Exam 2

A  Dehydration

B  Decreased oxygen delivery to the brain

C  Decreased heart rate

D  Decreased airway dilation

E  Metabolic acidosis

A  Increased lipolysis

B  Increased digestive activities

C  Increased gluconeogenesis

D  Increased breakdown of proteins

E  Increased glycogenesis

A  Thyroid hormones

B  Amine hormones

C  Nitric oxide

D  Peptide hormones

E  Steroids

A  Thyroid hormones

B  Glucagon

C  Insulin

D  Calcitonin

E  Somatostatin

A  circulating effect.

B  permissive effect.

C  local effect.

D  antagonistic effect.

E  synergistic effect.

A  Controls growth and development

B  Regulates metabolism

C  Regulates chemical composition and volume of the internal environment

D  Produces electrolytes

A  unlimited

B  12

C  7

D  5

E  10

A  autocrine.

B  circulating hormone.

C  paracrine.

D  local hormone.

A  Epinephrine helps increase blood flow to exercising muscle.

B  Erythropoietin blocks formation of erythrocytes.

C  ADH promotes water loss.

D  Calcitonin is the primary regulator of Ca2+ needed for contraction.

E  Thyroid hormone decreases muscle mass.

A  Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone

B  Prolactin and growth hormone

C  Prolactin and ACTH

D  Melatonin-stimulating hormone and oxytocin

E  Follicle-stimulating hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone

A  Luteinizing hormone

B  Prolactin

C  Thyrotropin

D  Melanocyte stimulating hormone

E  Adrenocorticotropic hormone

A  Insulin-like growth factors

B  Leutinizing hormone

C  Melanocyte-stimulating hormone

D  Prolactin

E  Adrenocorticotropic hormone

A  The peripheral nervous system

B  Chemical changes in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

C  Action potentials from the thalamus

D  Hormones released from the hypothalamus

E  Muscle contraction

A  Protein and fat breakdown

B  Glucose formation

C  Reduction of inflammation

D  Increased production of all types of blood cells

E  Depression of immune responses

A  Manganese

B  Chloride

C  Sodium

D  Calcium

E  Potassium

A  Thyrotrophs

B  Corticotrophs

C  Gonadotrophs

D  Somatotrophs

E  Lactotrophs

A  Growth hormone

B  Prolactin

C  Adrenocorticotropic hormone

D  Thyrotropin

E  Luteinizing hormone

A  Synthesis of calcitonin

B  Coupling of T1 and T2

C  Iodide trapping

D  Oxidation of iodide

E  Iodination of tyrosine

A  Mechanical stretching of the endocrine cell

B  Chemical changes in the blood

C  Both Signals from the nervous system and Chemical changes in the blood

D  Signals from the nervous system

E  Releasing hormones.

A  Gluconeogenesis

B  Calcitonin downregulation

C  Glycogenolysis

D  Epinephrine release

E  Glycogenesis

A  Calcium

B  Cyclic AMP

C  Messenger RNA

D  Plasma proteins

E  Chromatin

A  Central

B  Somatic

C  Parasympathetic

D  Sympathetic

E  Sensory

A  Sensory adaptation

B  Receptor recognition

C  Paracrine regulation

D  Up-regulation

E  Down-regulation

A  Glucose formation

B  Protein and fat breakdown

C  Reduction of inflammation

D  Increased production of all types of blood cells

E  Depression of immune responses

A  All of these options are prime examples

B  Oxytocin

C  Calcitonin

D  Testosterone

E  Human growth hormone

A  Epinephrine and norepinephrine

B  All of these are synergistic pairs

C  Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone

D  Human Growth Hormone and testosterone

E  Follicle stimulating hormone and estrogen

A  Photoreceptors

B  Olfactory receptors

C  Gustatory receptors

D  All of these receptors regenerate after cell death

E  Gustatory and Olfactory receptors

A  All of these are correct answers

B  include steroids and thyroid hormone

C  Bind with receptors located on the cell membrane

D  Activate second-messenger systems within their target cells

A  Follicle stimulating hormone

B  Luteinizing hormone

C  Corticotropin releasing hormone

D  Thyroid stimulating hormone

E  Growth hormone

A  Hormone A stimulates hormone B; hormone B then inhibits hormone C

B  Hormone A inhibits hormone B; hormone B then inhibits hormone C

C  Hormone A stimulates hormone B; hormone B then inhibits hormone A

D  Hormone A inhibits hormone B; hormone B then inhibits hormone A

E  Hormone A stimulates hormone B; hormone B then stimulates hormone A

A  Calcitonin

B  Insulin

C  Adrenocorticotropic hormone

D  Glucagon

E  Thyroid hormone

A  occurs when one eye focuses on two separate objects.

