Quiz 1

A  the young person is below the age at which the criminal court traditionally assumes jurisdiction

B  the act would be a criminal offense if it were committed by an adult

C  the juvenile is charged with an offense that must be adjudicated in the juvenile court or the prosecution and juvenile court judge exercise their discretion to retain jurisdiction

D  the act is illegal for underage persons but not for adults

A  self-control

B  turning points

C  planful competence

D  attachment

A  escalation

B  desistance

C  persistence

D  age of onset

A  delinquency and social policy

B  Developmental Life-Course theory

C  parens patriae philosophy of juvenile courts

D  historical context of delinquency

A  ascetic hostility

B  aspiration avoidance

C  status frustration

D  social rebellion

A  availability of suitable targets

B  skills necessary to engage in crime

C  absence of capable guardians

D  presence of motivated offenders

A  primary deviation

B  formal roles

C  subjective tags

D  cumulative disadvantage

A  differential association theory

B  strain theory

C  drift theory

D  control theory

A  a manic-depressant

B  a schizophrenic

C  a delusional delinquent

D  a sociopath

A  dizygotic twins

B  identical twins

C  fraternal twins

D  adopted twins

A  disillusionment with the family as a form of social control for delinquency

B  focus of federal effort on serious, violent, or chronic delinquents

C  spread of drug-trafficking street gangs due to crack epidemic

D  nationwide deinstitutionalization of status offenders

A  juvenile courts era

B  houses of refuge era

C  juvenile rights era

D  colonial period

A  family group conferences

B  community conferencing and peacemaking

C  victim-offender conferencing

D  restitution programs

A  race of offender

B  family characteristics

C  community disorganization

D  age at first conviction

A  are typically referred back to juvenile authorities

B  are brought to the attention of the court

C  are considered as status offenses

D  are committed by minorities

A  never had an arrest record

B  use drugs

C  have a later age of onset

D  have an early age of onset

A  hyperkinesis

B  psychopathy

C  aphasia

D  dyslexia

A  Farrington

B  Travis Hirschi

C  Shaw and McKay

D  Sheldon and Eleanor Glueck

A  denial of responsibility

B  denial of the victim

C  denial of family

D  appeal to higher loyalties

A  ego

B  superego

C  psychosexual desire

D  id

A  creation of juvenile boot camps

B  banning of violence in video games

C  movement toward graduated sanctions

D  expanded use of curfews

A  Marxist perspective

B  theory of differential oppression

C  poverty oppression expression

D  power-control thesis

A  Subcultures of violence exist among lower-class males and legitimize the use of violence.

B  Lower-class boys are unable to attain the goals of middle-class culture, and therefore they become involved in nonutilitarian, malicious, and negative behavior.

C  Social structure exerts pressure on individuals who cannot attain the cultural goal of success, leading them to engage in nonconforming behavior.

D  Lower-class boys seek out legitimate means to attain middle-class success goals, usually through one of three specialized gang contexts.

A  financial, violent

B  violent, property

C  violent, financial

D  property, violent

A  symbolic interaction

B  conflict

C  social control theory

D  life-course criminology

A  high percentage of crossover youth are girls

B  younger than non-crossover youth

C  African American youth are overrepresented in crossover cases.

D  more likely to have their cases dismissed compared to other youth

A  survey data

B  cohort group

C  content analysis

D  experimental data

A  differential social control theory

B  theory of differential oppression

C  symbolic interactionist theory

D  labeling theory

A  attachment

B  involvement

C  belief

D  morals

A  determinism

B  Freudian

C  sensation-seeking

D  routine activities

A  urban utilities

B  critical dimensions

C  endemic entities

D  focal concerns

A  resistant

B  state dependent

C  cumulative

D  persistent heterogeneity

A  single parents

B  more guns in use

C  lenient courts

D  urban life

A  ritualism

B  retreatism

C  innovation

D  conformity

A  Deinstitutionalization of status offenders (DSO)

B  Get tough policies

C  Evidence-based practices (EBP)

D  Houses of refuge

A  promote deinstitutionalization of status offenders

B  encourage community-based alternatives to juvenile detention

C  encourage elimination of the practice of jailing juveniles

D  promote the development of correctional facilities

A  Symbolic interaction

B  Conflict

C  Labeling

D  Restorative justice

A  economy and restraint

B  status and wealth

C  disorganization and culture

D  power and prestige

A  reinforcement theory

B  social control theory

C  cognitive theory

D  age-graded life-course perspective

A  peak, increase, decline

B  increase, decrease, remain stable

C  decrease, increase, decrease

D  increase, peak, decline

A  Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP)

B  get tough mandate

C  Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (JJDP) Act of 1974

D  1985 PINS Adjustment Services Act

A  warm and nurturing

B  similar to that of family

C  strong

D  cold and brittle

A  The reports are classified and are not made public.

B  The statistics overestimate the actual amount of crime.

C  The statistics reflect official police policy rather than the amount of youth crime.

D  The reports do not measure clearance by arrest.

A  the social contract

B  utilitarianism

C  positivism

D  atavism

A  heavy drug users more likely to carry guns

B  more likely to live in communities with high prevalence of gun ownership

C  more likely to engage in serious assaults and robberies

D  gang members less likely to carry guns

A  gender of the offender

B  convicted siblings

C  low family income

D  conviction for a crime before age 13

A  are arrested for less serious offenses

B  have a lengthy record of crime

C  are scheduled for trial after their sixteenth birthday

D  are arrested for Part II offenses

A  radical criminology

B  civil courts

C  criminal laws

D  public schools

A  governmental agents

B  family and neighborhood

C  religious institutions

D  political institutions

A  the availability of and dependence on support systems in the community

B  individual attributes of the child or adolescent

C  attributes of peers

D  the climate and resources within the family

A  routine activities

B  sociobiology

C  positivism

D  the classical school

A  Poverty

B  class struggle

C  culture

D  racial bias

A  those who were part of the opportunistic subculture

B  those who experience the greatest conflict with middle-class values

C  hose who leave home at a young age

D  those who adopt the hip-hop subculture

A  neutralization

B  social reactions

C  rationalization

D  systematic rewards

A  family criminality

B  low intelligence

C  antisocial behavior during childhood

D  race

A  anger

B  deviation

C  conformity

D  hostility

A  environmental

B  psychological

C  biological

D  structural

A  anger management

B  substance abuse treatment

C  conflict resolution skills

D  empathy development

A  spurious association

B  reliability

C  validity

D  ecological fallacy

A  end of child labor

B  development of the belief that raising children had to do with training and socializing

C  creation of harsh punishments for juveniles, similar to those for adults

D  them

E  compulsory public schooling