Chapter 3 Marine Provinces

A  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

B  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

C  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

D  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

E  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

A  65%

B  85%

C  90%

D  75%

E  95%

A  Transform fault

B  Fracture zone

C  Neither

A  Transform fault

B  Fracture zone

C  Neither

A  Fracture zone

B  Nemataths

C  Seaknolls

D  Guyots

E  Transform fault

A  Nemataths

B  Fracture zone

C  Transform fault

D  Guyots

E  Seaknolls

A  Black smoker

B  Rift valley

C  Deep focus earthquake

D  Hydrothermal vent

E  White smoker

A  Pillow basalts

B  Seamounts

C  Metal sulfide deposits

D  Rift valley

E  Trenches

A  Rift valley

B  Abyssal hill

C  Seafloor spreading

D  Oceanic rise

E  Oceanic ridge

A  perpendicular to the ridge axis.

B  located in submarine canyons.

C  parallel to the rift valley.

D  associated with hydrothermal vents.

A  perpendicular to the direction of plate movement.

B  in the same direction as the ridge offset.

C  in the same direction as the plates are spreading.

D  associated with turbidity currents.

E  influenced by underwater boundary currents.

A  cold seeps.

B  abyssal hills.

C  black smokers.

D  white smokers.

E  turbidity currents.

A  oceanic rises.

B  transform faults.

C  fracture zones.

D  convergent plate boundaries.

E  deep-sea trenches.

A  deep-sea trenches.

B  transform faults.

C  oceanic ridges.

D  fracture zones.

E  hydrothermal vents.

A  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

B  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

C  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

D  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

E  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

A  The gentle slope above sea level

B  The shallowest slope below sea level

C  The steep segment above sea level

D  The steep deepest part below sea level

E  The long and flat part below sea level

A  The gentle slope above sea level

B  The steep deepest part below sea level

C  The long and flat part below sea level

D  The steep segment above sea level

E  The shallowest slope below sea level

A  The steep deepest part below sea level

B  The steep segment above sea level

C  The shallowest slope below sea level

D  The long and flat part below sea level

E  The gentle slope above sea level

A  sedimentary

B  volcanic

C  metamorphic

D  erosional

E  collisional

A  Undersea streams

B  Precipitation

C  Melting icebergs

D  Suspension settling

E  Turbidity currents

A  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

B  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

C  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

D  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

E  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

A  convergent and transform plate boundaries

B  divergent plate boundaries

C  convergent plate boundaries

D  transform plate boundaries

E  convergent and divergent plate boundaries

A  deep sea trench

B  island arc

C  transform fault

D  hotspot

E  mid-ocean ridge

A  transform fault

B  mid-ocean ridge

C  island arc

D  deep sea trench

E  hotspot

A  4 miles

B  3 miles

C  2 miles

D  5 miles

E  1 mile

A  granitic

B  rhyolitic

C  basaltic

D  andesitic

A  33%

B  23%

C  39%

D  29%

E  44%

A  60,000

B  40,000

C  50,000

D  46,000

E  55,000

A  85

B  50

C  65

D  60

E  75

A  Nitrogen

B  Oxygen

C  Hydrogen sulfide

D  Hydrogen sulfate

A  Below 86 degrees Fahrenheit

B  Above 662 degrees Fahrenheit

C  86 to 662 degrees Fahrenheit

A  86 to 662 degrees Fahrenheit

B  Below 86 degrees Fahrenheit

C  Above 662 degrees Fahrenheit

A  San Andreas Fault

B  Mendocino Fracture

C  Dead Sea Fault

D  Alpine Fault

A  Islands associated with volcanic activity along the mid-ocean ridge (such as Ascension Island along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge)

B  Islands that are parts of continents (such as British Isles)

C  Islands that are island arcs and associated with convergent plant boundaries (such as Japanese archipelago).

