Chapter 4

A  School busing policies are a form of de facto segregation.

B  Jim Crow laws were a clear example of de facto segregation.

C  Racially segregated schools were a form of de jure segregation.

D  “White flight” is a modern example of de jure segregation.

A  the Ninth Amendment

B  the 19th Amendment

C  the First Amendment

D  the 14th Amendment

A  the closure of state-run psychiatric hospitals in the 1980s

B  the popularization of the term “people with disabilities” in the 1970s

C  the passage of the Americans with Disabilities Act in 1990

D  the passage of the Wheelchair Accessibility Resolution in 1960

A  sit-ins

B  occupations

C  boycotts

D  mass mobilization

A  occupations

B  boycotts

C  rallies

D  sit-ins

A  the scales of justice

B  the “separate but equal” doctrine

C  the detainment of individuals with foreign enemy ancestry

D  strict scrutiny

A  strict scrutiny

B  “compelling state interest test”

C  rational basis test

D  intermediate scrutiny

A  that the means used are intended to advance an important government interest

B  that the government action serves a compelling state interest

C  that the policy involves a fundamental freedom or a suspect classification

D  that the government action is reasonably related to a legitimate government interest

A  “compelling state interest test”

B  “separate but equal”

C  equal protection

D  judicial scrutiny

A  to grant tax credits to single mothers and widows

B  to grant additional rights and benefits to women in traditionally male-dominated jobs

C  to ensure equality of funding between women’s and men’s educational programs

D  to ensure equal pay for men and women doing the same job

A  1994

B  none of these options

C  1966

D  1972

A  supporting companies that treat men and women equally in the workplace

B  policies that addressed women’s biological differences from men

C  court cases that treat men and women equally under the law

D  eradicating discrimination against African Americans

A  the League of Women Voters

B  the Presidential Commission on the Status of Women

C  the National Organization for Women

D  Congress

A  the assassination of President Kennedy

B  the police attack on civil rights protestors in Birmingham

C  the bombing of a Black church in Birmingham

D  the police attack on participants in a march from Selma to Montgomery

A  states that supported the opposition party to the president

B  states that refused to comply with the Civil Rights Act of 1964

C  states that opposed the Fair Housing Act of 1968

D  states with a history of racial segregation

A  to protect voting rights for African Americans

B  to abolish slavery

C  to grant women the right to vote

D  to ban discrimination based on race

A  segregated seating on Montgomery city buses

B  NWP protests outside the White House

C  the founding of SNCC and CORE

D  television coverage of police brutality

A  Rosa Parks

B  civil rights protestors

C  White clergymen

D  members of SNCC

A  the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

B  the Committee for Racial Harmony and Cooperation (CRHC)

C  the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

D  the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)

A  the arrest of Martin Luther King, Jr.

B  the beginning of the Freedom Rides

C  a yearlong bus boycott in Montgomery, Alabama

D  desegregation of Montgomery public transportation

A  It ruled against Cruz-Guzman and in favor of the state.

B  It denied the hearing and sent the case back to the lower court.

C  It ruled in favor of the plaintiffs, allowing the case to move to trial.

D  It halted any further attempts by the state to rezone school districts.

A  because the lawsuit argues that traditional public schools should receive more funding than charter schools

B  because the lawsuit argues that all charter schools should be closed and their students moved to traditional public schools

C  because the lawsuit argues that charter schools discriminate against non-White and low-income students

D  because the lawsuit argues that the state has made a mistake by excluding charter schools from desegregation efforts

A  increased school funding

B  instituting a school voucher system

C  establishing charter schools

D  busing students across school zones

A  No, because significant improvements have not been seen despite continual increases in education spending.

B  No, because smaller class sizes have been determined to be more effective for increasing test scores.

C  Yes, because across the board, increases in funding have been shown to positively influence student test scores.

D  Yes, because increased funding for teacher salaries has been shown to increase student test scores.

