Quiz 1

A  the act is illegal for underage persons but not for adults

B  the act would be a criminal offense if it were committed by an adult

C  the juvenile is charged with an offense that must be adjudicated in the juvenile court or the prosecution and juvenile court judge exercise their discretion to retain jurisdiction

D  the young person is below the age at which the criminal court traditionally assumes jurisdiction

A  planful competence

B  self-control

C  attachment

D  turning points

A  age of onset

B  desistance

C  persistence

D  escalation

A  parens patriae philosophy of juvenile courts

B  historical context of delinquency

C  delinquency and social policy

D  Developmental Life-Course theory

A  aspiration avoidance

B  ascetic hostility

C  social rebellion

D  status frustration

A  presence of motivated offenders

B  availability of suitable targets

C  skills necessary to engage in crime

D  absence of capable guardians

A  formal roles

B  subjective tags

C  cumulative disadvantage

D  primary deviation

A  drift theory

B  differential association theory

C  strain theory

D  control theory

A  a sociopath

B  a delusional delinquent

C  a schizophrenic

D  a manic-depressant

A  dizygotic twins

B  adopted twins

C  fraternal twins

D  identical twins

A  focus of federal effort on serious, violent, or chronic delinquents

B  disillusionment with the family as a form of social control for delinquency

C  nationwide deinstitutionalization of status offenders

D  spread of drug-trafficking street gangs due to crack epidemic

A  juvenile rights era

B  juvenile courts era

C  colonial period

D  houses of refuge era

A  community conferencing and peacemaking

B  family group conferences

C  victim-offender conferencing

D  restitution programs

A  age at first conviction

B  community disorganization

C  family characteristics

D  race of offender

A  are considered as status offenses

B  are committed by minorities

C  are typically referred back to juvenile authorities

D  are brought to the attention of the court

A  have a later age of onset

B  never had an arrest record

C  use drugs

D  have an early age of onset

A  aphasia

B  psychopathy

C  hyperkinesis

D  dyslexia

A  Farrington

B  Sheldon and Eleanor Glueck

C  Travis Hirschi

D  Shaw and McKay

A  denial of responsibility

B  denial of family

C  appeal to higher loyalties

D  denial of the victim

A  superego

B  psychosexual desire

C  ego

D  id

A  movement toward graduated sanctions

B  banning of violence in video games

C  expanded use of curfews

D  creation of juvenile boot camps

A  theory of differential oppression

B  Marxist perspective

C  power-control thesis

D  poverty oppression expression

A  Lower-class boys seek out legitimate means to attain middle-class success goals, usually through one of three specialized gang contexts.

B  Lower-class boys are unable to attain the goals of middle-class culture, and therefore they become involved in nonutilitarian, malicious, and negative behavior.

C  Subcultures of violence exist among lower-class males and legitimize the use of violence.

D  Social structure exerts pressure on individuals who cannot attain the cultural goal of success, leading them to engage in nonconforming behavior.

A  financial, violent

B  violent, property

C  property, violent

D  violent, financial

A  life-course criminology

B  conflict

C  social control theory

D  symbolic interaction

A  more likely to have their cases dismissed compared to other youth

B  younger than non-crossover youth

C  high percentage of crossover youth are girls

D  African American youth are overrepresented in crossover cases.

A  cohort group

B  content analysis

C  survey data

D  experimental data

A  labeling theory

B  symbolic interactionist theory

C  differential social control theory

D  theory of differential oppression

A  morals

B  belief

C  attachment

D  involvement

A  routine activities

B  sensation-seeking

C  determinism

D  Freudian

A  critical dimensions

B  urban utilities

C  endemic entities

D  focal concerns

A  resistant

B  state dependent

C  cumulative

D  persistent heterogeneity

A  lenient courts

B  single parents

C  more guns in use

D  urban life

A  innovation

B  ritualism

C  conformity

D  retreatism

A  Get tough policies

B  Houses of refuge

C  Deinstitutionalization of status offenders (DSO)

D  Evidence-based practices (EBP)

A  promote the development of correctional facilities

B  promote deinstitutionalization of status offenders

C  encourage elimination of the practice of jailing juveniles

D  encourage community-based alternatives to juvenile detention

A  Restorative justice

B  Symbolic interaction

C  Conflict

D  Labeling

A  status and wealth

B  economy and restraint

C  disorganization and culture

D  power and prestige

A  social control theory

B  age-graded life-course perspective

C  cognitive theory

D  reinforcement theory

A  decrease, increase, decrease

B  peak, increase, decline

C  increase, decrease, remain stable

D  increase, peak, decline

A  Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP)

B  Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (JJDP) Act of 1974

C  1985 PINS Adjustment Services Act

D  get tough mandate

A  similar to that of family

B  cold and brittle

C  warm and nurturing

D  strong

A  The reports are classified and are not made public.

B  The reports do not measure clearance by arrest.

C  The statistics overestimate the actual amount of crime.

D  The statistics reflect official police policy rather than the amount of youth crime.

A  utilitarianism

B  positivism

C  the social contract

D  atavism

A  more likely to live in communities with high prevalence of gun ownership

B  gang members less likely to carry guns

C  more likely to engage in serious assaults and robberies

D  heavy drug users more likely to carry guns

A  convicted siblings

B  low family income

C  conviction for a crime before age 13

D  gender of the offender

A  are scheduled for trial after their sixteenth birthday

B  are arrested for less serious offenses

C  are arrested for Part II offenses

D  have a lengthy record of crime

A  criminal laws

B  radical criminology

C  public schools

D  civil courts

A  political institutions

B  family and neighborhood

C  governmental agents

D  religious institutions

A  the availability of and dependence on support systems in the community

B  attributes of peers

C  the climate and resources within the family

D  individual attributes of the child or adolescent

A  sociobiology

B  positivism

C  the classical school

D  routine activities

A  racial bias

B  Poverty

C  class struggle

D  culture

A  those who experience the greatest conflict with middle-class values

B  those who were part of the opportunistic subculture

C  those who adopt the hip-hop subculture

D  hose who leave home at a young age

A  social reactions

B  systematic rewards

C  rationalization

D  neutralization

A  low intelligence

B  race

C  antisocial behavior during childhood

D  family criminality

A  deviation

B  anger

C  hostility

D  conformity

A  environmental

B  psychological

C  structural

D  biological

A  empathy development

B  substance abuse treatment

C  anger management

D  conflict resolution skills

A  ecological fallacy

B  spurious association

C  reliability

D  validity

A  development of the belief that raising children had to do with training and socializing

B  end of child labor

C  them

D  creation of harsh punishments for juveniles, similar to those for adults

E  compulsory public schooling