D  Islands associated with hotspots (such as Hawaiian islands)

A  transform fault

B  fracture zone

C  central rift valley

D  seismic fissure

E  hydrothermal vent

A  parts of volcanic island arcs

B  volcanic in origin

C  parts of continents separated from continents

D  formed at high-standing areas of mid-ocean ridges

E  formed at hotspots as lithospheric plates pass over mantle plumes

A  0-1000 m above sea level

B  1000-2000 m above sea level

C  3000-4000 m below sea level

D  4000-5000 m below sea level

E  5000-6000 m below sea level

A  Black smoker

B  Warm-water vents

C  Hot springs

D  Geothermal heat pump

E  White smoker

A  Submarine canyon

B  Volcanic arc

C  Rift valley

D  Trench

E  Oceanic rise

A  The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the ocean floor is more than 4 kilometers deep.
The hypsographic curve shows that the average depth of the ocean is about four times the average height of the continents.
The hypsographic curve shows the percentage of Earth’s surface area that is covered by ocean waters.
The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the exposed land is below 1 kilometer in elevation.

B  The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the ocean floor is more than 4 kilometers deep.
The hypsographic curve shows that the volume of water in the oceans is greater than the volume of water in lakes and glaciers.

C  The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the ocean floor is more than 4 kilometers deep.
The hypsographic curve shows that the average depth of the ocean is about four times the average height of the continents.
The hypsographic curve shows that the volume of water in the oceans is greater than the volume of water in lakes and glaciers.

D  The hypsographic curve shows that the volume of water in the oceans is greater than the volume of water in lakes and glaciers.
The hypsographic curve shows that the average depth of the ocean is about four times the average height of the continents.
The hypsographic curve shows the percentage of Earth’s surface area that is covered by ocean waters.
The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the exposed land is below 1 kilometer in elevation.

A  Volcanoes and trench

B  A trench, a central rift valley, hydrothermal vents, and thick layers of sediment

C  Thick layers of sediment, hydrothermal vents, a central rift valley, and a trench

D  Hydrothermal vents, a central rift valley, basalt volcanism and pillow lavas, and volcanoes

A  Nazca and South American

B  African and Indian

C  Arabian and African

D  The Dead Sea Fault is a fracture zone and therefore does not separate two plates.

E  Eurasian and North American

A  near Egypt

B  New Zealand

C  California

D  Alaska

E  The Alps

A  Transform faults are perpendicular to the ridge axis, whereas fracture zones are parallel to the ridge axis.
Crust on both sides of a fracture zone moves in the same direction.

B  Earthquakes are common along transform faults and fracture zones.
A transform fault is a plate boundary, whereas a fracture zone is not.

C  Transform faults are perpendicular to the ridge axis, whereas fracture zones are parallel to the ridge axis.
Crust on both sides of a fracture zone moves in the same direction.
Earthquakes are common along transform faults and fracture zones.

D  The Dead Sea Fault is an example of a transform fault.
A transform fault is a plate boundary, whereas a fracture zone is not.
Crust on both sides of a fracture zone moves in the same direction.

A  Juan De Fuca

B  Alpine Fault

C  Mendocino

D  San Andreas Fault

E  Hawaii

A  along the ridge axis and along transform faults that offset the axis of the ridge

B  along the fracture zones

C  along the ridge axis and along any offsets, including fracture zone and transform fault segments

D  along the mid-ocean ridge axis

E  along the ridge axis where two plates converge

A  Segments of a mid-ocean ridge are initially aligned.Transform faults form when different segments spread at different rates.
Offsets include both inactive and active segments.
Fracture zones occur where two plates are locally colliding

B  Offsets occur where two plates slide past each other.
Fracture zones occur where two plates are locally colliding.
Offsets include both inactive and active segments.

C  Offsets occur where two plates slide past each other.
Segments of a mid-ocean ridge are initially aligned.Transform faults form when different segments spread at different rates.
Offsets include both inactive and active segments.

D  Offsets occur where two plates slide past each other.
Offsets include both inactive and active segments.
Transform faults run parallel to the mid-ocean ridge axis.

A  Sea currents circulate nutrients to the reef deeper than 45 meters and provide a rigid force to keep the coral reef at the surface.

B  Corals deep in the ocean can survive because they are warmed by seamounts instead of the sun.  The atoll consists of layers of coral reef alive at the surface and near seamount vents.

C  Pieces of coral from other reefs are carried farther out into the ocean, where they act like seeds and start new coral reefs.  These corals quickly grow up into the warmer parts of the ocean where they thrive and form round atolls as a means of trapping warmer water around them.

