Exam 2

A  Metabolic acidosis

B  Decreased oxygen delivery to the brain

C  Decreased airway dilation

D  Decreased heart rate

E  Dehydration

A  Increased lipolysis

B  Increased breakdown of proteins

C  Increased digestive activities

D  Increased glycogenesis

E  Increased gluconeogenesis

A  Nitric oxide

B  Steroids

C  Thyroid hormones

D  Amine hormones

E  Peptide hormones

A  Glucagon

B  Insulin

C  Calcitonin

D  Somatostatin

E  Thyroid hormones

A  local effect.

B  synergistic effect.

C  permissive effect.

D  antagonistic effect.

E  circulating effect.

A  Regulates chemical composition and volume of the internal environment

B  Produces electrolytes

C  Controls growth and development

D  Regulates metabolism

A  10

B  unlimited

C  7

D  5

E  12

A  local hormone.

B  circulating hormone.

C  paracrine.

D  autocrine.

A  Calcitonin is the primary regulator of Ca2+ needed for contraction.

B  Thyroid hormone decreases muscle mass.

C  Epinephrine helps increase blood flow to exercising muscle.

D  ADH promotes water loss.

E  Erythropoietin blocks formation of erythrocytes.

A  Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone

B  Prolactin and ACTH

C  Melatonin-stimulating hormone and oxytocin

D  Follicle-stimulating hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone

E  Prolactin and growth hormone

A  Luteinizing hormone

B  Adrenocorticotropic hormone

C  Thyrotropin

D  Melanocyte stimulating hormone

E  Prolactin

A  Leutinizing hormone

B  Adrenocorticotropic hormone

C  Insulin-like growth factors

D  Melanocyte-stimulating hormone

E  Prolactin

A  The peripheral nervous system

B  Chemical changes in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

C  Action potentials from the thalamus

D  Muscle contraction

E  Hormones released from the hypothalamus

A  Increased production of all types of blood cells

B  Depression of immune responses

C  Reduction of inflammation

D  Glucose formation

E  Protein and fat breakdown

A  Chloride

B  Sodium

C  Manganese

D  Calcium

E  Potassium

A  Somatotrophs

B  Corticotrophs

C  Thyrotrophs

D  Gonadotrophs

E  Lactotrophs

A  Luteinizing hormone

B  Thyrotropin

C  Growth hormone

D  Prolactin

E  Adrenocorticotropic hormone

A  Iodination of tyrosine

B  Synthesis of calcitonin

C  Coupling of T1 and T2

D  Iodide trapping

E  Oxidation of iodide

A  Both Signals from the nervous system and Chemical changes in the blood

B  Chemical changes in the blood

C  Mechanical stretching of the endocrine cell

D  Releasing hormones.

E  Signals from the nervous system

A  Epinephrine release

B  Calcitonin downregulation

C  Glycogenesis

D  Glycogenolysis

E  Gluconeogenesis

A  Chromatin

B  Messenger RNA

C  Calcium

D  Cyclic AMP

E  Plasma proteins

A  Sympathetic

B  Central

C  Parasympathetic

D  Somatic

E  Sensory

A  Paracrine regulation

B  Sensory adaptation

C  Receptor recognition

D  Up-regulation

E  Down-regulation

A  Glucose formation

B  Protein and fat breakdown

C  Reduction of inflammation

D  Depression of immune responses

E  Increased production of all types of blood cells

A  All of these options are prime examples

B  Testosterone

C  Oxytocin

D  Human growth hormone

E  Calcitonin

A  Human Growth Hormone and testosterone

B  All of these are synergistic pairs

C  Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone

D  Follicle stimulating hormone and estrogen

E  Epinephrine and norepinephrine

A  Gustatory and Olfactory receptors

B  Olfactory receptors

C  Photoreceptors

D  Gustatory receptors

E  All of these receptors regenerate after cell death

A  Bind with receptors located on the cell membrane

B  include steroids and thyroid hormone

C  All of these are correct answers

D  Activate second-messenger systems within their target cells

A  Corticotropin releasing hormone

B  Growth hormone

C  Follicle stimulating hormone

D  Luteinizing hormone

E  Thyroid stimulating hormone

A  Hormone A stimulates hormone B; hormone B then inhibits hormone C

B  Hormone A stimulates hormone B; hormone B then inhibits hormone A

C  Hormone A stimulates hormone B; hormone B then stimulates hormone A

D  Hormone A inhibits hormone B; hormone B then inhibits hormone A

E  Hormone A inhibits hormone B; hormone B then inhibits hormone C

A  Thyroid hormone

B  Calcitonin

C  Insulin

D  Glucagon

E  Adrenocorticotropic hormone

A  is all of these choices

B  occurs when one eye focuses on two separate objects.

