Quiz 1

A  the act is illegal for underage persons but not for adults

B  the juvenile is charged with an offense that must be adjudicated in the juvenile court or the prosecution and juvenile court judge exercise their discretion to retain jurisdiction

C  the act would be a criminal offense if it were committed by an adult

D  the young person is below the age at which the criminal court traditionally assumes jurisdiction

A  turning points

B  attachment

C  planful competence

D  self-control

A  desistance

B  escalation

C  persistence

D  age of onset

A  Developmental Life-Course theory

B  historical context of delinquency

C  parens patriae philosophy of juvenile courts

D  delinquency and social policy

A  ascetic hostility

B  aspiration avoidance

C  social rebellion

D  status frustration

A  presence of motivated offenders

B  availability of suitable targets

C  skills necessary to engage in crime

D  absence of capable guardians

A  primary deviation

B  subjective tags

C  formal roles

D  cumulative disadvantage

A  differential association theory

B  drift theory

C  control theory

D  strain theory

A  a delusional delinquent

B  a schizophrenic

C  a sociopath

D  a manic-depressant

A  fraternal twins

B  adopted twins

C  identical twins

D  dizygotic twins

A  nationwide deinstitutionalization of status offenders

B  disillusionment with the family as a form of social control for delinquency

C  spread of drug-trafficking street gangs due to crack epidemic

D  focus of federal effort on serious, violent, or chronic delinquents

A  juvenile rights era

B  juvenile courts era

C  houses of refuge era

D  colonial period

A  family group conferences

B  community conferencing and peacemaking

C  victim-offender conferencing

D  restitution programs

A  family characteristics

B  community disorganization

C  race of offender

D  age at first conviction

A  are committed by minorities

B  are brought to the attention of the court

C  are typically referred back to juvenile authorities

D  are considered as status offenses

A  have a later age of onset

B  use drugs

C  have an early age of onset

D  never had an arrest record

A  hyperkinesis

B  aphasia

C  dyslexia

D  psychopathy

A  Shaw and McKay

B  Sheldon and Eleanor Glueck

C  Travis Hirschi

D  Farrington

A  denial of responsibility

B  denial of family

C  denial of the victim

D  appeal to higher loyalties

A  id

B  psychosexual desire

C  ego

D  superego

A  creation of juvenile boot camps

B  movement toward graduated sanctions

C  expanded use of curfews

D  banning of violence in video games

A  power-control thesis

B  poverty oppression expression

C  Marxist perspective

D  theory of differential oppression

A  Lower-class boys are unable to attain the goals of middle-class culture, and therefore they become involved in nonutilitarian, malicious, and negative behavior.

B  Lower-class boys seek out legitimate means to attain middle-class success goals, usually through one of three specialized gang contexts.

C  Subcultures of violence exist among lower-class males and legitimize the use of violence.

D  Social structure exerts pressure on individuals who cannot attain the cultural goal of success, leading them to engage in nonconforming behavior.

A  violent, property

B  property, violent

C  violent, financial

D  financial, violent

A  conflict

B  life-course criminology

C  social control theory

D  symbolic interaction

A  high percentage of crossover youth are girls

B  younger than non-crossover youth

C  African American youth are overrepresented in crossover cases.

D  more likely to have their cases dismissed compared to other youth

A  experimental data

B  content analysis

C  survey data

D  cohort group

A  symbolic interactionist theory

B  theory of differential oppression

C  labeling theory

D  differential social control theory

A  belief

B  morals

C  attachment

D  involvement

A  Freudian

B  sensation-seeking

C  routine activities

D  determinism

A  urban utilities

B  focal concerns

C  critical dimensions

D  endemic entities

A  resistant

B  persistent heterogeneity

C  state dependent

D  cumulative

A  lenient courts

B  single parents

C  more guns in use

D  urban life

A  innovation

B  conformity

C  ritualism

D  retreatism

A  Deinstitutionalization of status offenders (DSO)

B  Houses of refuge

C  Get tough policies

D  Evidence-based practices (EBP)

A  promote deinstitutionalization of status offenders

B  encourage community-based alternatives to juvenile detention

C  promote the development of correctional facilities

D  encourage elimination of the practice of jailing juveniles

A  Labeling

B  Conflict

C  Symbolic interaction

D  Restorative justice

A  disorganization and culture

B  economy and restraint

C  power and prestige

D  status and wealth

A  reinforcement theory

B  age-graded life-course perspective

C  social control theory

D  cognitive theory

A  peak, increase, decline

B  increase, peak, decline

C  decrease, increase, decrease

D  increase, decrease, remain stable

A  Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (JJDP) Act of 1974

B  get tough mandate

C  Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP)

D  1985 PINS Adjustment Services Act

A  warm and nurturing

B  similar to that of family

C  strong

D  cold and brittle

A  The reports do not measure clearance by arrest.

B  The reports are classified and are not made public.

C  The statistics reflect official police policy rather than the amount of youth crime.

D  The statistics overestimate the actual amount of crime.

A  utilitarianism

B  positivism

C  the social contract

D  atavism

A  gang members less likely to carry guns

B  more likely to live in communities with high prevalence of gun ownership

C  heavy drug users more likely to carry guns

D  more likely to engage in serious assaults and robberies

A  convicted siblings

B  low family income

C  conviction for a crime before age 13

D  gender of the offender

A  are scheduled for trial after their sixteenth birthday

B  are arrested for less serious offenses

C  have a lengthy record of crime

D  are arrested for Part II offenses

A  criminal laws

B  civil courts

C  radical criminology

D  public schools

A  family and neighborhood

B  political institutions

C  governmental agents

D  religious institutions

A  the climate and resources within the family

B  individual attributes of the child or adolescent

C  the availability of and dependence on support systems in the community

D  attributes of peers

A  sociobiology

B  the classical school

C  positivism

D  routine activities

A  racial bias

B  Poverty

C  class struggle

D  culture

A  those who adopt the hip-hop subculture

B  those who were part of the opportunistic subculture

C  those who experience the greatest conflict with middle-class values

D  hose who leave home at a young age

A  neutralization

B  social reactions

C  systematic rewards

D  rationalization

A  race

B  family criminality

C  low intelligence

D  antisocial behavior during childhood

A  anger

B  deviation

C  hostility

D  conformity

A  environmental

B  structural

C  psychological

D  biological

A  anger management

B  empathy development

C  conflict resolution skills

D  substance abuse treatment

A  reliability

B  validity

C  ecological fallacy

D  spurious association

A  development of the belief that raising children had to do with training and socializing

B  compulsory public schooling

C  them

D  end of child labor

E  creation of harsh punishments for juveniles, similar to those for adults