D  The coral reef once formed around an active volcano.  The reef became a barrier reef, with hard skeletons of previous colonies acting as the scaffolding for new ones on top.  The volcano gradually sank into sea, moving with the plate it rested on, as the coral continued to grow upward, leaving the atoll as a ring structure at the top.

A  It is most likely a deep-ocean trench because they are common along the active continental margins.
The feature was most likely caused by one oceanic crust subducting under a leading edge of a continent.
It is most likely a deep-ocean trench because they are common along the margins of the Pacific Ocean.

B  Even though turbidite deposits are missing, it is most likely a submarine canyon because it runs parallel to the continental margin.
It is most likely a rift valley.
It is most likely a deep-ocean trench because they are common along the margins of the Pacific Ocean.

C  Even though turbidite deposits are missing, it is most likely a submarine canyon because it runs parallel to the continental margin.
It is most likely a rift valley.
The feature was most likely caused by one oceanic crust subducting under a leading edge of a continent.

D  It is most likely a deep-ocean trench because they are common along the active continental margins.
The feature was most likely caused by one oceanic crust subducting under a leading edge of a continent.
It is most likely a rift valley.

A  mid-ocean ridges.

B  turbidity currents

C  Submarine canyons

D  Ring of Fire.

A  Submarine canyons … turbidity currents…

B  volcanic island arcs …mid-ocean ridges

C  Submarine canyons ….Ring of Fire

D  continental volcanic arcs …volcanic island arcs …

A  volcanic island arcs….mid-ocean ridges

B  turbidity currents….Submarine canyons

C  Continental volcanic arcs …volcanic island arcs

D  Submarine canyons … turbidity currents…

A  Ring of Fire

B  continental volcanic arcs

C  Submarine canyons

D  mid-ocean ridges

A  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

B  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

C  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

D  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

E  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

A  At submarine canyons

B  At transform plate boundaries

C  At divergent plate boundaries

D  At convergent plate boundaries

E  At the intraplate abyssal plains

A  Arctic Ocean

B  Indian Ocean

C  Southern Ocean

D  Pacific Ocean

E  Atlantic Ocean

A  > 20,000

B  < 5,000

C  5,000 to 10,000

D  15,000 to 20,000

E  10,000 to 15,000

A  Melting icebergs

B  Suspension settling

C  Black smokers

D  Precipitation

E  Undersea streams

A  Indian Ocean

B  Pacific Ocean

C  Arctic Ocean

D  Southern Ocean

E  Atlantic Ocean

A  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

B  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

C  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

D  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

E  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

A  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

B  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

C  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

D  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

E  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

A  abyssal hill

B  guyot

C  seaknoll

D  nematath

E  island

A  seaknolls

B  nemataths

C  guyots

D  seamounts

E  islands

A  seamounts

B  guyots

C  nemataths

D  seaknolls

E  islands

A  seaknolls

B  islands

C  nemataths

D  seamounts

E  guyots

A  seismic

B  erosional

C  metamorphic

D  volcanic

E  sedimentary

A  sedimentary

B  seismic

C  metamorphic

D  erosional

E  volcanic

A  Ocean trench

B  Volcanic arc

C  Island arc

D  Continental arc

E  Passive margin

A  Submarine canyon

B  Seamount

C  Tablemount

D  Abyssal hill

E  Abyssal plain

A  deep-sea trenches.

B  spreading centers.

C  fracture zones.

D  mid-ocean ridges.

E  hydrothermal vents.

A  oceanic ridges.

B  oceanic trenches.

C  tablemounts.

D  seamounts.

E  abyssal hills or seaknolls.

A  seamounts.

B  tablemounts.

C  oceanic ridges.

D  abyssal hills or seaknolls.

E  oceanic trenches.

A  oceanic trenches.

B  submarine canyons.

C  seamounts.

D  tablemounts.

E  oceanic ridges.

A  the presence of convergent active margins.

B  its smaller size compared to other ocean basins.

C  the presence of seamounts.

D  All of the answers are correct.

E  the absence of convergent active margins.

A  abyssal plains.

B  continental shelves.

C  tablemounts.

D  abyssal hills.

E  continental slopes.

