Exam 2

A  Metabolic acidosis

B  Decreased oxygen delivery to the brain

C  Dehydration

D  Decreased heart rate

E  Decreased airway dilation

A  Increased breakdown of proteins

B  Increased lipolysis

C  Increased gluconeogenesis

D  Increased digestive activities

E  Increased glycogenesis

A  Thyroid hormones

B  Amine hormones

C  Peptide hormones

D  Nitric oxide

E  Steroids

A  Calcitonin

B  Insulin

C  Thyroid hormones

D  Glucagon

E  Somatostatin

A  local effect.

B  synergistic effect.

C  circulating effect.

D  permissive effect.

E  antagonistic effect.

A  Regulates chemical composition and volume of the internal environment

B  Controls growth and development

C  Produces electrolytes

D  Regulates metabolism

A  10

B  7

C  12

D  5

E  unlimited

A  paracrine.

B  autocrine.

C  circulating hormone.

D  local hormone.

A  ADH promotes water loss.

B  Erythropoietin blocks formation of erythrocytes.

C  Epinephrine helps increase blood flow to exercising muscle.

D  Thyroid hormone decreases muscle mass.

E  Calcitonin is the primary regulator of Ca2+ needed for contraction.

A  Prolactin and ACTH

B  Follicle-stimulating hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone

C  Melatonin-stimulating hormone and oxytocin

D  Prolactin and growth hormone

E  Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone

A  Melanocyte stimulating hormone

B  Adrenocorticotropic hormone

C  Prolactin

D  Thyrotropin

E  Luteinizing hormone

A  Prolactin

B  Leutinizing hormone

C  Melanocyte-stimulating hormone

D  Adrenocorticotropic hormone

E  Insulin-like growth factors

A  Muscle contraction

B  Action potentials from the thalamus

C  Hormones released from the hypothalamus

D  Chemical changes in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

E  The peripheral nervous system

A  Glucose formation

B  Depression of immune responses

C  Reduction of inflammation

D  Protein and fat breakdown

E  Increased production of all types of blood cells

A  Potassium

B  Manganese

C  Calcium

D  Chloride

E  Sodium

A  Thyrotrophs

B  Corticotrophs

C  Lactotrophs

D  Somatotrophs

E  Gonadotrophs

A  Adrenocorticotropic hormone

B  Luteinizing hormone

C  Prolactin

D  Growth hormone

E  Thyrotropin

A  Oxidation of iodide

B  Iodination of tyrosine

C  Synthesis of calcitonin

D  Coupling of T1 and T2

E  Iodide trapping

A  Chemical changes in the blood

B  Releasing hormones.

C  Both Signals from the nervous system and Chemical changes in the blood

D  Signals from the nervous system

E  Mechanical stretching of the endocrine cell

A  Epinephrine release

B  Gluconeogenesis

C  Glycogenolysis

D  Calcitonin downregulation

E  Glycogenesis

A  Chromatin

B  Calcium

C  Cyclic AMP

D  Messenger RNA

E  Plasma proteins

A  Sympathetic

B  Sensory

C  Parasympathetic

D  Somatic

E  Central

A  Sensory adaptation

B  Down-regulation

C  Up-regulation

D  Receptor recognition

E  Paracrine regulation

A  Depression of immune responses

B  Glucose formation

C  Reduction of inflammation

D  Protein and fat breakdown

E  Increased production of all types of blood cells

A  Calcitonin

B  Testosterone

C  All of these options are prime examples

D  Oxytocin

E  Human growth hormone

A  All of these are synergistic pairs

B  Human Growth Hormone and testosterone

C  Follicle stimulating hormone and estrogen

D  Epinephrine and norepinephrine

E  Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone

A  Olfactory receptors

B  Gustatory receptors

C  Photoreceptors

D  Gustatory and Olfactory receptors

E  All of these receptors regenerate after cell death

A  All of these are correct answers

B  Activate second-messenger systems within their target cells

C  include steroids and thyroid hormone

D  Bind with receptors located on the cell membrane

A  Luteinizing hormone

B  Follicle stimulating hormone

C  Growth hormone

D  Corticotropin releasing hormone

E  Thyroid stimulating hormone

A  Hormone A inhibits hormone B; hormone B then inhibits hormone C

B  Hormone A stimulates hormone B; hormone B then inhibits hormone C

C  Hormone A stimulates hormone B; hormone B then stimulates hormone A

D  Hormone A stimulates hormone B; hormone B then inhibits hormone A

E  Hormone A inhibits hormone B; hormone B then inhibits hormone A

A  Glucagon

B  Adrenocorticotropic hormone

C  Calcitonin

D  Insulin

E  Thyroid hormone

A  occurs when one eye focuses on two separate objects.

