Exam 2

A  Decreased airway dilation

B  Dehydration

C  Decreased heart rate

D  Metabolic acidosis

E  Decreased oxygen delivery to the brain

A  Increased digestive activities

B  Increased gluconeogenesis

C  Increased glycogenesis

D  Increased lipolysis

E  Increased breakdown of proteins

A  Peptide hormones

B  Amine hormones

C  Nitric oxide

D  Steroids

E  Thyroid hormones

A  Somatostatin

B  Calcitonin

C  Glucagon

D  Insulin

E  Thyroid hormones

A  antagonistic effect.

B  local effect.

C  circulating effect.

D  synergistic effect.

E  permissive effect.

A  Produces electrolytes

B  Regulates metabolism

C  Regulates chemical composition and volume of the internal environment

D  Controls growth and development

A  12

B  10

C  5

D  7

E  unlimited

A  local hormone.

B  autocrine.

C  circulating hormone.

D  paracrine.

A  ADH promotes water loss.

B  Calcitonin is the primary regulator of Ca2+ needed for contraction.

C  Erythropoietin blocks formation of erythrocytes.

D  Thyroid hormone decreases muscle mass.

E  Epinephrine helps increase blood flow to exercising muscle.

A  Follicle-stimulating hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone

B  Melatonin-stimulating hormone and oxytocin

C  Prolactin and ACTH

D  Prolactin and growth hormone

E  Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone

A  Prolactin

B  Melanocyte stimulating hormone

C  Adrenocorticotropic hormone

D  Luteinizing hormone

E  Thyrotropin

A  Melanocyte-stimulating hormone

B  Leutinizing hormone

C  Prolactin

D  Adrenocorticotropic hormone

E  Insulin-like growth factors

A  Chemical changes in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

B  Action potentials from the thalamus

C  The peripheral nervous system

D  Hormones released from the hypothalamus

E  Muscle contraction

A  Depression of immune responses

B  Increased production of all types of blood cells

C  Glucose formation

D  Protein and fat breakdown

E  Reduction of inflammation

A  Chloride

B  Calcium

C  Manganese

D  Potassium

E  Sodium

A  Somatotrophs

B  Gonadotrophs

C  Thyrotrophs

D  Lactotrophs

E  Corticotrophs

A  Luteinizing hormone

B  Thyrotropin

C  Growth hormone

D  Prolactin

E  Adrenocorticotropic hormone

A  Iodide trapping

B  Oxidation of iodide

C  Iodination of tyrosine

D  Coupling of T1 and T2

E  Synthesis of calcitonin

A  Mechanical stretching of the endocrine cell

B  Both Signals from the nervous system and Chemical changes in the blood

C  Signals from the nervous system

D  Releasing hormones.

E  Chemical changes in the blood

A  Epinephrine release

B  Glycogenesis

C  Gluconeogenesis

D  Glycogenolysis

E  Calcitonin downregulation

A  Cyclic AMP

B  Messenger RNA

C  Calcium

D  Chromatin

E  Plasma proteins

A  Sensory

B  Somatic

C  Central

D  Parasympathetic

E  Sympathetic

A  Paracrine regulation

B  Down-regulation

C  Up-regulation

D  Receptor recognition

E  Sensory adaptation

A  Glucose formation

B  Protein and fat breakdown

C  Increased production of all types of blood cells

D  Reduction of inflammation

E  Depression of immune responses

A  Calcitonin

B  Human growth hormone

C  Oxytocin

D  Testosterone

E  All of these options are prime examples

A  Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone

B  Epinephrine and norepinephrine

C  All of these are synergistic pairs

D  Human Growth Hormone and testosterone

E  Follicle stimulating hormone and estrogen

A  Gustatory receptors

B  Photoreceptors

C  Olfactory receptors

D  Gustatory and Olfactory receptors

E  All of these receptors regenerate after cell death

A  Activate second-messenger systems within their target cells

B  Bind with receptors located on the cell membrane

C  include steroids and thyroid hormone

D  All of these are correct answers

A  Corticotropin releasing hormone

B  Follicle stimulating hormone

C  Growth hormone

D  Thyroid stimulating hormone

E  Luteinizing hormone

A  Hormone A stimulates hormone B; hormone B then inhibits hormone A

B  Hormone A stimulates hormone B; hormone B then inhibits hormone C

C  Hormone A stimulates hormone B; hormone B then stimulates hormone A

D  Hormone A inhibits hormone B; hormone B then inhibits hormone A

E  Hormone A inhibits hormone B; hormone B then inhibits hormone C

A  Adrenocorticotropic hormone

B  Thyroid hormone

C  Insulin

D  Calcitonin

E  Glucagon

A  provides more accurate color vision.