C  provides more accurate color vision.

D  gives better depth perception.

E  is only seen in humans.

A  only in the superior portion of the nasal cavity.

B  only in the mid-nasal ridges.

C  throughout the nasal cavity.

D  from the vestibule to the pharynx.

E  only in the inferior portion of the nasal cavity.

A  occurs rapidly.

B  enhances gustation.

C  increases sensitivity to that odorant.

D  does not occur.

E  occurs slowly.

A  itch.

B  temperature.

C  pain.

D  pressure.

E  tickle.

A  to sense referred pain.

B  to sense muscle fatigue.

C  to perceive cutaneous sensations.

D  to sense changes in muscle length.

A  body temperature.

B  body position.

C  visual acuity.

D  pain.

E  color vision.

A  Sympathetic pain

B  Visceral pain

C  Referred pain

D  Fast pain

E  Slow pain

A  A graded potential proportional to the intensity of the light stimulus occurs in the photoreceptor cell.

B  The photoreceptor cell creates action potentials at a frequency proportional to the intensity of the light stimulus.

C  No changes in the membrane potential occur.

D  The photoreceptor cell undergoes hyperpolarization.

E  The photoreceptor cell undergoes rapid depolarization.

A  conducts impulses directly to the thalamus.

B  receives information from the taste buds.

C  contains only motor neurons.

D  projects directly to the primary olfactory cortex and to the limbic system and hypothalamus.

A  absorption of scattered light by the pigmented epithelium.

B  absorption of light by photopigments.

C  generation of action potentials in the optic nerve.

D  activation of amacrine cells.

A  modality

B  adaptation.

C  transduction.

D  selectivity.

E  perception.

A  mechanoreceptor

B  photoreceptor

C  osmoreceptor

D  chemoreceptor

E  thermoreceptor

A  semicircular canals

B  organ of Corti

C  vestibulocochlear nerve

D  maculae of the vestibule

E  cochlea

A  Exteroreceptors

B  Interoceptors

C  Nociceptors

D  Proprioceptors

E  None of the answers selections are correct

A  proprioceptors.

B  nociceptors.

C  thermoreceptors.

D  Pacinian corpuscles.

E  exteroreceptors.

A  cochlea

B  organ of Corti

C  tympanic membrane

D  pinna

E  vestibulocochlear nerve

A  Dozens

B  None

C  Thousands

D  One

E  Hundreds

A  Proprioceptive sensations allow us to determine position of body structures relative to each other.

B  Proprioceptive sensations include static and dynamic equilibrium.

C  Proprioceptive sensations allow us to estimate the weight of certain objects.

D  Proprioceptors are also embedded in muscles and tendons

E  All of the options listed are correct

A  Medulla oblongata

B  Spinal cord

C  Thalamus

D  Midbrain

E  Cerebral cortex

A  Requires an adequate level of stimulus

B  All of the options are correct

C  Stems from generation of receptor potentials

D  Is called transduction

A  Stimulus transduction

B  Implementation of a motor response

C  Generation of nerve impulse

D  Sensory Reception

E  Integration of sensory input

A  Thermoreceptors

B  Baroreceptors

C  Chemoreceptors

D  Mechanoreceptors

E  Proprioreceptors

A  Sugars

B  Bases

C  Salts

D  Alkaloids

E  Acids

A  Thalamus

B  Midbrain

C  Cerebral cortex

D  Spinal cord

E  Medulla oblongata

A  Skin surface

B  Organs

C  Inner ear / Vestibular apparatus

A  Inner ear / Vestibular apparatus

B  Skin surface

C  Organs

A  Skin surface

B  Inner ear / Vestibular apparatus

C  Organs

A  Bitter

B  Umami

C  Sour

D  Sweet

E  Salt

A  Corticospinal

B  Spinothalamic

C  Spinocerebellar

A  Photoreceptor – light

B  Thermoreceptor – heat and cold

C  Chemoreceptor – oxygen concentration

D  Mechanoreceptor – skeletal muscle stretch

E  Nociceptor – solute concentration

A  somatostatin and nicotine.

