Quiz 1

A  the act would be a criminal offense if it were committed by an adult

B  the young person is below the age at which the criminal court traditionally assumes jurisdiction

C  the act is illegal for underage persons but not for adults

D  the juvenile is charged with an offense that must be adjudicated in the juvenile court or the prosecution and juvenile court judge exercise their discretion to retain jurisdiction

A  attachment

B  planful competence

C  turning points

D  self-control

A  persistence

B  desistance

C  escalation

D  age of onset

A  delinquency and social policy

B  Developmental Life-Course theory

C  historical context of delinquency

D  parens patriae philosophy of juvenile courts

A  aspiration avoidance

B  ascetic hostility

C  social rebellion

D  status frustration

A  presence of motivated offenders

B  skills necessary to engage in crime

C  absence of capable guardians

D  availability of suitable targets

A  formal roles

B  cumulative disadvantage

C  primary deviation

D  subjective tags

A  control theory

B  drift theory

C  differential association theory

D  strain theory

A  a manic-depressant

B  a sociopath

C  a delusional delinquent

D  a schizophrenic

A  fraternal twins

B  adopted twins

C  identical twins

D  dizygotic twins

A  spread of drug-trafficking street gangs due to crack epidemic

B  disillusionment with the family as a form of social control for delinquency

C  focus of federal effort on serious, violent, or chronic delinquents

D  nationwide deinstitutionalization of status offenders

A  juvenile courts era

B  juvenile rights era

C  houses of refuge era

D  colonial period

A  family group conferences

B  restitution programs

C  victim-offender conferencing

D  community conferencing and peacemaking

A  community disorganization

B  race of offender

C  age at first conviction

D  family characteristics

A  are committed by minorities

B  are considered as status offenses

C  are typically referred back to juvenile authorities

D  are brought to the attention of the court

A  have a later age of onset

B  have an early age of onset

C  use drugs

D  never had an arrest record

A  dyslexia

B  psychopathy

C  hyperkinesis

D  aphasia

A  Farrington

B  Travis Hirschi

C  Sheldon and Eleanor Glueck

D  Shaw and McKay

A  denial of family

B  denial of responsibility

C  denial of the victim

D  appeal to higher loyalties

A  superego

B  id

C  ego

D  psychosexual desire

A  movement toward graduated sanctions

B  banning of violence in video games

C  creation of juvenile boot camps

D  expanded use of curfews

A  poverty oppression expression

B  theory of differential oppression

C  Marxist perspective

D  power-control thesis

A  Social structure exerts pressure on individuals who cannot attain the cultural goal of success, leading them to engage in nonconforming behavior.

B  Lower-class boys are unable to attain the goals of middle-class culture, and therefore they become involved in nonutilitarian, malicious, and negative behavior.

C  Lower-class boys seek out legitimate means to attain middle-class success goals, usually through one of three specialized gang contexts.

D  Subcultures of violence exist among lower-class males and legitimize the use of violence.

A  financial, violent

B  violent, financial

C  property, violent

D  violent, property

A  social control theory

B  life-course criminology

C  conflict

D  symbolic interaction

A  high percentage of crossover youth are girls

B  younger than non-crossover youth

C  more likely to have their cases dismissed compared to other youth

D  African American youth are overrepresented in crossover cases.

A  cohort group

B  experimental data

C  content analysis

D  survey data

A  differential social control theory

B  labeling theory

C  theory of differential oppression

D  symbolic interactionist theory

A  involvement

B  belief

C  attachment

D  morals

A  Freudian

B  sensation-seeking

C  routine activities

D  determinism

A  focal concerns

B  critical dimensions

C  urban utilities

D  endemic entities

A  persistent heterogeneity

B  resistant

C  cumulative

D  state dependent

A  more guns in use

B  single parents

C  urban life

D  lenient courts

A  ritualism

B  innovation

C  retreatism

D  conformity

A  Deinstitutionalization of status offenders (DSO)

B  Evidence-based practices (EBP)

C  Get tough policies

D  Houses of refuge

A  encourage elimination of the practice of jailing juveniles

B  promote deinstitutionalization of status offenders

C  promote the development of correctional facilities

D  encourage community-based alternatives to juvenile detention

A  Labeling

B  Symbolic interaction

C  Restorative justice

D  Conflict

A  power and prestige

B  status and wealth

C  economy and restraint

D  disorganization and culture

A  cognitive theory

B  reinforcement theory

C  age-graded life-course perspective

D  social control theory

A  increase, peak, decline

B  peak, increase, decline

C  increase, decrease, remain stable

D  decrease, increase, decrease

A  get tough mandate

B  Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (JJDP) Act of 1974

C  1985 PINS Adjustment Services Act

D  Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP)

A  warm and nurturing

B  similar to that of family

C  strong

D  cold and brittle

A  The statistics overestimate the actual amount of crime.

B  The statistics reflect official police policy rather than the amount of youth crime.

C  The reports do not measure clearance by arrest.

D  The reports are classified and are not made public.

A  the social contract

B  atavism

C  utilitarianism

D  positivism

A  more likely to live in communities with high prevalence of gun ownership

B  gang members less likely to carry guns

C  more likely to engage in serious assaults and robberies

D  heavy drug users more likely to carry guns

A  conviction for a crime before age 13

B  low family income

C  gender of the offender

D  convicted siblings

A  are scheduled for trial after their sixteenth birthday

B  have a lengthy record of crime

C  are arrested for less serious offenses

D  are arrested for Part II offenses

A  civil courts

B  criminal laws

C  radical criminology

D  public schools

A  family and neighborhood

B  governmental agents

C  religious institutions

D  political institutions

A  attributes of peers

B  the climate and resources within the family

C  individual attributes of the child or adolescent

D  the availability of and dependence on support systems in the community

A  routine activities

B  sociobiology

C  positivism

D  the classical school

A  racial bias

B  class struggle

C  Poverty

D  culture

A  those who experience the greatest conflict with middle-class values

B  those who were part of the opportunistic subculture

C  those who adopt the hip-hop subculture

D  hose who leave home at a young age

A  social reactions

B  rationalization

C  systematic rewards

D  neutralization

A  antisocial behavior during childhood

B  race

C  low intelligence

D  family criminality

A  hostility

B  anger

C  conformity

D  deviation

A  psychological

B  biological

C  environmental

D  structural

A  substance abuse treatment

B  conflict resolution skills

C  empathy development

D  anger management

A  spurious association

B  validity

C  ecological fallacy

D  reliability

A  creation of harsh punishments for juveniles, similar to those for adults

B  development of the belief that raising children had to do with training and socializing

C  end of child labor

D  compulsory public schooling

E  them