A  that there was a negative correlation between integrated school zones and higher test scores

B  that an across-the-board increase in spending is correlated with teacher performance and better test scores

C  that there was no significant correlation between per-pupil spending, retention rates, and lifetime earning potential

D  that per-pupil spending is correlated with increased retention rates and lifetime earning potential

A  whether states are complying with federal court decisions on school zones

B  whether continued segregation in school zones is a violation of state constitutions

C  whether unequal funding is leading to inadequate education for low-income students

D  whether state standardized tests are in violation of literacy standards set in the Every Student Succeeds Act

A  Unequal school funding is unconstitutional and states are not upholding the 1973 Supreme Court decision.

B  The Supreme Court ruled that “separate but equal” school districts were constitutional.

C  The right to an education is more explicitly defined in state constitutions than it is in the U.S. Constitution.

D  The nationwide teachers’ movement has already had some success taking this route.

A  He believes the use of private school vouchers is unconstitutional.

B  He thinks the state’s standardized tests are biased toward high-income children.

C  He believes the state has condoned segregated school zones.

D  He thinks that schools are violating his children’s right to free speech.

A  The Court was taking an active role in overseeing the implementation of a previous decision.

B  The Court reached a unanimous decision twice in the same case.

C  The Court was criticizing the executive branch for failing to implement its previous decision.

D  The Court was responding to changes in public opinion on a controversial issue.

A  All schools in the United States had been desegregated through a generally smooth process.

B  Most Black schools had been shut down, leaving mainly White children in public schools.

C  Very little had been done to implement the initial decision, and public schools were still segregated.

D  Only schools in the South had been desegregated, while segregation remained in many school districts in the North.

A  the Due Process Clause

B  the Equal Protection Clause

C  the Supremacy Clause

D  the Full Faith and Credit Clause

A  the appointment of Earl Warren as chief justice

B  the reelection of Dwight D. Eisenhower as president

C  the massive protests against segregation

D  the speeches of Martin Luther King, Jr.

A  to force Kansas into rapid desegregation measures

B  to avoid any legal loopholes pertaining to the desegregation of public schools

C  to spur Congress into modifying the language of the 14th Amendment

D  to facilitate implementation of the ruling by sending a strong message of complete agreement

A  Because the majority of the children played with the White baby dolls and demonstrated anger toward the Black baby dolls, the study showed that segregation had the psychological effect of causing children to see Black people as inferior to White people.

B  Because the White children played with the White baby dolls and the Black children played with the Black baby dolls, the study showed that segregation keeps races separated even during playtime.

C  Because the majority of the children played with the Black baby dolls and demonstrated anger toward the White baby dolls, the study showed that segregation greatly increased tension between the races.

D  Because the dolls given to the Black children in the study were of lesser quality than the dolls given to the White children, the study showed that segregation contributes to discrepancies in school resources between the races.

A  A class action suit meant that the issue at hand dealt with education.

B  A class action suit would absolve the states of any legal responsibility for failing to implement federal policy.

C  The Supreme Court was compelled to hear and decide on multiple cases at once.

D  The Supreme Court had established a precedent that it would only hear class action suits in cases involving segregation.

A  She was denied admission to the school, leading the Supreme Court to uphold the “separate but equal” doctrine established by Plessy v. Ferguson.

B  She was denied admission to the school, allowing the case challenging the “separate but equal” doctrine to proceed.

C  She was accepted to the school and became the first African American child to integrate a public school.

D  She was accepted to the school but her sister wasn’t, so the Brown family decided to sue the school so the girls could attend it together.

A  public schools

B  interstate transportation

C  government offices

D  restaurants

A  Sweatt v. Painter

B  Plessy v. Ferguson

C  Dred Scott v. Sandford

D  Cumming v. Richmond County Board of Education

A  the nine justices serving on the Supreme Court in the 1950s

B  the group of African American students attempting to attend Central High School

C  the Arkansas Court of Appeals judges who ruled on school desegregation

D  the members of a White lynch mob convicted of killing Black students in Arkansas

A  Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas

B  Sweatt v. Painter

C  Plessy v. Ferguson

D  Brown v. Board II

A  Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas

B  Plessy v. Ferguson

C  Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada

D  Sweatt v. Painter

A  graduate and professional programs

B  undergraduate colleges

C  high schools

D  elementary schools

A  It allowed racial inequality to persist in American society.

