Module 2 Exam

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Question #1

Cecily believes she can become the top saleswoman in her company; consequently, she comes in early and stays late which puts her in contact with more customers. Additionally, her enthusiasm inspires customers to pay attention to the benefits of her product, and every sale Cecily makes inspires her to make another. This is an example of Bandura’s theory of _____.

A interaction

B reciprocal determinism

C congruent behavior

D synergistic success

Question #2

Gabrielle didn’t study for this exam and really wants to cheat. This is entirely unacceptable to her superego, which won’t let her do this. However, Gabrielle thinks she sees nearly everyone else in the class cheating during the exam. This is an example of the defense mechanism called _____.

A sublimation

B reaction formation

C projection

D displacement

Question #3

Nelson learns in his Human Sexuality class that it is not uncommon for young adolescents to have sexual attractions or fantasies for persons of the same sex. Nelson vehemently protests that he has never had even the slightest physical attraction or thoughts about the same sex. This is an example of the defense mechanism called _____.

A reaction formation

B projection

C denial

D intellectualization

Question #4

Samsara is aloof and self-contained. She prefers to read and work on her computer rather than engage in camping or other outdoor activities. She feels emotions deeply, but rarely displays them. Her thoughts are complex and focused on philosophical questions rather than every-day practicalities. This is a description of Samsara’s _____.

A personality

B personality disorder

C basic temperament

D psychopathology

Question #5

In a Nike commercial which uses classical conditioning to increase sales, a famous, well-liked athlete is wearing a new brand of sneakers, in hopes that people will feel more positive towards the sneakers when seeing them in the store. What is the unconditioned stimulus in this situation?

A increased sales

B sneakers

C being liked

D the athlete

Question #6

Malcolm consults his horoscope to determine what stocks to buy; Miles studies the financial section of the paper and follows the track record of companies he’s interested in before buying stocks. It is MOST likely that Malcolm _____, and Miles _____.

A has low self-efficacy; has high self-efficacy

B will go broke; will get rich

C believes in a bull market; believes in a bear market

D has an external locus of control (LOC); has an internal LOC

Question #7

Your beliefs about who or what is in charge of the outcomes in your life are called your _____.

A outcome contingencies

B locus of control

C cognitive power

D environmental expectancies

Question #8

Rotter believed that personality or behavior is determined by your _____.

A self-expectancies

B self-reinforcers

C cognitive reinforcers

D cognitive expectancies

Question #9

According to Bandura, _____ involves a person’s belief about whether he or she can successfully engage in behaviors related to personal goals.

A self-actualization

B self-efficacy

C self-congruence

D self-esteem

Question #10

The innate tendency toward growth that motivates all human behavior and results in the full realization of a person’s highest potential is called _____.

A self-realization

B self-actualization

C self-promotion

D self-potentiation

Question #11

Rogers thought that _____ is necessary for a child’s uniqueness and positive self-concept to unfold naturally.

A permissive parenting

B a friendly neighborhood

C a challenging environment

D unconditional positive regard

Question #12

In Rogers’ theory of personality, maladjustment is the result of _____.

A incongruence between self-concept and life experiences

B an incompatibility between self-concept and self-esteem

C phenomenology

D conditioned emotional responses

Question #13

If you took the _____ approach to personality, you would emphasize internal experiences, like feelings and thoughts, and the basic worth of the individual.

A motivational

B humanistic

C personalistic

D psychodynamic

Question #14

According to Horney, the emotionally healthy person will _____.

A move against and away from people

B move toward people only

C balance moving toward, away, and against people

D move toward or away from people

Question #15

According to Jung, our collective unconscious consists of _____.

A inherited archetypes

B the “archaeology of the soul”

C one’s cultural architecture

D the collective preconscious

Question #16

Adler believed the primary motivation in life is to overcome _____.

A feelings of inferiority

B collective unconscious fears of the anima and animus

C feelings of superiority

D basic anxiety

Question #17

Which of the following is INCORRECTLY matched?

A phallic conflict: Oedipus complex or penis envy

B genital task: establish intimate relationship

C anal conflict: toilet training

D oral conflict: language development

Question #18

Victor’s religious beliefs prohibit sexual expression until after marriage. He takes up painting nudes to deal with his sexual impulses. This is an example of the defense mechanism called _____.