A  island arc

B  mid-ocean ridge

C  hotspot

D  transform fault

E  rift valley

A  island arc

B  transform fault

C  hotspot

D  mid-ocean ridge

E  rift valley

A  Southern Ocean

B  Pacific Ocean

C  Indian Ocean

D  Atlantic Ocean

A  one-quarter

B  one-fifth

C  one-third

D  one-half

A  Abyssal plain

B  Shelf

C  Slope

D  Rise

A  Seaknobs

B  Seahills

C  Seamounds

D  Seaknolls

A  Pacific Ocean

B  Southern Ocean

C  Arctic Ocean

D  Indian Ocean

E  Atlantic Ocean

A  Tablemount

B  Seamount

C  Abyssal hill

A  Arctic Ocean

B  Indian Ocean

C  Southern Ocean

D  Pacific Ocean

E  Atlantic Ocean

A  Mariana

B  Peru-Chile

C  Aleutian

D  Kuril

E  Middle America

A  Kuril

B  Aleutian

C  Mariana

D  Peru-Chile

E  Middle America

A  Arctic

B  Indian

C  Pacific

D  Atlantic

E  Southern

A  submarine fans

B  the continental slope and rise

C  the continental shelf

D  shallow islands in tropical seas

E  abyssal plains

A  the Pacific Ocean is too large for those features to form

B  turbidity currents are rare in the Pacific, so little sediment is carried down the continental slopes

C  rivers do not carry much sediment into the Pacific

D  sediment is trapped within the trenches of the convergent plate boundaries ringing the Pacific

E  the numerous volcanoes of the Pacific rim and islands prevent normal sedimentation

A  continental shelf

B  continental rise

C  continental borderland

D  abyssal plain

E  continental slope

A  Trenches occur only in the Pacific Ocean. Submarine canyons occur in all oceans.

B  Trenches are formed by erosive currents. Submarine canyons are drowned, ancient river valleys.

C  Trenches are only located along active margins. Submarine canyons are only located along passive margins.

D  Trenches descend deep beyond the abyssal plains. Submarine canyons are part of the shallower continental margins.

A  the Pacific Ring of Fire, very deep-ocean water depths, and the mid-ocean ridge

B  the mid-ocean ridge, the Pacific Ring of Fire, and narrow or no continental shelves

C  volcanic arcs and active continental margins and the mid-ocean ridge

D  subduction zones and associated faults, and very deep-ocean water depths

E  the Pacific Ring of Fire, narrow or no continental shelves, volcanic arcs and active continental margins, subduction zones and associated faults, and very deep-ocean water depths

A  Sandstone Layering

B  Nonconformities

C  Graded Bedding

D  Turbidity Currents

E  Suspension Deposits

A  Turbid water that kills coral and other photosynthesizing creatures by blocking light

B  Underwater avalanches of muddy water mixed with rocks and other debris

C  Muddy water brought to the ocean by rivers and streams to form a delta

D  Rift-valley sediments found within the depression at mid-ocean ridges

E  Metal-rich deposits that form on the flanks of submarine volcanoes

A  Shoreline

B  Abyssal plain

C  Continental rise

D  Continental shelf

E  Continental slope

A  Shoreline

B  Continental slope

C  Abyssal plain

D  Continental rise

E  Continental shelf

A  The continental slope

B  A beginners ski hill

C  A large parking lot

D  A soap box derby course

E  An Olympic toboggan track

A  greater than five degrees

B  two to five degrees

C  a tenth of a degree

D  one to two degrees

E  one-half to one degree

A  Continental rifting and continued sea floor spreading

B  The closing of an ancient sea to form a salt rich lake

C  Hot spot volcanism forming a chain of islands and seamounts

D  Subduction of oceanic crust and submarine volcanic activity

E  Transform faulting along a continental margin or a mid-ocean ridge

A  Southern Coast of Alaska

B  East Coast of the United States

C  West Coast of Chile

D  East Coast of Japan

E  West Coast of Mexico

A  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

B  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

C  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

D  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

E  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

A  The assertion is incorrect but the reason is correct.

B  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

C  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

D  The assertion is correct but the reason is incorrect.

E  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

A  Continental flood basalt

B  Continental slope

C  Continental shelf

D  Continental rise

E  Abyssal plain

A  Abyssal plains

B  Deep-sea fans

C  Graded bedding

D  Turbidity currents

E  Turbidite deposits

A  Continental shelf

B  Abyssal hill

C  Continental slope

D  Continental rise

E  Shelf break

A  Continental margin

B  Active margin

C  Convergent active margin

D  Transform active margin

E  Rift valley

A  scouring by glaciers during the last ice age.

