Final Exam

A  Humans have opposable big toes.

B  Apes have longitudinal arches in their feet.

C  Apes have a complex material culture.

D  Humans use spoken language.

A  hunting.

B  tool use.

C  bipedalism.

D  speech.

A  Orrorin

B  Paranthropus

C  Sahelanthropus

D  Gigantopithecus

A  opposable hallux

B  posterior position of the foramen magnum

C  a narrow pelvis

D  femurs angled to produce valgus knees

A  mesial bridge.

B  diastema.

C  gingival space.

D  dental gap.

A  more difficulty transporting food

B  more risk of developing arthritis and back injuries

C  more limited ways of making tools

D  more difficulty transporting children

A  nails instead of claws

B  dermal ridges on feet

C  opposable big toe

D  longitudinal arch in the foot

A  hominins

B  eosimians

C  chimpanzees

D  gorillas

A  a long period of exposure

B  protection from scavengers

C  acidic soil

D  an oxygen-filled environment

A  synonymous and nonsynonymous

B  spontaneous and induced

C  frameshift and transposable

D  point and synonymous

A  a precision grip.

B  short digits.

C  opposable thumbs.

D  an expanded reliance on sense of smell.

A  a marker species used to determine the age of a geological layer.

B  a fossil found in a particular site.

C  the ideal specimen of that species to which all later descriptions must refer.

D  the type specimen of a species.

A  sperm are more powerful than eggs.

B  the X chromosome determines sex.

C  the X chromosome originates only from females.

D  the Y chromosome is present in males only.

A  Grasping hands and feet were necessary for living in trees.

B  Primates emerged because of adaptations to feeding fruit.

C  Greater intelligence allowed primates to locomote on two feet.

D  A heightened sense of smell was important for finding food in the forest.

A  They show great behavioral differences but are identical in appearance.

B  They are no different from ancient species of finches.

C  They have moved to one area from ancient unrelated species of finches.

D  They are a closely related species that have branched from one species.

A  sometimes part of anthropology, zoology, or biology, focusing on the relationships between primates’ social behaviors and reproductive fitness.

B  a subfield of anthropology focused on the physical aspects of primates.

C  known as biological anthropology in the Old World and cultural anthropology in the New World.

D  a subfield of cultural anthropology focused on primates’ social behavior.

A  serves to increase the reproductive success of a group’s females at the expense of the males’ reproductive success,

B  Arises to increase relationships between kin for the improvement of the society as a whole.

C  arises from the collection of individual behaviors to enhance reproductive success.

D  emphasizes the care of the young above all else.

A  is also called the “neonatal” period.

B  runs from three to seven years, generally postweaning.

C  runs from the second month after birth to the end of lactation, usually by the end of the third year.

D  includes three months before birth and three months after birth.

A  having one birth per year.

B  caring for young and ensuring access to food.

C  having twin births every year.

D  bonding with the dominant male monogamously.

A  living humans and their ancestors dating to as far back as 6–8 million years ago.

B  any living or extinct primate that walks upright.

C  the earliest ancestors of humans, prior to 6–8 million years ago.

D  living humans only.

A  They did not differ between populations.

B  They originated in North America, according to fossil evidence.

C  They are found on every continent.

D  They embody the idea of descent with modification.

A  all of the primates of Madagascar

B  all of the African primates

C  diurnal and nocturnal galagos

D  all of the New World primates

A  The last black-footed ferret dies in captivity.

B  An island population derived from a small group of castaways has an unusually high prevalence of a rare genetic disease.

C  A population of finches develops robust beaks in response to a change in food supply.

D  A rare mutant allele for a medicinally beneficial chemical is lost in a plant population residing in a tropical forest fragment.

A  concerns differences in physical traits between males and females.

B  primarily refers to male and female social hierarchy.

C  is the study of sexual intercourse between primates.

D  refers to the mating rites of primates.