B  provides more accurate color vision.

C  gives better depth perception.

D  is all of these choices

E  is only seen in humans.

A  only in the inferior portion of the nasal cavity.

B  only in the superior portion of the nasal cavity.

C  throughout the nasal cavity.

D  from the vestibule to the pharynx.

E  only in the mid-nasal ridges.

A  occurs rapidly.

B  does not occur.

C  enhances gustation.

D  increases sensitivity to that odorant.

E  occurs slowly.

A  pressure.

B  tickle.

C  temperature.

D  itch.

E  pain.

A  to sense changes in muscle length.

B  to sense muscle fatigue.

C  to perceive cutaneous sensations.

D  to sense referred pain.

A  color vision.

B  pain.

C  body temperature.

D  body position.

E  visual acuity.

A  Fast pain

B  Referred pain

C  Slow pain

D  Sympathetic pain

E  Visceral pain

A  A graded potential proportional to the intensity of the light stimulus occurs in the photoreceptor cell.

B  No changes in the membrane potential occur.

C  The photoreceptor cell undergoes rapid depolarization.

D  The photoreceptor cell creates action potentials at a frequency proportional to the intensity of the light stimulus.

E  The photoreceptor cell undergoes hyperpolarization.

A  contains only motor neurons.

B  conducts impulses directly to the thalamus.

C  receives information from the taste buds.

D  projects directly to the primary olfactory cortex and to the limbic system and hypothalamus.

A  generation of action potentials in the optic nerve.

B  absorption of scattered light by the pigmented epithelium.

C  activation of amacrine cells.

D  absorption of light by photopigments.

A  selectivity.

B  adaptation.

C  transduction.

D  modality

E  perception.

A  photoreceptor

B  thermoreceptor

C  mechanoreceptor

D  chemoreceptor

E  osmoreceptor

A  semicircular canals

B  maculae of the vestibule

C  organ of Corti

D  vestibulocochlear nerve

E  cochlea

A  Proprioceptors

B  None of the answers selections are correct

C  Nociceptors

D  Exteroreceptors

E  Interoceptors

A  nociceptors.

B  proprioceptors.

C  Pacinian corpuscles.

D  thermoreceptors.

E  exteroreceptors.

A  organ of Corti

B  pinna

C  cochlea

D  tympanic membrane

E  vestibulocochlear nerve

A  None

B  One

C  Dozens

D  Hundreds

E  Thousands

A  Proprioceptive sensations allow us to estimate the weight of certain objects.

B  Proprioceptors are also embedded in muscles and tendons

C  Proprioceptive sensations allow us to determine position of body structures relative to each other.

D  All of the options listed are correct

E  Proprioceptive sensations include static and dynamic equilibrium.

A  Spinal cord

B  Thalamus

C  Midbrain

D  Medulla oblongata

E  Cerebral cortex

A  All of the options are correct

B  Requires an adequate level of stimulus

C  Is called transduction

D  Stems from generation of receptor potentials

A  Stimulus transduction

B  Integration of sensory input

C  Sensory Reception

D  Implementation of a motor response

E  Generation of nerve impulse

A  Mechanoreceptors

B  Chemoreceptors

C  Baroreceptors

D  Thermoreceptors

E  Proprioreceptors

A  Salts

B  Sugars

C  Bases

D  Alkaloids

E  Acids

A  Spinal cord

B  Midbrain

C  Medulla oblongata

D  Cerebral cortex

E  Thalamus

A  Skin surface

B  Organs

C  Inner ear / Vestibular apparatus

A  Organs

B  Inner ear / Vestibular apparatus

C  Skin surface

A  Organs

B  Inner ear / Vestibular apparatus

C  Skin surface

A  Salt

B  Sour

C  Umami

D  Bitter

E  Sweet

A  Corticospinal

B  Spinothalamic

C  Spinocerebellar

A  Photoreceptor – light

B  Nociceptor – solute concentration

C  Mechanoreceptor – skeletal muscle stretch

D  Chemoreceptor – oxygen concentration

E  Thermoreceptor – heat and cold

A  somatostatin and nicotine.