B  erosion by turbidity currents.

C  deposition of terrestrial sediment.

D  earthquake activity.

E  erosion by major rivers in the past.

A  turbidity currents.

B  graded bedding.

C  turbidite deposits.

D  white smokers.

E  deep sea fans.

A  continental slope.

B  abyssal plain.

C  continental rise.

D  trench.

E  mid-ocean ridge.

A  Fracture zone

B  Continental shelf

C  Continental rise

D  Submarine canyon

E  Continental slope

A  Chains of islands

B  Deep-sea trenches

C  Broad continental shelves

D  Thin sediment accumulation

E  Volcanic and earthquake activity

A  Sparse earthquake activity

B  Broad continental shelves

C  No sediment accumulation

D  Shallow coastal waters

E  Deep-sea trenches

A  abyssal plain, shelf, slope, rise.

B  shelf, slope, rise, abyssal plain.

C  abyssal plain, rise, slope, shelf.

D  rise, abyssal plain, slope, shelf.

E  slope, rise, shelf, abyssal plain.

A  Continental margins

B  Deep-ocean basin

C  Mid-ocean ridge

A  Oceanic-continental convergent

B  Oceanic-oceanic convergent

C  Continental-continental convergent

D  Oceanic-oceanic divergent

A  Transform

B  Divergent

C  Convergent

A  Granite

B  Rhyolite

C  Peridotite

D  Basalt

A  100

B  40

C  60

D  80

E  20

A  20

B  5

C  10

D  25

E  15

A  U

B  V

C  L

D  T

E  Y

A  no change

B  sideways

C  downward

D  upward

A  Continental rise

B  Abyssal plains

C  Tablemountas

D  Continental slope

E  Continental shelf

A  Himalayan

B  Andes

C  Cascades

D  Chilean

A  Abyssal plain

B  Shelf

C  Rise

D  Slope

A  turbidity currents carry large particles farther than smaller, lighter particles

B  submarine canyons were cut by streams during ice ages when the continental shelves were above sea level

C  glaciers deposited sediments on continental shelves

D  large, heavy particles settle out first as current velocity decreases

E  turbidity currents are triggered by earthquakes

A  a continental borderland

B  far from an oceanic ridge

C  near an offshore fault

D  lacking a continental rise

E  seismically active

A  Turbidity currents are composed of low-density water that sinks and follows the shape of the sea floor.
Turbidity currents are highly erosive and carve submarine canyons.
The material carried by turbidity currents is what builds deep-sea fans.

B  Turbidity currents move sediment down the continental shelf and the continental slope to be deposited on the continental rise.
Turbidity currents are composed of low-density water that sinks and follows the shape of the sea floor.

C  Turbidity currents are highly erosive and carve submarine canyons.
Turbidity currents move sediment down the continental shelf and the continental slope to be deposited on the continental rise.
Turbidity currents are episodic events (they don’t occur all the time, but only every so often, like a flash flood).
The material carried by turbidity currents is what builds deep-sea fans.

D  Turbidity currents are episodic events (they don’t occur all the time, but only every so often, like a flash flood).
Turbidity currents are composed of low-density water that sinks and follows the shape of the sea floor.
The material carried by turbidity currents is what builds deep-sea fans.

A  A deep-ocean trench and an abundance of earthquake activity

B  A continental rise and a wide continental shelf

C  An abundance of earthquake activity and a wide continental shelf

D  An abundance of earthquake activity and volcanic eruptions and pillow lavas

A  Major climate changes, such as ice ages.
Trench formation at convergent boundaries.
The creation of pillow lavas along the mid-ocean ridge

B  Major climate changes, such as ice ages
Trench formation at convergent boundaries
Tectonic activity produced by offshore faults
Large fluctuations in sea level over geologic time

C  The creation of pillow lavas along the mid-ocean ridge.
Large fluctuations in sea level over geologic time.
Tectonic activity produced by offshore faults

D  Tectonic activity produced by offshore faults.
The creation of pillow lavas along the mid-ocean ridge.
Trench formation at convergent boundaries

A  Deep-sea fans are composed of numerous layers of turbidite deposits that can reach thicknesses of 2 kilometers or more (1.2 miles or more).
Submarine canyons cut into the continental slope of passive and active continental margins.