B  It challenged states’ discriminatory voting laws.

C  It dismantled existing racial inequality within American society.

D  It influenced the desegregation of public facilities and schools.

A  Political gains in the women’s suffrage movement were achieved in spite of, rather than because of, Alice Paul’s extreme behavior.

B  Even as she was fighting for women’s suffrage in her public life, Alice Paul was battling an eating disorder in her private life.

C  The press frequently portrayed Alice Paul as weak and capricious in order to undermine her efforts.

D  Alice Paul was not afraid to go to extreme lengths in her dedication to her cause and her fellow suffragists.

A  They believed that she would hold out for a long time, possibly longer than people expected.

B  They believed that she would surely drive herself to starvation and death.

C  They believed that she would cave quickly.

D  They believed that her hunger strike would be the final catalyst for the passage of the 19th Amendment.

A  to make a statement about how women were being starved of their political rights in the United States

B  to pressure the prison officials into setting her free

C  to protest the fact that her fellow imprisoned suffragists were being fed substandard food

D  to demonstrate the types of irrational behavior that women who couldn’t vote were psychologically compelled to engage in

A  He claimed he personally believed in their cause, but as party leader, he was obligated first and foremost to follow the orders of his party.

B  He expressed anger that the suffragists would have the audacity to ambush him when he thought they were just assembling for a memorial.

C  He politely thanked them for sharing their thoughts, but ended with a patronizing reminder to leave the business of government to men.

D  He promised to fight for the passage of the 19th Amendment under the condition that the suffragists stop making a public spectacle out of themselves.

A  the passage of the 15th Amendment, which allowed men of all races and colors to vote

B  the surprise donation of $1,000 from Miss Mary Burnham to further their cause

C  the death of renowned suffragist Inez Milholland Boissevain

D  the president’s disappointingly noncommittal response to their delegation

A  They positioned themselves in such a way during their picketing that President Wilson would not be able to enter the White House without passing by them.

B  They always refused to speak publicly about suffrage, handing out pamphlets instead.

C  They wanted to dissociate themselves from the stereotype of women as chatty and gossipy.

D  They wanted to demonstrate how women could handle an important task, such as standing guard in front of the White House, just as well as any man could.

A  He engages in conversation with them and appears to back their movement wholeheartedly.

B  He is seen watching them, but he does not appear to act immediately.

C  He seems to be completely oblivious to their activities.

D  He makes light of their movement and seems to ridicule them.

A  to emphasize how little historians know about what really went on during the gatherings at the headquarters

B  to illustrate how the idea of women leaving the home and convening for political reasons was viewed as unnatural to many people at the time

C  to show how the suffrage movement had a hard time raising money and attracting supporters

D  to portray the suffragists as bizarre extremists and the National Woman’s Party as a creepy cult

A  picketing

B  signing petitions

C  boycotting

D  rioting

A  They hoped to maximize the amount of press coverage of the event, since reporters and photographers would already be there for the inauguration.

B  They expected a positive reception from the crowds that gathered in Washington at this time because Woodrow Wilson’s supporters tended to support women’s suffrage as well.

C  They intended to distract press attention from Woodrow Wilson’s inauguration in order to punish him for his lack of support for their movement.

D  They wanted to pick a time when the Washington police would be so preoccupied with providing security for the inauguration that they wouldn’t attempt to stop the suffragists’ march.

A  It proved to be a catalyst in winning widespread support and sympathy from the general public.

B  It marked the first time Alice Paul had ever publicly campaigned for women’s rights.