B  occurs when one eye focuses on two separate objects.

C  is all of these choices

D  is only seen in humans.

E  gives better depth perception.

A  only in the superior portion of the nasal cavity.

B  throughout the nasal cavity.

C  only in the mid-nasal ridges.

D  from the vestibule to the pharynx.

E  only in the inferior portion of the nasal cavity.

A  occurs rapidly.

B  occurs slowly.

C  does not occur.

D  increases sensitivity to that odorant.

E  enhances gustation.

A  pain.

B  pressure.

C  itch.

D  tickle.

E  temperature.

A  to sense changes in muscle length.

B  to perceive cutaneous sensations.

C  to sense referred pain.

D  to sense muscle fatigue.

A  pain.

B  color vision.

C  body temperature.

D  visual acuity.

E  body position.

A  Sympathetic pain

B  Referred pain

C  Fast pain

D  Slow pain

E  Visceral pain

A  A graded potential proportional to the intensity of the light stimulus occurs in the photoreceptor cell.

B  The photoreceptor cell creates action potentials at a frequency proportional to the intensity of the light stimulus.

C  The photoreceptor cell undergoes rapid depolarization.

D  No changes in the membrane potential occur.

E  The photoreceptor cell undergoes hyperpolarization.

A  projects directly to the primary olfactory cortex and to the limbic system and hypothalamus.

B  receives information from the taste buds.

C  contains only motor neurons.

D  conducts impulses directly to the thalamus.

A  activation of amacrine cells.

B  absorption of light by photopigments.

C  generation of action potentials in the optic nerve.

D  absorption of scattered light by the pigmented epithelium.

A  adaptation.

B  selectivity.

C  perception.

D  transduction.

E  modality

A  thermoreceptor

B  osmoreceptor

C  mechanoreceptor

D  chemoreceptor

E  photoreceptor

A  cochlea

B  organ of Corti

C  semicircular canals

D  maculae of the vestibule

E  vestibulocochlear nerve

A  Nociceptors

B  None of the answers selections are correct

C  Exteroreceptors

D  Proprioceptors

E  Interoceptors

A  proprioceptors.

B  nociceptors.

C  thermoreceptors.

D  Pacinian corpuscles.

E  exteroreceptors.

A  organ of Corti

B  cochlea

C  pinna

D  tympanic membrane

E  vestibulocochlear nerve

A  One

B  Thousands

C  Hundreds

D  None

E  Dozens

A  Proprioceptive sensations allow us to determine position of body structures relative to each other.

B  Proprioceptive sensations include static and dynamic equilibrium.

C  Proprioceptive sensations allow us to estimate the weight of certain objects.

D  Proprioceptors are also embedded in muscles and tendons

E  All of the options listed are correct

A  Cerebral cortex

B  Spinal cord

C  Medulla oblongata

D  Midbrain

E  Thalamus

A  All of the options are correct

B  Requires an adequate level of stimulus

C  Stems from generation of receptor potentials

D  Is called transduction

A  Sensory Reception

B  Implementation of a motor response

C  Generation of nerve impulse

D  Integration of sensory input

E  Stimulus transduction

A  Thermoreceptors

B  Proprioreceptors

C  Mechanoreceptors

D  Baroreceptors

E  Chemoreceptors

A  Salts

B  Sugars

C  Acids

D  Alkaloids

E  Bases

A  Medulla oblongata

B  Spinal cord

C  Cerebral cortex

D  Midbrain

E  Thalamus

A  Skin surface

B  Inner ear / Vestibular apparatus

C  Organs

A  Inner ear / Vestibular apparatus

B  Skin surface

C  Organs

A  Skin surface

B  Organs

C  Inner ear / Vestibular apparatus

A  Salt

B  Umami

C  Sour

D  Sweet

E  Bitter

A  Corticospinal

B  Spinothalamic

C  Spinocerebellar

A  Nociceptor – solute concentration

B  Chemoreceptor – oxygen concentration

C  Photoreceptor – light

D  Mechanoreceptor – skeletal muscle stretch

E  Thermoreceptor – heat and cold

A  norepinephrine and muscarine.