A projection

B displacement

C repression

D sublimation

Question #19

The first and most basic defense mechanism, which blocks unacceptable impulses from coming into awareness, is called _____.

A regression

B oppression

C repression

D denial

Question #20

“I’m going to take this candy because I want it NOW!” said the _____. “But, stealing is wrong,” said the _____. “Let’s ask mom if she’ll advance our allowance so we can buy it today,” said the _____.

A brat; kissy-face; codependent

B animus; anima; archetype

C id; superego; ego

D orally fixated child; adult masquerading as a child; anal retentive child

Question #21

Bessie is gentle, cooperative, trusting, and helpful; Obadiah is outgoing, talkative, fun-loving, and affectionate. According to the Five-Factor model, it is likely that Bessie scores high on _____, and Obadiah scores high on _____.

A eagerness; cheerfulness

B openness; agreeableness

C agreeableness; extroversion

D extroversion; openness

Question #22

An example of how prejudice is acquired through __________ would be if a mother acts upset and fearful when exposed to a particular ethnic group, it is likely that her child will learn to be upset when exposed to the same ethnic group.

A shaping

B latent learning

C classical conditioning

D observational learning

Question #23

One reason that spousal, child, and elder abuse seems to escalate is that aggression used as a punishment is often _____.

A reinforcing to the abused

B reinforcing to the abuser

C the most effective way to keep the relationship from breaking up

D ignored by the abused

Question #24

To be effective, punishment must be __________ and _________.

A immediate; consistent

B intense; consistent

C intense; immediate

D partial; intense

Question #25

When your young son picks up a spoon, you clap. You laugh and applaud when he later brings the spoon toward his mouth. When he places the spoon in his mouth you hug and kiss him all over. It is MOST likely that you _____.

A are reinforcing gross motor skills

B are using a variable ration reinforcement technique

C are using shaping to teach your son to eat with spoon

D are excited to see his ability to feed himself

Question #26

George gets paid on Fridays for a week’s work; Mai Ling gets paid for every five wedding veils she completes. George is on a _____ schedule of reinforcement, whereas Mai Ling is on a _____ schedule.

A fixed interval; fixed ratio

B average interval; variable interval

C fixed ratio; average interval

D average ratio; variable ratio

Question #27

When you put nickels in a gum-ball machine, you receive _____ reinforcement; when you put nickels in a slot machine, you receive _____ reinforcement.

A continuous; continuous

B partial; continuous

C continuous; partial

D partial; partial

Question #28

Continuous reinforcement is “better” when it comes to _____; partial reinforcement is “better” when it comes to _____.

A resistance to extinction; spontaneous recovery

B resistance to extinction; initial learning of a behavior

C spontaneous recovery; initial learning of a behavior

D initial learning of a behavior; resistance to extinction

Question #29

Which of the following situations is the BEST example of prejudice being operantly conditioned?

A Spencer’s mother screamed at a homeless person, which scared Spencer.

B Cara’s friends laugh when Cara tells a homeless woman to get a job.

C Vidmar had a panic attack while taking an exam.

Question #30

Two-year-old Rumiko started whining at the grocery store. The best way for her parents to extinguish this behavior is to praise her _____ when she is NOT whining at the store and leave the store _____.

A consistently; every time she whines

B none of these options; they should stop taking her to the store

C most of the time; every other time she whines

D some of the time; when they are done shopping

Question #31

An example of _____________ would be if you did not like to study for psychology, so you decide that you will only go to the mall (a behavior that you enjoy) after you have spent 2 hours studying.

A the law of effect

B Skinner’s law

C stimulus generalization

D the Premack principle

Question #32

Negative punishment _____ and negative reinforcement _____ the likelihood the response will continue.

A decreases; increases

B increases; decreases

C decreases; decreases

D increases; increases

Question #33

For most people, money and praise are _____ reinforcers.

A anticipatory

B primary

C secondary

D unnecessary

Question #34

Tarani’s father offered her a trip to Disney World if she got a 3.5 grade point average this year. In this example, the trip to Disney World is _____.