B  norepinephrine and muscarine.

C  nicotine and adrenaline.

D  muscarine and acetylcholine.

E  norepinephrine and acetylcholine.

A  Somatosensory neurons.

B  Preganglionic sympathetic neurons

C  Postganglionic sympathetic neurons

D  Somatic motor neurons

E  Preganglionic parasympathetic neurons

A  ventral rami

B  rami communicantes

C  superior sacral ganglion

D  dorsal rami

A  Sympathetic preganglionic neurons

B  Sympathetic postganglionic neurons

C  Both sympathetic and parasympathetic postganglionic neurons

D  Parasympathetic postganglionic neurons

E  Somatic motorneurons

A  Has axons that exit the CNS in a cranial or spinal nerve.

B  Has its cell body in the brain or spinal cord.

C  Forms the first part of an autonomic motor pathway.

D  Forms gap junctions with postganglionic neurons in autonomic ganglia.

E  Has myelinated axons.

A  Muscarinic and somatic receptors

B  Nicotinic and muscarinic receptors

C  Adrenergic and somatic receptors

D  Nicotinic and adrenergic receptors

E  Somatostatic and nicotinic receptors

A  Stimulates sweat glands

B  Short preganglionic neurons

C  Thoracolumbar output

D  Ganglia primarily found in the head

A  Sympathetic

B  Autonomic ganglia

C  Craniosacral division

D  Somatic nervous system

E  Parasympathetic

A  carries information into the sympathetic chain ganglia.

B  has its cell body in the brain or spinal cord.

C  releases neurotransmitter that binds to the effector cell.

D  is the first part of an autonomic motor pathway.

E  has its axons exiting the CNS through cranial nerves.

A  Ganglia found near visceral effectors/targets

B  Long preganglionic neurons

C  Sacral spinal cord output

D  Synapses with sweat glands in skin

A  effector – sensory neuron – integrating center – motor neuron – receptor

B  integrating center – receptor – sensory neuron – motor neuron – effector

C  receptor – sensory neuron – integrating center – motor neuron – effector

D  receptor – motor neuron – integrating center – sensory neuron – effector

E  receptor – sensory neuron – motor neuron – effector – integrating center

A  Increased blood glucose level

B  Decreased blood flow to kidneys and gastrointestinal tract

C  Increased heart rate

D  Increased blood flow to skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, liver and fat

E  Airway constriction

A  Pupil dilation

B  All of these options are immediate sympathetic responses

C  Elevated heart rate

D  High levels of cortisol

E  Elevated blood pressure

A  skeletal muscles and glands; smooth muscle and cardiac muscle

B  glands; skeletal muscles, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle

C  skeletal muscles; smooth muscle only

D  striated muscles; smooth muscle and glands

E  skeletal muscles; smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

A  Balance

B  Emotion

C  Coordination

D  Posture

E  All of the following are functions of the spinocerebellar pathway

A  Voluntary movement

B  Sensation

C  Blood

D  Both sensation and voluntary movement

E  Intelligence

A  Quadriceps and Hamstring of the same leg

B  Hamstring, opposite leg of stimulus

C  Quadriceps and Hamstring of the opposite leg

D  Quadriceps, same leg as stimulus

E  Quadriceps, opposite leg of stimulus

F  Hamstring, same leg as stimulus

A  Endocrine glands

B  Skeletal muscle

C  Cardiac muscle

D  Exocrine glands

E  Smooth muscle

A  increasing the size of the action potential between neurons

B  increasing activity in the effector

C  decreasing activity in the effector

D  All of these options are correct

A  Contraction of the antagonist muscle and relaxation of agonist muscle

B  Contraction of the agonist muscle and relaxation of the antagonist muscle

C  Relaxation of both agonist and antagonist muscles

D  Contraction of both agonist and antagonist muscles

A  Contraction of both agonist and antagonist muscles

B  Relaxation of both agonist and antagonist muscles

C  Contraction of the agonist muscle and relaxation of the antagonist muscle

D  Contraction of the antagonist muscle and relaxation of agonist muscle

A  Effector

B  Motor neuron

C  Sensory receptor

D  Integration center

E  Sensory neuron

A  Visceral

B  Flexor

C  Stretch

D  Withdrawal

E  Blinking

A  Impulses carried along myelinated fibers

B  Poorly localized

C  Propagate along small-diameter fibers

D  Persists for a long time