B  norepinephrine and acetylcholine.

C  somatostatin and nicotine.

D  muscarine and acetylcholine.

E  nicotine and adrenaline.

A  Preganglionic sympathetic neurons

B  Somatic motor neurons

C  Preganglionic parasympathetic neurons

D  Postganglionic sympathetic neurons

E  Somatosensory neurons.

A  dorsal rami

B  superior sacral ganglion

C  ventral rami

D  rami communicantes

A  Sympathetic postganglionic neurons

B  Somatic motorneurons

C  Both sympathetic and parasympathetic postganglionic neurons

D  Parasympathetic postganglionic neurons

E  Sympathetic preganglionic neurons

A  Has axons that exit the CNS in a cranial or spinal nerve.

B  Has its cell body in the brain or spinal cord.

C  Has myelinated axons.

D  Forms the first part of an autonomic motor pathway.

E  Forms gap junctions with postganglionic neurons in autonomic ganglia.

A  Nicotinic and muscarinic receptors

B  Adrenergic and somatic receptors

C  Muscarinic and somatic receptors

D  Nicotinic and adrenergic receptors

E  Somatostatic and nicotinic receptors

A  Ganglia primarily found in the head

B  Short preganglionic neurons

C  Stimulates sweat glands

D  Thoracolumbar output

A  Somatic nervous system

B  Craniosacral division

C  Autonomic ganglia

D  Sympathetic

E  Parasympathetic

A  has its axons exiting the CNS through cranial nerves.

B  has its cell body in the brain or spinal cord.

C  releases neurotransmitter that binds to the effector cell.

D  carries information into the sympathetic chain ganglia.

E  is the first part of an autonomic motor pathway.

A  Ganglia found near visceral effectors/targets

B  Long preganglionic neurons

C  Synapses with sweat glands in skin

D  Sacral spinal cord output

A  receptor – motor neuron – integrating center – sensory neuron – effector

B  receptor – sensory neuron – motor neuron – effector – integrating center

C  receptor – sensory neuron – integrating center – motor neuron – effector

D  integrating center – receptor – sensory neuron – motor neuron – effector

E  effector – sensory neuron – integrating center – motor neuron – receptor

A  Increased blood glucose level

B  Increased heart rate

C  Increased blood flow to skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, liver and fat

D  Airway constriction

E  Decreased blood flow to kidneys and gastrointestinal tract

A  Elevated blood pressure

B  Pupil dilation

C  All of these options are immediate sympathetic responses

D  High levels of cortisol

E  Elevated heart rate

A  skeletal muscles; smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

B  skeletal muscles and glands; smooth muscle and cardiac muscle

C  glands; skeletal muscles, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle

D  striated muscles; smooth muscle and glands

E  skeletal muscles; smooth muscle only

A  All of the following are functions of the spinocerebellar pathway

B  Posture

C  Balance

D  Coordination

E  Emotion

A  Voluntary movement

B  Blood

C  Intelligence

D  Sensation

E  Both sensation and voluntary movement

A  Quadriceps and Hamstring of the same leg

B  Hamstring, same leg as stimulus

C  Quadriceps, same leg as stimulus

D  Hamstring, opposite leg of stimulus

E  Quadriceps, opposite leg of stimulus

F  Quadriceps and Hamstring of the opposite leg

A  Skeletal muscle

B  Exocrine glands

C  Endocrine glands

D  Cardiac muscle

E  Smooth muscle

A  increasing the size of the action potential between neurons

B  All of these options are correct

C  increasing activity in the effector

D  decreasing activity in the effector

A  Contraction of the antagonist muscle and relaxation of agonist muscle

B  Relaxation of both agonist and antagonist muscles

C  Contraction of both agonist and antagonist muscles

D  Contraction of the agonist muscle and relaxation of the antagonist muscle

A  Contraction of the agonist muscle and relaxation of the antagonist muscle

B  Relaxation of both agonist and antagonist muscles

C  Contraction of the antagonist muscle and relaxation of agonist muscle

D  Contraction of both agonist and antagonist muscles

A  Sensory neuron

B  Effector

C  Sensory receptor

D  Integration center

E  Motor neuron

A  Flexor

B  Stretch

C  Blinking

D  Visceral

E  Withdrawal

A  Propagate along small-diameter fibers

B  Poorly localized

C  Impulses carried along myelinated fibers

D  Persists for a long time