B  norepinephrine and muscarine.

C  muscarine and acetylcholine.

D  nicotine and adrenaline.

E  norepinephrine and acetylcholine.

A  Preganglionic parasympathetic neurons

B  Postganglionic sympathetic neurons

C  Somatic motor neurons

D  Somatosensory neurons.

E  Preganglionic sympathetic neurons

A  dorsal rami

B  superior sacral ganglion

C  ventral rami

D  rami communicantes

A  Sympathetic preganglionic neurons

B  Both sympathetic and parasympathetic postganglionic neurons

C  Parasympathetic postganglionic neurons

D  Sympathetic postganglionic neurons

E  Somatic motorneurons

A  Has myelinated axons.

B  Forms the first part of an autonomic motor pathway.

C  Has axons that exit the CNS in a cranial or spinal nerve.

D  Has its cell body in the brain or spinal cord.

E  Forms gap junctions with postganglionic neurons in autonomic ganglia.

A  Somatostatic and nicotinic receptors

B  Muscarinic and somatic receptors

C  Nicotinic and muscarinic receptors

D  Nicotinic and adrenergic receptors

E  Adrenergic and somatic receptors

A  Ganglia primarily found in the head

B  Thoracolumbar output

C  Short preganglionic neurons

D  Stimulates sweat glands

A  Autonomic ganglia

B  Sympathetic

C  Parasympathetic

D  Somatic nervous system

E  Craniosacral division

A  has its axons exiting the CNS through cranial nerves.

B  releases neurotransmitter that binds to the effector cell.

C  has its cell body in the brain or spinal cord.

D  is the first part of an autonomic motor pathway.

E  carries information into the sympathetic chain ganglia.

A  Ganglia found near visceral effectors/targets

B  Synapses with sweat glands in skin

C  Sacral spinal cord output

D  Long preganglionic neurons

A  receptor – sensory neuron – motor neuron – effector – integrating center

B  receptor – sensory neuron – integrating center – motor neuron – effector

C  effector – sensory neuron – integrating center – motor neuron – receptor

D  integrating center – receptor – sensory neuron – motor neuron – effector

E  receptor – motor neuron – integrating center – sensory neuron – effector

A  Increased heart rate

B  Increased blood flow to skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, liver and fat

C  Increased blood glucose level

D  Decreased blood flow to kidneys and gastrointestinal tract

E  Airway constriction

A  Pupil dilation

B  All of these options are immediate sympathetic responses

C  Elevated blood pressure

D  High levels of cortisol

E  Elevated heart rate

A  striated muscles; smooth muscle and glands

B  skeletal muscles; smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

C  skeletal muscles; smooth muscle only

D  skeletal muscles and glands; smooth muscle and cardiac muscle

E  glands; skeletal muscles, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle

A  Coordination

B  All of the following are functions of the spinocerebellar pathway

C  Balance

D  Posture

E  Emotion

A  Voluntary movement

B  Sensation

C  Both sensation and voluntary movement

D  Intelligence

E  Blood

A  Quadriceps, same leg as stimulus

B  Quadriceps and Hamstring of the same leg

C  Hamstring, opposite leg of stimulus

D  Quadriceps and Hamstring of the opposite leg

E  Hamstring, same leg as stimulus

F  Quadriceps, opposite leg of stimulus

A  Skeletal muscle

B  Cardiac muscle

C  Exocrine glands

D  Smooth muscle

E  Endocrine glands

A  increasing activity in the effector

B  decreasing activity in the effector

C  increasing the size of the action potential between neurons

D  All of these options are correct

A  Contraction of both agonist and antagonist muscles

B  Relaxation of both agonist and antagonist muscles

C  Contraction of the antagonist muscle and relaxation of agonist muscle

D  Contraction of the agonist muscle and relaxation of the antagonist muscle

A  Contraction of the agonist muscle and relaxation of the antagonist muscle

B  Relaxation of both agonist and antagonist muscles

C  Contraction of both agonist and antagonist muscles

D  Contraction of the antagonist muscle and relaxation of agonist muscle

A  Integration center

B  Effector

C  Sensory neuron

D  Sensory receptor

E  Motor neuron

A  Withdrawal

B  Blinking

C  Stretch

D  Flexor

E  Visceral

A  Impulses carried along myelinated fibers

B  Poorly localized

C  Propagate along small-diameter fibers

D  Persists for a long time