Navigation » List of Schools » East Los Angeles College » Physiology » Physiology 001 – Introduction to Human Physiology » Summer 2021 » Exam 4 Chapter 13 and 14 (2)
Below are the questions for the exam with the choices of answers:
Question #1
A Vitamin D decreases the renal tubular reabsorption of Ca2+.
B In the absence of parathyroid hormone, plasma Ca2+ levels would be abnormally low, resulting in the hyperpolarization of nerve and muscle membranes.
C When plasma Ca2+ increases above normal, the secretion of parathyroid hormone increases.
D Parathyroid hormone directly stimulates Ca2+ absorption from the GI tract.
E Parathyroid hormone directly stimulates Ca2+ reabsorption by the kidneys.
Question #2
A They would be at risk of alveolar collapse due to too much surface tension in the alveoli.
B They would be more likely to have coughing fits.
C They would be at risk of autoimmune diseases with lung complications.
D They would be at risk of bacterial infections in the lungs.
E None of these would occur.
Question #3
A Ascending loop of Henle
B Collecting duct
C Proximal convoluted tubule
D Distal convoluted tubule
E Glomerulus
Question #4
A “Anemic hypoxia” refers to the condition of lower than normal arterial PO2.
B Cyanide poisoning is an example of hypoxic hypoxia.
C Carbon monoxide poisoning is an example of ischemic hypoxia.
D Carbon monoxide poisoning is an example of hypoxic hypoxia.
E Exposure to high altitude is a form of hypoxic hypoxia.
Question #5
A Intrapleural pressure becomes less negative.
B Alveolar pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure.
C The diaphragm relaxes.
D Intrapleural pressure is greater than alveolar pressure.
E Lung volume decreases.
Question #6
A It transports urea from the medullary interstitial fluid into the collecting duct, which directly increases the osmolarity of the urine.
B When anti-diuretic hormone is present, it stimulates the pumping of NaCl from the medullary interstitial fluid and water follows, concentrating the urine.
C By concentrating NaCl in the renal medullary interstitial fluid, it allows water to be reabsorbed from the collecting ducts when vasopressin is present.
D By pumping NaCl and urea into the ascending limb of the loop of Henle, it raises the solute load, which turns into a concentrated urine once water is extracted from the collecting duct.
E It transports NaCl from the medullary interstitial fluid into the collecting duct, which directly increases the osmolarity of the urine.
Question #7
A The hemoglobin molecules will have the same affinity for oxygen at both locations.
B The hemoglobin molecules may denature as they pass by the gastrocnemius.
C The hemoglobin molecules will have a higher affinity for oxygen as they pass by the gastrocnemius compared to the biceps brachii.
D The hemoglobin molecules will have a higher affinity for oxygen as they pass by the biceps brachii compared to the gastrocnemius.
Question #8
A It is a peptide hormone released from the adrenal gland.
B It triggers insertion of aquaporins into the apical membranes of collecting duct cells.
C It promotes the excretion of more water in the urine.
D It stimulates the excretion of K+ in the urine.
E Its main function is to trigger the secretion of aldosterone.
Question #9
A Both systemic and pulmonary arterioles respond to a decrease in PO2 by constricting.
B Both systemic and pulmonary arterioles respond to a decrease in PO2 by dilating.
C Systemic arterioles respond to a decrease in PO2 by constricting, but pulmonary arterioles dilate in response to decreased PO2.
D Changes in PO2 do not affect arteriolar smooth muscle in the pulmonary system.
E Systemic arterioles respond to a decrease in PO2 by dilating, but pulmonary arterioles constrict in response to decreased PO2.
Question #10
A In the lungs, chloride enters red blood cells in exchange for CO2.
B In the tissues, chloride enters red blood cells in exchange for CO2.
C In the tissues, chloride enters red blood cells in exchange for bicarbonate ions.
D In the tissues, chloride exits red blood cells in exchange for carbonic acid.
E In the lungs, chloride enters red blood cells in exchange for bicarbonate ions.
Question #11
A The PO2 of the arterial blood, which is monitored by peripheral chemoreceptors
B The H+ concentration in the arterial blood, which is monitored by central chemoreceptors
C The PO2 of the arterial blood, which is monitored by central chemoreceptors
D The H+ concentration in the brain extracellular fluid, which is monitored by central chemoreceptors
E Stretch receptors in the lung
Question #12
A metabolic acidosis.
B metabolic alkalosis.
C respiratory acidosis.
D respiratory alkalosis.
Question #13
A As dissolved CO2
B As H2CO3
C As dissolved HCO3-
D Bound to hemoglobin
E As carbonic anhydrase
Question #14
A the decrease in O2 available to the cells of the body.