A  biological anthropology, archaeology, cultural anthropology, and linguistic anthropology

B  archaeology, geology, geography, and biology

C  cultural anthropology, linguistic anthropology, geology, and physical anthropology

D  physical anthropology, biological anthropology, cultural anthropology, and linguistic anthropology

A  the retromolar space and heavy wearing on the teeth

B  thick bones and extra muscles

C  the low-lying, elongated skull

D  stocky trunks and short limbs

A  low-lying foreheads.

B  pronounced supraorbital tori.

C  small brain cases.

D  reduced prognathism.

A  large browridges, large nasal sinuses, and a large masticatory complex

B  a large face, small teeth, and the lack of a projecting chin

C  a high vertical forehead, a round and tall skull, and small browridges

D  thicker postcranial bones than archaic Homo sapiens

A  Solutrean

B  Mousterian

C  Magdalenian

D  Upper Paleolithic

A  a tall, flat forehead

B  a narrow torso

C  a large nasal aperture

D  long limbs

A  blade

B  Acheulean

C  flake

D  Mousterian

A  Back teeth became smaller because of increased use of material culture for processing food, while front teeth might have increased in size as an adaptation to using them as tools.

B  Front teeth increased in size because of changes in diet, and this forced back teeth to become smaller.

C  The rise and increased use of language required this reconfiguration of the teeth.

D  Hominins shifted from eating roots, which makes use of the back teeth, to fruit, which makes use of the front teeth.

A  long limbs

B  large, wide noses

C  narrow bodies

D  small, narrow noses

A  They and Neandertals became one population through gene flow.

B  They evolved in place in different regions through gene flow.

C  They initially were found in one region of Africa before spreading to other African regions.

D  They spread from Africa and replaced all other populations with no gene flow.

A  flake

B  harpoon

C  spear

D  chopper

A  apelike

B  australopithecine

C  modern

D  archaic

A  flat cheekbones and small teeth.

B  a robust build of the postcranial skeleton.

C  a long and low brain case.

D  large browridges and wide cheekbones.

A  Australopithecus garhi, because of its association with stone tools.

B  Australopithecus garhi, because of similarity in the face, jaws, and teeth.

C  Australopithecus robustus, because of similarly large molars and a sagittal crest.

D  Australopithecus afarensis, because it dates to 3.0-2.5 mya and they are found in the same area.

A  thin bones and large browridges.

B  thin bones and small browridges.

C  thick bones and small browridges.

D  thick bones and large browridges.

A  genetic comparisons linked African primates and living humans.

B  of the anatomical similarity of humans and African apes.

C  there was no known fossil record of hominins in Asia at the time.

D  he found hominin fossils in South Africa while traveling on the Beagle.

A  erectus.

B  sapiens.

C  habilis.

D  neanderthalensis.

A  meat eating started only with the appearance of Homo erectus and stone tools.

B  meat eating started before Homo erectus but increased with more advanced technology.

C  big-game hunting was the most common way early hominins obtained meat.

D  violence among hominins was rampant.

A  Tool-making was most likely less important to Homo habilis.

B  Homo habilis had a large chewing complex.

C  Homo habilis had a larger brain.

D  Homo habilis could walk on two legs.

A  stone-tool use that facilitated root and tuber processing.

B  warmer climates, which changed the overall shape of the hominin body plan.

C  increased intake of food, facilitated by larger teeth that permitted better food processing.

D  increased protein in the diet, likely due to hunting.

A  2.5–1.0 mya.

B  0.5 mya–present.

C  more than 4.0 mya.

D  4.0–3.0 mya.

A  a foramen magnum at the base of the skull.

B  long arms.

C  long legs and opposable toes.

D  double arches of the feet and adducted big toes.

A  a bigger sagittal keel.

B  shorter legs.

C  a larger brain.

D  larger teeth.

A  limited the expansion of hominins into certain environments, such as dry grasslands.

B  contributed to geographical expansion and increased food availability.

C  made the digestion of foods more difficult.

D  decreased the amount of food energy available in the hominin diet.