C  It infused new life into the women’s suffrage movement and renewed public interest in their cause.

D  It was the first time suffragists had ever gathered publicly in Washington, DC.

A  They verbally abused the marchers and sometimes impeded their movement.

B  They were threatened and intimidated by the aggressive attitude of the marchers.

C  They largely ignored the parade, because they were more focused on President Wilson’s impending inauguration.

D  They boisterously cheered on the parade and seemed to enjoy the spectacle of it, but they failed to take the sentiments of women’s suffrage to heart.

A  She considered the Declaration of Independence to be the greatest contribution to women’s rights before the Seneca Falls Convention, and she wanted to pay homage to the Founding Fathers.

B  She wanted to imply that the United States might never have escaped from colonial rule were it not for the contributions of women.

C  She believed that men would be more willing to listen to her sentiments if she borrowed her structure and phrasing from the writing of a man.

D  She wanted to emphasize the parallel between the American colonists and contemporary women as oppressed groups standing up for “self-evident” and “inalienable” rights.

A  The Declaration of Sentiments presents a list of grievances, while the Declaration of Independence only vaguely alludes to general dissatisfaction.

B  The Declaration of Sentiments suggests that individuals need to wait for an oppressive government to see the error of its ways and change on its own, while the Declaration of Independence asserts that it is the duty of the people to rid themselves of an oppressive government.

C  The Declaration of Sentiments claims that rights are subjective depending on the individual, while the Declaration of Independence lists life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness as inalienable rights.

D  The Declaration of Sentiments claims that “all men and women are created equal,” while the Declaration of Independence merely states that “all men are created equal.”

A  Lucretia Mott

B  Willa Cather

C  Susan B. Anthony

D  Elizabeth Cady Stanton

A  Its members included both men and women.

B  It excluded African Americans from membership.

C  It was formed prior to the Civil War.

D  It targeted amendments to state constitutions.

A  Brown v. Board of Education

B  the Civil Rights Cases of 1883

C  Dred Scott v. Sanford

D  Plessy v. Ferguson

A  to establish term limits for governors and state legislators

B  to empower Radical Republicans

C  to segregate society by race

D  to enfranchise African Americans in the South

A  to seek legislation that improved voting rights for freedmen

B  to oppose the efforts of freedmen to run for office

C  to form a coalition with White Democrats in Congress

D  to stop the Northern occupation of Southern states

A  the 13th Amendment

B  the 14th Amendment

C  the 19th Amendment

D  the 15th Amendment

A  the 19th Amendment

B  the 13th Amendment

C  the 15th Amendment

D  the 14th Amendment

A  It banned slavery in the Western states.

B  Its provisions allowed Dred Scott to obtain his freedom.

C  It granted freedom to any enslaved person whose owner established residence in a free territory.

D  It added two slave states to the Union.

A  Ohio

B  New York

C  Maine

D  Missouri

A  The Emancipation Proclamation was issued.

B  The Missouri Compromise was enacted.

C  Slavery was abolished.

D  South Carolina seceded from the Union.

A  The enslaved population numbered over one million.

B  Every single state outlawed the slave trade on its own.

C  Harriet Beecher Stowe published Uncle Tom’s Cabin.

D  Congress passed a law extending the slave trade for an additional 20 years.

A  policies based on equality of outcome

B  governmental discrimination

C  wealth redistribution

D  policies based on equality of opportunity

A  excessive

B  unfair

C  unreasonable

D  qualified

A  when the Bill of Rights was ratified

B  when the Constitution was ratified

C  when the 14th Amendment was ratified

D  when the 19th Amendment was ratified

A  Voter ID laws are unconstitutional and should be subject to federal review or “preclearance.”

B  Coverage formulas are constitutional, and changes to state voting laws should continue to be reviewed.

C  Coverage formulas are unconstitutional, but changes to state voting laws can still be reviewed by Congress.

D  Voter ID laws are constitutional and should no longer be subject to federal review or “preclearance.”