B the increase in pH has made your blood dangerously alkaline.
C the autorhymthic cells in your diaphragm contracting.
D the increase in plasma H+.
Question #15
A The juxtaglomerular apparatus
B The proximal tubule
C The efferent arteriole
D The glomerular capillaries
E The ascending limb of the loop of Henle
Question #16
A High volume of dilute urine
B Very concentrated urine
C The excretion of glucose in the urine increased
D An increase in blood pressure
E A reduction in urine volume
Question #17
A Exhalation/expiration
B A collapsed lung
C Emphysema
D Inhalation/inspiration
E Pneumothorax
Question #18
A Loss of alveoli
B Elevation of intrapleural pressure to equal atmospheric pressure
C Lack of pulmonary surfactant
D Inflammation of the bronchioles
E Environmental chemicals that stimulate β2-adrenergic receptors
Question #19
A At normal resting systemic venous PO2, only about 75% of the hemoglobin is in the form of deoxyhemoglobin.
B The greater the PO2 of the blood, the greater the dissociation of O2 from hemoglobin.
C At normal resting systemic arterial PO2, hemoglobin is almost 100% saturated with oxygen.
D As PO2 increases, the saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen increases linearly.
E More additional oxygen binds to hemoglobin when going from a PO2 of 60 to 100 mmHg, than is added when going from a PO2 of 40 to 60 mmHg.
Question #20
A The collecting ducts
B The ascending limb of the loop of Henle
C The descending limb of the loop of Henle
D The distal convoluted tubule
E The proximal tubule
Question #21
A By increasing 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 formation, increasing tubular phosphate reabsorption, and increasing tubular Ca2+ reabsorption
B Increasing 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 formation and increasing secretion of parathyroid hormone
C By increasing renal secretion of parathyroid hormone and increasing bone resorption
D By increasing 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 formation, decreasing tubular phosphate reabsorption, and increasing tubular Ca2+ reabsorption
E By decreasing 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 formation, increasing tubular phosphate reabsorption, and increasing tubular Ca2+ reabsorption
Question #22
A Histamine
B Pulmonary surfactant
C A β2-adrenergic antagonist
D A β2-adrenergic agonist
E A muscarinic agonist
Question #23
A Increased pH of the blood
B The presence of carbon monoxide
C Decreased concentration of H+ in the blood
D Decreased DPG levels in erythrocytes
E Increased temperature of the blood
Question #24
A reabsorbed; filtered; secreted
B secreted; reabsorbed; filtered
C filtered; secreted; reabsorbed
D filtered; reabsorbed; secreted
E reabsorbed; secreted; filtered
Question #25
A Most of the Na+ transport occurs in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts.
B Na+ is actively secreted into the nephron lumen by cells in the cortical collecting ducts.
C Primary active transport of Na+ allows for secondary active transport of glucose and H+ in the proximal tubule.
D Na+ is actively transported across the luminal membrane of proximal tubule cells in exchange for K+, by Na+/K+ ATPase pumps.
E Na+ is actively transported in all segments of the tubule.
Question #26
A Bound to myoglobin
B Dissolved in the cytosol of erythrocytes
C Converted to HCO3-
D Dissolved in the plasma
E Bound to hemoglobin
Question #27
A Alveolar PO2 decreases.
B No change from sea level, as long as we breathe in the same volume of air.
C Alveolar PO2 increases.
Question #28
A pH will decrease.
B No change to pH is expected in this circumstance.
C pH will increase.
D It is impossible to predict the effect on pH without first understanding why metabolism decreased.
Question #29
A Bicarbonate ion
B Sodium
C Plasma protein
D Urea
E Glucose
Question #30
A Proximal tubule
B Cortical collecting duct
C Descending limb of the loop of Henle
D
E Macula densa
F Distal convoluted tubule
Question #31
A Cortical peritubular capillaries
B Efferent arterioles
C Afferent arterioles
D
E Vasa recta
F Collecting ducts
Question #32
A Glucose
B HPO42-
C Water
D K+
E Na+
Question #33
A Water is actively reabsorbed from the proximal tubule, and Na+ follows down its diffusion gradient.
B Vasopressin inserts pumps in the collecting duct membrane that move water against its concentration gradient.
C The permeability of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle is modified by vasopressin.
D Water is actively secreted into the descending loop of Henle.
E Water is filtered out of glomerular capillaries by bulk flow.