A a positive reinforcer

B more information is needed to determine an answer

C a punishment

D a negative reinforcer

Question #35

_____ increases the likelihood that a behavior will occur, whereas _____ decreases that likelihood.

A Higher order conditioning; operant conditioning

B Positive reinforcement; negative reinforcement

C Reinforcement; punishment

D Operant conditioning; classical conditioning

Question #36

Consequences are a critical element in _____ conditioning.

A classical

B operant

C cognitive

D operant and classical

Question #37

An example of __________ would be if the conditioned stimulus is reintroduced after a period of extinction, conditioning occurs much faster the second time.

A reconditioning

B classical conditioning

C operant conditioning

D spontaneous recovery

Question #38

Learning in which voluntary responses are controlled by their consequences is called _____.

A operant conditioning

B learning conditioning

C self-efficacy

D classical conditioning

Question #39

A couple has broken up several years ago, and no longer feels any romantic feelings towards one another. However, as the couple has a chance encounter years later, the romantic feelings start to reappear. This is an example of ______________.

A stimulus generalization

B extinction

C stimulus discrimination

D spontaneous recovery

Question #40

An example of _____________ would be if you had extinguished your fear of spiders for a few months and you suddenly gasped in horror and felt your heart pounding when you saw an itsy-bitsy spider on your desk.

A total recall

B spontaneous recovery

C sudden reconditioning

D an extreme case of arachnophobia

Question #41

If your dog was classically conditioned to wag his tail when you pick up a leash to go for a walk, what would extinguish this behavior?

A Use operant conditioning to teach him to recognize the word walk.

B Take him for a walk without his leash.

C Pick up the leash without taking him for a walk.

D The behavior cannot be extinguished.

Question #42

Which of the following is an example of stimulus discrimination in classical conditioning?

A Phoung is an aggressive driver, but stops for red lights because she got a ticket for running one several months ago.

B Hank thinks all elderly drivers are slow and leave their blinkers on.

C After an accident with a red car last month, Giorgio gets nervous when he sees a red car, but not when he sees a red truck or van.

D Sung-lee believes that everyone should wear their seat belts because she was hurt in an accident when she wasn’t wearing one.

Question #43

An example of _______________ would be when a baby is bitten by a dog and then is afraid of all small animals.

A stimulus generalization

B stimulus discrimination

C extinction

D reinforcement

Question #44

If wartime propaganda depicts the enemy as ugly, cruel, and somewhat less than human, then this type of propaganda would create _____ toward the enemy.

A a negative conditioned emotional response

B unconditional negative regard

C positive punishment

D a negative social learning environment

Question #45

Which of the following is an example of the use of classical conditioning in everyday life?

A Positive reinforcement for behavior that you are wanting to be repeated.

B Both The use of seductive women to sell cars to men and Politicians learn that associating themselves with home, family, babies, and the American flag

C Politicians learn that associating themselves with home, family, babies, and the American flag

D The use of seductive women to sell cars to men

Question #46

Classical conditioning falls under which perspective of psychology?

A cognitive

B behavioral

C humanism

D psychodynamic

Question #47

Eli’s grandma gives him a Tootsie roll every time she visits. When Eli sees his grandma arriving, his mouth begins to water. In this example, the conditioned stimulus (CS) is ____.

A hunger

B the watering mouth

C the Tootsie roll

D grandma

Question #48

After being shocked for the last ten days when kissing your wife, you now feel mildly anxious whenever you approach her to give her a kiss. In classical conditioning, your wife was a(n) _____ stimulus ten days ago, and has now become a(n) _____ stimulus.

A neutral; unconditioned

B neutral; conditioned

C unconditioned; neutral

D unconditioned; conditioned

Question #49

A previously neutral stimulus that, through repeated pairings with an unconditioned stimulus, produces a conditioned response is now called a(n) _____.

A primary reinforcer

B classical stimulus

C conditioned stimulus

D secondary reinforcer

Question #50

A(n) _____ is an unlearned reaction evoked by a stimulus without any learning.

A unconditioned response

B classical response

C neutral response

D primary reaction

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