B  is only seen in humans.

C  gives better depth perception.

D  provides more accurate color vision.

E  is all of these choices

A  throughout the nasal cavity.

B  only in the inferior portion of the nasal cavity.

C  only in the superior portion of the nasal cavity.

D  only in the mid-nasal ridges.

E  from the vestibule to the pharynx.

A  occurs slowly.

B  enhances gustation.

C  occurs rapidly.

D  does not occur.

E  increases sensitivity to that odorant.

A  pain.

B  pressure.

C  temperature.

D  tickle.

E  itch.

A  to sense changes in muscle length.

B  to perceive cutaneous sensations.

C  to sense referred pain.

D  to sense muscle fatigue.

A  visual acuity.

B  color vision.

C  body position.

D  body temperature.

E  pain.

A  Visceral pain

B  Slow pain

C  Fast pain

D  Sympathetic pain

E  Referred pain

A  A graded potential proportional to the intensity of the light stimulus occurs in the photoreceptor cell.

B  No changes in the membrane potential occur.

C  The photoreceptor cell creates action potentials at a frequency proportional to the intensity of the light stimulus.

D  The photoreceptor cell undergoes rapid depolarization.

E  The photoreceptor cell undergoes hyperpolarization.

A  conducts impulses directly to the thalamus.

B  contains only motor neurons.

C  projects directly to the primary olfactory cortex and to the limbic system and hypothalamus.

D  receives information from the taste buds.

A  absorption of scattered light by the pigmented epithelium.

B  activation of amacrine cells.

C  generation of action potentials in the optic nerve.

D  absorption of light by photopigments.

A  selectivity.

B  modality

C  transduction.

D  adaptation.

E  perception.

A  photoreceptor

B  chemoreceptor

C  osmoreceptor

D  thermoreceptor

E  mechanoreceptor

A  cochlea

B  semicircular canals

C  vestibulocochlear nerve

D  organ of Corti

E  maculae of the vestibule

A  Exteroreceptors

B  None of the answers selections are correct

C  Interoceptors

D  Nociceptors

E  Proprioceptors

A  exteroreceptors.

B  Pacinian corpuscles.

C  nociceptors.

D  thermoreceptors.

E  proprioceptors.

A  pinna

B  cochlea

C  tympanic membrane

D  vestibulocochlear nerve

E  organ of Corti

A  None

B  Thousands

C  Hundreds

D  One

E  Dozens

A  Proprioceptors are also embedded in muscles and tendons

B  Proprioceptive sensations include static and dynamic equilibrium.

C  Proprioceptive sensations allow us to determine position of body structures relative to each other.

D  Proprioceptive sensations allow us to estimate the weight of certain objects.

E  All of the options listed are correct

A  Midbrain

B  Spinal cord

C  Medulla oblongata

D  Cerebral cortex

E  Thalamus

A  Stems from generation of receptor potentials

B  All of the options are correct

C  Requires an adequate level of stimulus

D  Is called transduction

A  Generation of nerve impulse

B  Integration of sensory input

C  Implementation of a motor response

D  Stimulus transduction

E  Sensory Reception

A  Thermoreceptors

B  Mechanoreceptors

C  Chemoreceptors

D  Baroreceptors

E  Proprioreceptors

A  Alkaloids

B  Bases

C  Sugars

D  Salts

E  Acids

A  Spinal cord

B  Thalamus

C  Medulla oblongata

D  Midbrain

E  Cerebral cortex

A  Inner ear / Vestibular apparatus

B  Organs

C  Skin surface

A  Inner ear / Vestibular apparatus

B  Organs

C  Skin surface

A  Inner ear / Vestibular apparatus

B  Skin surface

C  Organs

A  Salt

B  Sour

C  Bitter

D  Umami

E  Sweet

A  Spinocerebellar

B  Spinothalamic

C  Corticospinal

A  Thermoreceptor – heat and cold

B  Mechanoreceptor – skeletal muscle stretch

C  Nociceptor – solute concentration

D  Photoreceptor – light

E  Chemoreceptor – oxygen concentration

A  norepinephrine and muscarine.