Question #34
A Make up the majority of the epithelial wall of the alveoli
B Production of surfactant
C Secretion of mucus
D Lining the pleural space
E Phagocytizing bacteria and other foreign particles
Question #35
A Decreased [H+], decreased PCO2, and decreased [HCO3-]
B Increased [H+], decreased PCO2, and decreased [HCO3-]
C Increased [H+], increased PCO2, and decreased [HCO3-]
D Decreased [H+], increased PCO2, and decreased [HCO3-]
E Increased [H+], increased PCO2, and increased [HCO3-]
Question #36
A Urea reabsorption cannot occur at any point along the nephron.
B Reabsorption of Na+ from the proximal tubule occurs as a result of water reabsorption.
C Toxic substances are removed from the body by reabsorption from peritubular capillaries into the proximal tubule.
D Reabsorption of Na+ only occurs from nephron regions that come after the descending limb of the loop of Henle.
E Reabsorption of glucose saturates at a maximum transport rate.
Question #37
A Secretion of ACTH by the anterior pituitary
B Secretion of angiotensin II by the kidney
C Conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I in the blood
D Secretion of angiotensinogen by the liver
E Conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II in the blood
Question #38
A H+
B HPO42-
C K+
D Glucose
E Ca2+
Question #39
A Decreasing secretion of H+ and increasing production of new HCO3-
B Decreasing secretion of H+ and decreasing reabsorption of HCO3-
C Increasing secretion of H+ and decreasing reabsorption of HCO3-
D Increasing secretion of H+ and increasing production of new HCO3-
E Increasing excretion of CO2
Question #40
A The collecting duct
B The glomerulus
C The loop of Henle
D The proximal convoluted tubule
E The distal convoluted tubule
Question #41
A During a passive exhale, it increases to a value above atmospheric pressure.
B It is lower than alveolar pressure.
C It alternates between being less than, and greater than, atmospheric pressure.
D It is between +5 and +10 mmHg above atmospheric pressure at functional residual capacity.
E It is always the same as atmospheric pressure during a passive exhale.
Question #42
A decrease; decreased; vasopressin; increased; water
B decrease; increased; vasopressin; increased; water
C increase; increased; renin; increased; Na+
D decrease; increased; renin; decreased; Na+
E increase; decreased; vasopressin; decreased; water
Question #43
A H2O and O2
B H2O and CO
C H+ and HCO3-
D H2O and CO2
E CO2 and O2
Question #44
A isosmotic; isosmotic; hyperosmotic; hypoosmotic
B isosmotic; isosmotic; hyperosmotic; isosmotic
C isosmotic; isosmotic; hypoosmotic; hypoosmotic
D isosmotic; isosmotic; hypoosmotic; hyperosmotic
E isosmotic; hyperosmotic; hyperosmotic; isosmotic
Question #45
A efferent arterioles; proximal convoluted tubules
B afferent arterioles; glomerular capillaries
C renal vein; peritubular capillaries
D efferent arterioles; Bowman’s capsule
E efferent arterioles; glomerular capillaries
Question #46
A The hydrostatic pressure in Bowman’s space opposes filtration.
B The hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries opposes filtration.
C The osmotic force due to plasma proteins favors filtration.
D The glomerular filtration rate is limited by a transport maximum.
E All of the plasma that enters the glomerular capillaries is filtered.
Question #47
A When hypoventilation occurs at the lungs, the kidneys compensate by reducing glutamine metabolism.
B Increased metabolism of glutamine by renal tubular cells increases the plasma bicarbonate concentration.
C The kidneys compensate for a metabolic alkalosis by increasing CO2 production.
D H+ that binds to filtered bicarbonate in the tubular fluid is excreted in the urine.
E Excretion in the urine of hydrogen bound to phosphate buffers decreases plasma bicarbonate concentration.
Question #48
A A drug that decreases sympathetic stimulation of renal arterioles
B A drug that enhances the activity of angiotensin-converting enzyme
C A drug that interferes with aldosterone synthesis
D A drug that is an agonist of atrial natriuretic factor
E A drug that decreases liver production of angiotensinogen
Question #49
A Without insulin, the glomerular filtration barrier becomes extremely leaky to glucose, which is not normally filterable.
B The filtered load of glucose becomes greater than the tubular maximum for its reabsorption.
C Without the hormone insulin, glucose cannot enter proximal tubule epithelial cells.
D The rate of tubular secretion of glucose becomes greater than the sum of glucose filtration and reabsorption.
E The plasma concentration of glucose becomes so high that it diffuses from peritubular capillaries into the proximal tubule, down its concentration gradient.
Question #50
A The atria of the heart
B Liver
C Systemic and pulmonary blood vessels
D Kidneys
E Adrenal glands