B  Submarine canyons cut into the continenal margin parallel to the coastline.
Turbidity currents occur at regular intervals.

C  Submarine canyons cut into the continenal margin parallel to the coastline.
Turbidity currents are slow, gently moving currents of water and sediment.

D  Submarine canyons cut into the continental slope of passive and active continental margins.
Submarine canyons cut into the continenal margin parallel to the coastline.

A  along the upper walls of a submarine canyon

B  deep-sea fans

C  continental shelf

D  delta

E  abyssal plain

A  Convergent active margins will have a steep continental slope, whereas passive margins will have a more gradual slope.

B  Convergent active margins have continental borderlands associated with basins and islands along the coast, whereas passive margins have a flat continental shelf.

C  Transform active margins will have a trench, whereas passive margins will not.

D  Convergent active margins have a more extensive continental rise.

E  Passive margins have narrower continental shelves.

A  narrow continental shelf, trench, and continental rise

B  narrow continental shelf and trench

C  ridge and continental rise

D  continental rise and Flat coastal terrain

A  west coast of Chile and west coast of the United States

B  west coast of Africa, east coast of Brazil and east coast of the United States

C  west coast of Africa and east coast of Brazil

D  east coast of Brazil and east coast of the United States

A  The Abyssal Plain, located in central Asia, is the largest land surface plain in the world.

B  The Abyssal Plain is the vast, deep, generally flat surface that covers most of the ocean floor.

C  The Abyssal Plain is the name of the Great Plains region of the United States.

D  The Abyssal Plain is the highest elevated plain on Earth.

E  The Abyssal Plain is an underwater landmass that extends from a continent.

A  The largest canyon on the planet is called the Zhemchug Canyon.

B  The largest canyon on the planet is the Hudson Canyon.

C  The largest canyon on the planet is Copper Canyon.

D  The largest canyon on the planet is the Grand Canyon.

E  The largest canyon on the planet is the Agadir Canyon.

A  The continental shelf is one of the most valuable places on Earth because of methane hydrates.

B  The continental shelf is one of the most valuable places on Earth because of gold and silver deposits.

C  The continental shelf is one of the most valuable places on Earth because of its fishing grounds.

D  The continental shelf is one of the most valuable places on Earth because of oil.

E  The continental shelf is one of the most valuable places on Earth because of agriculture.

A  France

B  United States

C  Canada

D  Iceland

E  Ireland

A  rip current

B  graded bedding

C  velocity profile

D  layered stratum

E  grand layering

A  density stratification

B  slosh speed

C  shaking speed

D  settling velocity

E  wave size

A  Turbidity currents are erosive to the continental slope and, as a result, carve out submarine canyons.

B  Turbidity currents transport liquid oil reserves to the continental slope.

C  Turbidity currents make the continental slope less steep.

D  Turbidity currents heat up the surrounding seawater above the continental slope.

E  Turbidity currents are rather small, so they essentially have no effect on the continental slope.

A  water currents

B  air bubbles

C  brown algae

D  suspended sediment

E  microscopic floating marine life

A  a balloon

B  Silly Putty

C  a large jar filled with water and sediment

D  a candle

E  a can of soda

A  repeated sequences of lateral bedding containing mostly coarse material mixed with fine material

B  repeated sequences of graded bedding that begin as fine material and become coarser upward

C  repeated sequences of graded bedding that begin as coarse material and become finer upward

D  repeated sequences of lateral bedding containing mostly fine material mixed with coarse material

A  lateral bedding containing mostly coarse material mixed with fine material

B  graded bedding that begins as fine material and becomes coarser upward

C  lateral bedding containing mostly fine material mixed with coarse material

D  graded bedding that begins as coarse material and becomes finer upward

A  very frequently

B  somewhat frequently

C  infrequently

A  Turbidity currents deposit material in canyons as currents move downslope.

B  Turbidity currents deposit material in canyons as currents move upslope.

C  Turbidity currents erode material from canyons as currents move upslope.

D  Turbidity currents erode material from canyons as currents move downslope.