B  somatostatin and nicotine.

C  muscarine and acetylcholine.

D  norepinephrine and acetylcholine.

E  nicotine and adrenaline.

A  Somatic motor neurons

B  Preganglionic sympathetic neurons

C  Postganglionic sympathetic neurons

D  Somatosensory neurons.

E  Preganglionic parasympathetic neurons

A  rami communicantes

B  ventral rami

C  dorsal rami

D  superior sacral ganglion

A  Parasympathetic postganglionic neurons

B  Somatic motorneurons

C  Sympathetic postganglionic neurons

D  Sympathetic preganglionic neurons

E  Both sympathetic and parasympathetic postganglionic neurons

A  Has axons that exit the CNS in a cranial or spinal nerve.

B  Has its cell body in the brain or spinal cord.

C  Forms the first part of an autonomic motor pathway.

D  Has myelinated axons.

E  Forms gap junctions with postganglionic neurons in autonomic ganglia.

A  Somatostatic and nicotinic receptors

B  Nicotinic and muscarinic receptors

C  Adrenergic and somatic receptors

D  Nicotinic and adrenergic receptors

E  Muscarinic and somatic receptors

A  Thoracolumbar output

B  Stimulates sweat glands

C  Short preganglionic neurons

D  Ganglia primarily found in the head

A  Parasympathetic

B  Somatic nervous system

C  Craniosacral division

D  Autonomic ganglia

E  Sympathetic

A  has its axons exiting the CNS through cranial nerves.

B  is the first part of an autonomic motor pathway.

C  carries information into the sympathetic chain ganglia.

D  releases neurotransmitter that binds to the effector cell.

E  has its cell body in the brain or spinal cord.

A  Ganglia found near visceral effectors/targets

B  Sacral spinal cord output

C  Synapses with sweat glands in skin

D  Long preganglionic neurons

A  receptor – sensory neuron – motor neuron – effector – integrating center

B  receptor – motor neuron – integrating center – sensory neuron – effector

C  integrating center – receptor – sensory neuron – motor neuron – effector

D  effector – sensory neuron – integrating center – motor neuron – receptor

E  receptor – sensory neuron – integrating center – motor neuron – effector

A  Airway constriction

B  Increased heart rate

C  Increased blood flow to skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, liver and fat

D  Decreased blood flow to kidneys and gastrointestinal tract

E  Increased blood glucose level

A  High levels of cortisol

B  All of these options are immediate sympathetic responses

C  Elevated heart rate

D  Elevated blood pressure

E  Pupil dilation

A  skeletal muscles; smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

B  skeletal muscles; smooth muscle only

C  striated muscles; smooth muscle and glands

D  glands; skeletal muscles, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle

E  skeletal muscles and glands; smooth muscle and cardiac muscle

A  Posture

B  All of the following are functions of the spinocerebellar pathway

C  Coordination

D  Emotion

E  Balance

A  Blood

B  Both sensation and voluntary movement

C  Sensation

D  Voluntary movement

E  Intelligence

A  Quadriceps, same leg as stimulus

B  Hamstring, opposite leg of stimulus

C  Quadriceps and Hamstring of the same leg

D  Hamstring, same leg as stimulus

E  Quadriceps and Hamstring of the opposite leg

F  Quadriceps, opposite leg of stimulus

A  Smooth muscle

B  Exocrine glands

C  Cardiac muscle

D  Skeletal muscle

E  Endocrine glands

A  increasing activity in the effector

B  All of these options are correct

C  increasing the size of the action potential between neurons

D  decreasing activity in the effector

A  Contraction of both agonist and antagonist muscles

B  Contraction of the agonist muscle and relaxation of the antagonist muscle

C  Relaxation of both agonist and antagonist muscles

D  Contraction of the antagonist muscle and relaxation of agonist muscle

A  Contraction of the agonist muscle and relaxation of the antagonist muscle

B  Relaxation of both agonist and antagonist muscles

C  Contraction of both agonist and antagonist muscles

D  Contraction of the antagonist muscle and relaxation of agonist muscle

A  Sensory neuron

B  Integration center

C  Motor neuron

D  Effector

E  Sensory receptor

A  Stretch

B  Visceral

C  Withdrawal

D  Flexor

E  Blinking

A  Persists for a long time

B  Poorly localized

C  Propagate along small-diameter fibers

D  Impulses carried along myelinated fibers