labor

B  creation of harsh punishments for juveniles, similar to those for adults

C  compulsory public schooling

D  them

E  development of the belief that raising children had to do with training and socializing