A  dense mixtures of sand, mud, and other debris that move at low speeds up submarine canyons

B  dense mixtures of sand, mud, and other debris that move at high speeds up submarine canyons

C  dense mixtures of sand, mud, and other debris that move at low speeds down submarine canyons

D  dense mixtures of sand, mud, and other debris that move at high speeds down submarine canyons

A  It would take 0.93 s.

B  It would take 700 s.

C  It would take 0.23 s.

D  It would take 0.46 s.

E  It would take 2.15 s.

A  The ocean depth is 18,084 m.

B  The ocean depth is 1507 m.

C  The ocean depth is 9042 m.

D  The ocean depth is 6 m.

E  The ocean depth is 4521 m.

A  basin and trench

B  tablemount and basin

C  mid-ocean ridge and deep-sea fan

D  tablemount and deep-sea fan

A  mid-ocean ridge and abyssal hill

B  mid-ocean ridge, abyssal hill and seamount

C  trench and basin

D  seamount and mid-ocean ridge

A  by dividing the return time of the radar pulse from the sea surface to the satellite by the speed of sound in water

B  by multiplying the return time of the radar pulse from the sea floor to the satellite by the speed of light

C  by multiplying the return time of the radar pulse from the sea surface to the satellite by the speed of light

D  by multiplying the return time of the radar pulse from the sea surface to the satellite by the speed of sound in water

E  by dividing the return time of the radar pulse from the sea surface to the satellite by the speed of light

A  seawater temperature, gravity and ocean circulation

B  ocean circulation and seawater salinity

C  biological productivity, seawater salinity and gravity

D  biological productivity and seawater salinity

A  depth to the ocean floor

B  location of faults on the ocean floor

C  seafloor age

D  height of the sea surface

E  depth of seafloor sediments

A  Magnetometer

B  Sounding

C  Seismic Reflection

D  Multibeam Sonar

E  Side-scan Sonar

A  Meter

B  League

C  Mile

D  Foot

E  Fathom

A  Magnetometer

B  Side-scan Sonar

C  Multibeam Sonar

D  Seismic Reflection

E  Sounding

A  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

B  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

C  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

D  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

E  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

A  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

B  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

C  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

D  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

E  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

A  millimeters

B  centimeters

C  decimeters

D  meters

E  kilometers

A  SeaBeam

B  GLORIA

C  Sea MARC

D  Global positioning system (GPS)

E  Precision depth recorder (PDR)

A  continental slopes and deep-sea trenches.

B  some interior continental areas/coastal plains and abyssal plains on the ocean floor.

C  some interior continental areas/coastal plains and mid-ocean ridges.

D  continental mountains and mid-ocean ridges.

E  continental mountains and abyssal plains.

A  they can only “see” small areas of the seafloor at one time

B  they can’t cover areas where ships have not produced surveys

C  they are affected by surface weather

D  they are inexpensive to build and launch

E  the shape of the ocean surface reflects large features on the seafloor

A  drilling.

B  sound waves (specifically seismic reflecting profiling).

C  direct observation.

D  light waves.

E  satellite observation.

A  HMS Challenger

B  Meteor

C  Odyssey

D  Comet

A  6

B  4

C  3

D  5

E  7

A  Atlantic Ocean

B  Red Sea

C  Pacific Ocean

D  Mediterranean Sea

A  Odyssey

B  Challenger

C  Meteor

D  Comet

A  1970s

B  1980s

C  1960s

D  1950s

A  5,000 feet per second

B  4,925 feet per second

C  4,945 feet per second

D  4,970 feet per second

A  pressure and salinity

B  salinity, temperature and pressure

C  salinity

D  temperature and pressure

A  Ping

B  Chirp

C  Echo

D  Beep

A  TOPEX

B  Jason-1

C  Geosat

D  CryoSat-2

E  Jason-2

A  precision-depth recorder (PDR)

B  GLORIA

C  SeaMARC

D  SeaWiFS

E  Seabeam

A  sea surface elevation, which varies depending on the shape of the underlying sea floor

B  density differences of ocean waters

C  water temperature, which is higher in areas of shallow ocean waters and can easily be detected by satellites

D  calculations of how much water versus rock there is at any ocean location

E  the amount of time it takes for a radar pulse to travel from the satellite to the sea floor

A  plate tectonic processes

B  ocean currents

C  extreme pressure at depth

D  biological activity

E  erosion and weathering

A  4550 meters

B  7400 meters

C  5550 meters

D  11,100 meters

E  3000 meters

A  tomography

B  bathymetry

C  navigation

D  hydrology

E  cartography

A  Precision depth recorder

B  Side-scan sonar

C  Satellite altimetry

D  Multibeam echo sounder

E  Seismic reflection

A  Nearly 80% of the ocean floor has been accurately mapped using sonar from ships.
Only about 20% of the sea floor has been accurately mapped in detail.

