Quiz 1

A  the young person is below the age at which the criminal court traditionally assumes jurisdiction

B  the juvenile is charged with an offense that must be adjudicated in the juvenile court or the prosecution and juvenile court judge exercise their discretion to retain jurisdiction

C  the act would be a criminal offense if it were committed by an adult

D  the act is illegal for underage persons but not for adults

A  turning points

B  planful competence

C  attachment

D  self-control

A  age of onset

B  escalation

C  persistence

D  desistance

A  parens patriae philosophy of juvenile courts

B  historical context of delinquency

C  Developmental Life-Course theory

D  delinquency and social policy

A  aspiration avoidance

B  social rebellion

C  status frustration

D  ascetic hostility

A  skills necessary to engage in crime

B  availability of suitable targets

C  presence of motivated offenders

D  absence of capable guardians

A  formal roles

B  subjective tags

C  primary deviation

D  cumulative disadvantage

A  strain theory

B  drift theory

C  control theory

D  differential association theory

A  a sociopath

B  a schizophrenic

C  a manic-depressant

D  a delusional delinquent

A  adopted twins

B  fraternal twins

C  dizygotic twins

D  identical twins

A  focus of federal effort on serious, violent, or chronic delinquents

B  disillusionment with the family as a form of social control for delinquency

C  spread of drug-trafficking street gangs due to crack epidemic

D  nationwide deinstitutionalization of status offenders

A  colonial period

B  juvenile courts era

C  juvenile rights era

D  houses of refuge era

A  victim-offender conferencing

B  family group conferences

C  restitution programs

D  community conferencing and peacemaking

A  community disorganization

B  race of offender

C  family characteristics

D  age at first conviction

A  are brought to the attention of the court

B  are committed by minorities

C  are considered as status offenses

D  are typically referred back to juvenile authorities

A  have a later age of onset

B  never had an arrest record

C  use drugs

D  have an early age of onset

A  psychopathy

B  aphasia

C  hyperkinesis

D  dyslexia

A  Shaw and McKay

B  Farrington

C  Sheldon and Eleanor Glueck

D  Travis Hirschi

A  denial of family

B  denial of the victim

C  denial of responsibility

D  appeal to higher loyalties

A  psychosexual desire

B  id

C  ego

D  superego

A  creation of juvenile boot camps

B  expanded use of curfews

C  movement toward graduated sanctions

D  banning of violence in video games

A  theory of differential oppression

B  Marxist perspective

C  power-control thesis

D  poverty oppression expression

A  Social structure exerts pressure on individuals who cannot attain the cultural goal of success, leading them to engage in nonconforming behavior.

B  Lower-class boys are unable to attain the goals of middle-class culture, and therefore they become involved in nonutilitarian, malicious, and negative behavior.

C  Subcultures of violence exist among lower-class males and legitimize the use of violence.

D  Lower-class boys seek out legitimate means to attain middle-class success goals, usually through one of three specialized gang contexts.

A  property, violent

B  violent, property

C  financial, violent

D  violent, financial

A  life-course criminology

B  social control theory

C  conflict

D  symbolic interaction

A  African American youth are overrepresented in crossover cases.

B  high percentage of crossover youth are girls

C  younger than non-crossover youth

D  more likely to have their cases dismissed compared to other youth

A  experimental data

B  survey data

C  cohort group

D  content analysis

A  symbolic interactionist theory

B  theory of differential oppression

C  labeling theory

D  differential social control theory

A  morals

B  involvement

C  attachment

D  belief

A  sensation-seeking

B  routine activities

C  determinism

D  Freudian

A  focal concerns

B  critical dimensions

C  endemic entities

D  urban utilities

A  cumulative

B  resistant

C  persistent heterogeneity

D  state dependent

A  more guns in use

B  urban life

C  lenient courts

D  single parents

A  retreatism

B  ritualism

C  conformity

D  innovation

A  Evidence-based practices (EBP)

B  Deinstitutionalization of status offenders (DSO)

C  Houses of refuge

D  Get tough policies

A  promote the development of correctional facilities

B  encourage elimination of the practice of jailing juveniles

C  encourage community-based alternatives to juvenile detention

D  promote deinstitutionalization of status offenders

A  Restorative justice

B  Conflict

C  Labeling

D  Symbolic interaction

A  status and wealth

B  economy and restraint

C  disorganization and culture

D  power and prestige

A  cognitive theory

B  age-graded life-course perspective

C  social control theory

D  reinforcement theory

A  increase, peak, decline

B  increase, decrease, remain stable

C  peak, increase, decline

D  decrease, increase, decrease

A  1985 PINS Adjustment Services Act

B  get tough mandate

C  Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (JJDP) Act of 1974

D  Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP)

A  cold and brittle

B  strong

C  similar to that of family

D  warm and nurturing

A  The reports are classified and are not made public.

B  The statistics reflect official police policy rather than the amount of youth crime.

C  The reports do not measure clearance by arrest.

D  The statistics overestimate the actual amount of crime.

A  the social contract

B  positivism

C  utilitarianism

D  atavism

A  heavy drug users more likely to carry guns

B  more likely to live in communities with high prevalence of gun ownership

C  gang members less likely to carry guns

D  more likely to engage in serious assaults and robberies

A  conviction for a crime before age 13

B  convicted siblings

C  gender of the offender

D  low family income

A  have a lengthy record of crime

B  are arrested for Part II offenses

C  are scheduled for trial after their sixteenth birthday

D  are arrested for less serious offenses

A  public schools

B  civil courts

C  criminal laws

D  radical criminology

A  governmental agents

B  religious institutions

C  political institutions

D  family and neighborhood

A  the climate and resources within the family

B  individual attributes of the child or adolescent

C  the availability of and dependence on support systems in the community

D  attributes of peers

A  sociobiology

B  routine activities

C  the classical school

D  positivism

A  Poverty

B  culture

C  class struggle

D  racial bias

A  those who were part of the opportunistic subculture

B  those who experience the greatest conflict with middle-class values

C  hose who leave home at a young age

D  those who adopt the hip-hop subculture

A  neutralization

B  systematic rewards

C  rationalization

D  social reactions

A  race

B  low intelligence

C  family criminality

D  antisocial behavior during childhood

A  conformity

B  deviation

C  hostility

D  anger

A  structural

B  psychological

C  environmental

D  biological

A  conflict resolution skills

B  substance abuse treatment

C  anger management

D  empathy development

A  spurious association

B  ecological fallacy

C  reliability

D  validity

A  creation of harsh punishments for juveniles, similar to those for adults

B  development of the belief that raising children had to do with training and socializing

C  compulsory public schooling

D  end of child labor

E  them