B  Only about 20% of the sea floor has been accurately mapped in detail.
Measurements of sea surface elevation by satellites are used to produce maps of the sea floor.
Multibeam surveys from ships produce very detailed maps of the sea floor.

C  Satellites can be used to determine the structure and composition of the sea floor.
Multibeam surveys from ships produce very detailed maps of the sea floor.

D  Nearly 80% of the ocean floor has been accurately mapped using sonar from ships.
Satellites can be used to determine the structure and composition of the sea floor.

A  Using satellites to measure the sea surface and Measuring seawater clarity

B  Measuring seawater clarity, Sending sound through water (sonar), and Direct visitation of the sea floor

C  Sending sound through water (sonar), Direct visitation of the sea floor, Using satellites to measure the sea surface and Recording many depths using a long cable

A  transform fault on land and tablemount

B  ridge axis, shipwreck, seamount and tablemount

C  seamount and transform fault on land

A  Coastal water depth determines how many icebergs form and deep-ocean currents cause coastal glaciers to grow.

B  Coastal water depths surrounding Greenland have not yet been well documented and deep ocean currents cause coastal glaciers to melt.

C  Scientists are looking for shipping lanes to get to the Arctic Ocean and deep-ocean currents cause coastal glaciers to grow.

A  more accurate, provides information about seafloor composition, more detailed and provides a swath of measurements with each sweep of the seafloor

B  less expensive and more detailed

C  less expensive and more accurate

D  more detailed and provides a swath of measurements with each sweep of the seafloor

A  5 meters (16.4 feet)

B  3014 meters (9888.5 feet)

C  3767.5 meters (12,360.5 feet)

D  1507 meters (4944 feet)

E  7535 meters (24,721 feet)

A  the study of marine mammals

B  the study of ocean currents

C  the study of the depth of the ocean

D  the study of ocean productivity

E  the study of the temperature of the ocean

A  The oceanic ridges have a broad, flat top very much resembling a table top.

B  Ocean ridges abruptly stop after a few hundred kilometers and then start again after a few hundred more.

C  They discovered a chain of very tall volcanoes in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean that do not rise higher than the sea surface.

D  Ocean ridges are unique to the Pacific Ocean.

E  The oceanic ridges have a cleft, or rift, in the middle rather than a peak.

A  They were limited by the mapping technology of the time.

B  Data could not be collected for parts of the ocean that were greater than 10,000 feet deep.

C  There were gaps in the data that were used to make the map because the tracks of the ships collecting the data were widely spaced.

D  They were given only a small portion of the depth data by the Navy. The rest was classified.

E  The data they used came from tracks of ships that overlapped each other.

A  There are ridges in the middle of the ocean basin floors.

B  Ocean basins are very flat features.

C  Ocean floors and continental areas are morphologically very similar to each other.

D  There are ridges near the edges of the oceans, a few hundred miles from the edges of each of the continents.

A  Lidar

B  Radar

C  Echo sounder

D  Satellites

E  Aerial photography

A  The sinking of the Titanic

B  The laying of undersea telegraph lines between the United States and Europe

C  Conflicts over maritime (ocean) territorial claims during the 1970s

D  The creation of NASA

E  The importance of submarine warfare during World War II

A  identification of bottom-dwelling marine organisms caught in an otter trawl net as part of a long-term study about changes in populations over time

B  navigation to determine the position of the ship

C  vertical analysis of water chemistry (such as determination of seawater oxygen, pH, and temperature)

D  identification of the organisms found in a mud sample collected from the sea floor

E  DNA analysis of marine organisms

A  rocking vehicle

B  repair vessel

C  recumbent vehicle

D  rolling violently

E  research vessel